Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance [WEEK 5]
Emilio Aguinaldo's Dictatorial Government [Agoncillo 2012]
Aguinaldo decided that was time to establish a Filipino government.
Biak-na-Bato Republic [Garcia 2015]
Declared that the aim of the revolution was the "separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state".
Pueblos
Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by Gobernadorcillos.
The Roxas Administration [May 28,1946 - April 15-1948]
His administration was marred by graft and corruption: moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing Hukbalahap (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.
The Roxas Administration (May 28, 1946 - April 15, 1948)
In an effort to solve the massive socio-economic problems of the period, President Roxas reorganized the government, and proposed a wide-sweeping legislative program.
The Japanese Military Administration
It was established in Manila on January 3, 1942. one day after its occupation by the Japanese forces. Under a proclamation issued by the Japanese High Command, the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines was declared terminated. (Buenaflor 2016)
The Katipunan
Katipunan was replaced by another government whose officials headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President were elected in Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897. (Agoncillo 2012)
Civil Government [Buenaflor (2016)]
Known as the Philippine Executive Commission composed of Filipinos was organized by the Japanese with Jorge B. Vargas as chairman of the said commission. In this government, Jose P. Laurel became the President of the second Philippine Republic on October 14, 1943 (Agoncillo 2012).
Referring to the other aspects of Katipunan structure, Garcia (2015)
Mentions that in each province there was Provincial Council; in each town a Popular Council; and the Judicial Power was exercised by a Judicial Council.
The Katipunan Government [Agoncillo (2012)]
Narrates secret society that led the revolution on August 26, 1896. It was organized by Andres Bonifacio with a structure that has a central government vested in a Supreme Council.
The Spanish Government [According to Agoncillo (2012)]
Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a national government and the local governments that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.
On the setting of local government [Agoncillo (2012)]
States that the Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the country's administration.
Emilio Aguinaldo's Dictatorial Government [Agoncillo (2012)]
The "Pact of Biak-na-Bato" failed and Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and resumed the fighting against the Spaniards. With military victories under his leadership.
Biak-na-Bato Republic [Agoncillo,2012]
The Biak-na- Bato Republic lasted up to December 15, 1897 with conclusion of the "Pact of Biak-na-Bato"-a peace agreement between the Spanish Government and the revolutionary forces.
Civil Government
The Commission exercised both the executive and legislative powers. (Buenaflor 2016) clarifies that the laws enacted were, however, subject to the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Forces.
Civil Government
The Judiciary continued in the same form as it was under the Commonwealth although it functioned without the independence which it had traditionally enjoyed (Buenaflor 2016).
The Marcos Administration Fourth Republic (December 30. 1965 February 25. 1986)
The last president of the Third Republic of the Philippines was President Ferdinand E. Marcos. Prior to the events of Martial Law, the first term of the Marcos administration, as emphasized in his inaugural address on December 30, 1965, focused on "the revival of the greatness of the nation."
continuation
realize his election campaign slogan "Daang Matuwid" or "Straight Path" (Mendoza and Melegrito 2016).
continuation
solutions by Asian nations for Asian problems," and aimed to solve national and regional problems through regional diplomacy.
Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña
won as President and Vice President respectively. (Agoncillo 2012)
The two types of local government units
1. Alcadia 2. Corregimiento
First Philippine Republic (Agoncillo 2012)
A Congress was convened in January 1899 in Barasoain Church and through the Malolos Constitution, inaugurated the First Philippine Republic- the first Asian democracy to be established during the Philippine Revolution that the more than 300 years Spanish colonial rule in the Islands.
