evr 1001 ch. 12-15 (exam 4)
What was the percent change from 1970 to 2006 for vehicle miles traveled? +50% +200% +175% -50%
+175%
Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) changes in bird species diversity following the construction of a wetland in the study area? *Select all that apply.* -A decrease in bird species diversity was observed only in August. -After construction of the wetland, the number of bird species remained steady from April to November 2006. -An increase in bird species diversity was observed across most months of the study period following wetland construction. -When comparing pre- and post-construction data, the largest monthly gain in bird species diversity occurred in June.
-A decrease in bird species diversity was observed only in August. -An increase in bird species diversity was observed across most months of the study period following wetland construction.
What process depends on the cyclical, vertical movement of air currents: sinking cold, dense and rising warm, less dense air masses? Polar cells Thermal inversion Convective circulation Coriolis effect
Convective circulation
Which of the following environmental concerns do both essay discuss? -River sediments that would otherwise replenish beaches or gravel stream bottoms are trapped behind dams. -Dams create favorable conditions for non-native fish. -Dams change water temperature and oxygen levels. -Dams block passage for migratory fish.
Dams block passage for migratory fish.
How much land is Louisiana losing every year as a result of coastal erosion? Louisiana is losing 25 km2 of wetlands every year. Louisiana is losing 100 km2 of wetlands every year. Louisiana is losing 75 km2 of wetlands every year. Louisiana is not losing any wetlands every year.
Louisiana is losing 75 km2 of wetlands every year.
Which of the following statements is true? -Most of Earth's fresh water is frozen. -Most of Earth's fresh water would require desalination in order to make it suitable for consumption. -The majority of Earth's fresh surface water is found in rivers. -Most of Earth's fresh water is found within 100 miles of densely populated areas. -Soil and atmospheric moisture comprise the majority of Earth's surface fresh water.
Most of Earth's fresh water is frozen.
Which of the following describes the greatest health risk posed by air pollution? Air pollutants __________. -stick to the skin and cause skin cancer -damage blood vessels in human lungs -prevent the absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract -clog up the liver and impede proper liver function
damage blood vessels in human lungs
The Mississippi River's flow has been greatly reduced over the last 200 years, preventing much of the sediment carried by the river from reaching the delta in Louisiana. What has caused this? industrial cooling dams and reservoirs drinking water hydropower
dams and reservoirs
What would do the most to reduce indoor air pollution in the developing world? -Building new homes with radon-resistant features -Reducing the use of products in