Fifth Republic (1986-Present Time)
As of July 20, 2020, according to the webpage of 5th Philippine RepublicPhilippine History and according to Mendoza and Melegrito (2016), the following are the Philippine Presidents from 1986 to present: As of July 20, 2020, according to the webpage of 5th Philippine RepublicPhilippine History and according to Mendoza and Melegrito (2016), the following are the Philippine Presidents from 1986 to present: President Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino-the 11th president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of the country. The political landscape of the country at that time did not look any better. To resolve this, Aquino commissioned a referendum that would be the framework for the new government. Released in February 1987. the new charter easily won the approval of the public. Cory Aquino can be praised for a notable political reform made during her tenure that aimed to decentralize political power in the government the 1991 Local Government Code (Mendoza and Melegrito 2016)
continuation
As of July 20. 2020. according to the webpage of 5th Philippine Republic- Philippine History, Fidel V. Ramos took office in 1992 and immediately worked on the country's recovery and initiated the Social Reform Agenda or SRA that was oriented towards alleviating poverty. He also led the implementation of BuildOperate-Transfer (BOT) law which resulted into improved public infrastructure and deregulated several industries that liberalized the economy. Under his term, the country also had improvements in its relations to secessionist Moro Islamic Liberation Front or MNLF. He was the first Asian recipient of UNESCO Peace Award this effort. He also came to be known as the 'Centennial' President for his successful supervision of the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from the Spanish rule celebrated in June 12. 1998.
The Third Republic
As posted on the Official Gazette webpage of the Philippine Government as of July 20, 2020 the following are the Presidents of the Philippines with discussion about their administrations from the Third Republic to Fourth Republic:
President Manuel Roxas
Became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.
As of July 20, 2020, according to the webpage of 5h Philippine Republic- Philippine History,
Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, a.k.a Noynoy and PNoy, was proclaimed as the 15th president of the republic June 30, 2010. The same website added that Aquino's 6-year term negative events: he has been criticized for his government's slow response to help the victims of Super Typhoon Yolanda, the Mamasapano massacre and other crisis. In spite of these negative impressions, Aquino left the presidency with a stable democracy and a higher credit rating. Fighting corruption was a major objective in his administration to s remembered for both positive and
As of July 20, 2020. according to the webpage of 5th Philippine Republic- Philippine History Joseph Ejercito Estrada became the 13th president in 1998 after Ramos finished his term.
Estrada was the previous mayor in the municipality of San Juan, Metro Manila and vice president of Ramos. He gained support in the election for his promise to begin a pro-poor administration that his predecessors failed to promote in their respective platforms and won with a wide margin. This support spiralled down as his administration was accused with corruption. Critics branded him of failing to live up to his promises due to the resurfacing of cronyism in the government.
Emilio Aguinaldo
He formed the Dictatorial Government on May 24, 1898.
The Spanish Government [According to Agoncillo (2012)]
He further mentions that the governor general, as the King's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines exercised certain legislative powers: he issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws.
the Philippines was occupied by people from nearby islands and form themselves into barangay, [as stated by Buenaflor (2016)]
He mentions that the barangay was the local government unit headed by a Rajah or Datu. Maginoos who act as the Council of Elders assisted the Datu in implementing rules pass judgment and penalties to maintain peace and order.
Biak-na-Bato Republic [Garcia 2015]
On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in Biak-na-Bato (now San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan) through the Biak-na-Bato Constitution.
The Marcos Administration Fourth Republic (December 30. 1965 February 25. 1986)
Opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. was slain upon his return to the country in 1983. By this time, the government was marred by alleged rampant corruption and allegations of human rights violations. The opposition participated in the 1984 parliamentary election and won several seats, but not enough to topple Marcos' KBL. To counter growing opposition, Marcos called a snap election in 1986, the opposition nominated Benigno's widow Corazon as their candidate. Marcos was declared the winner, but the opposition refused to accept the result, alleging that the election was rigged. The People Power Revolution drove Marcos from power, and Aquino became president. Aquino ruled by decree in 1987 when a new constitution restoring the presidential system was approved. In the ensuing legislative election, the pro-Aquino parties won most of the seats in Congress.
The Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965)
President Diosdado Macapagal, during his inaugural address on December 30. 1961, emphasized the responsibilities and goals to be attained in the "new era" that was the Macapagal administration. He reiterated his resolve to eradicate corruption, and assured the public that honesty would prevail in his presidency. President Macapagal, too, aimed at self-sufficiency and the promotion of every citizen's welfare, through the partnership of the government and private sector, and to alleviate poverty by providing solutions for unemployment. In the field of foreign relations, the Philippines became a founding member of Maphilindo, through the Manila Accord of 1963. The regional organization of Malay states strove for "Asian
The Quirino Administration [April 17, 1948 - December 30, 1953]
President Elpidio Quirino's goal as chief executive, as stated in his first State of the Nation Address, revolved around strengthening the people's confidence in the government and the restoration of peace. In order to achieve these, the Chief Executive travelled around the country to inspect first-hand the condition of the nation.
The Marcos Administration - Fourth Republic (December 30. 1965 February 25. 1986)
President Marcos, was the first president to be re-elected, in 1969, although the election was tainted by violence and allegations that Marcos used the treasury to fund his campaign. However, significant protests, such as the First Quarter Storm, the communist and Moro insurgencies, and civil unrest, heightened. This made Marcos in 1972 declare martial law and suspend the constitution. A new constitution calling for a semi-presidential government was approved in 1973, but Marcos still ruled by decree until 1978, when the Interim Batasang Pambansa was elected. However, opposition groups, whose leaders mostly had already left in exile, boycotted the election, and Marcos still allowed martial law to continue. Marcos did end martial law in 1981, but opposition groups still boycotted the 1981 presidential election, which Marcos easily won.
The Quirino Administration [April 17, 1948 - December 30, 1953]
President Quirino's six years' administration were marked by notable post-war economic gains and increased economic aid from the United States. Basic social problems, however, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved: Quirino's administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption.
The Garcia Administration [March 18, 1957-December 30, 1961]
Promoted the "Filipino First" policy, whose focal point was to regain economic independence; a national effort by Filipinos to "obtain major and dominant participation in their economy." The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, through Republic Act No. 301, aimed to prevent corruption, and promote honesty and public trust.
Alcalde Mayores
Represented the Spanish king and the governor general in their respective provinces.
Alcadia
The alcadia, led by the alcalde mayor, governed the provinces that had been fully controlled by the Spaniards.
Corregimiento
The corregimiento, headed by the corregidor, governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.
As of July 20, 2020. according to the webpage of 5h Philippine Republic- Philippine History, Rodrigo "Digong" Roa Duterte (a.k.a. Rody) takes oath as the 16th president of the Philippines at Malacanang Palace in Manila at 12 noon, June 30, 2016.
The same website mentions that Duterte is a lawyer and politician; he is the former mayor and former 1st district congressman of Davao City in Mindanao -an island in the southern Philippines where Muslim insurgents are based. He is the first president to come from Mindanao. Duterte is clamouring for a change in the constitution from a presidential to a federal form of government. Duterte won the presidential race as an outspoken, strong-willed crime fighter. He is however criticized for his alleged support of vigilante groups involved in extra- judicial killings to fight crime.
The Magsaysay Administration (December 30, 1953 March 17. 1957)
To help the rural masses was the focal point of the populist administration of President Ramon Magsaysay. In his first Executive Order, he established the Presidential Complaint and Action Commission, which investigated various citizen complaints and recommended remedial actions through different government agencies. The principles of the Magsaysay administration were codified in the Magsaysay Credo, and became the theme of leadership and public service.
The most important achievements of Dictatorial Government [Agoncillo 2012]
Were the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 and the reorganizations of local governments.
Gobernadorcillos [Agoncillo,2012]
Whose main concerns were efficient governance and tax collection
According to Mendoza and Melegrito (2016). Gloria Macapagal Arroyo became the president after Estrada was ousted thru People Power uprising. 2 In the 2004 Philippine National Elections,
won the presidential race she was seated into office for the second time. Because of this, Mendoza and Melegrito (2016) further explained that she became the second longest sitting president in the country. As of July 20, 2020, according to the webpage of 5th Philippine Republic- Philippine History Arroyo pushed for a "Stronger Republic" geared toward vigorous economic reforms under her administration. However, her administration was bombarded with several controversies and impeachment attempts in the last five years. Discontentment lead to frequent protesters expressing their disappointment and had their rallies at the streets. Arroyo run and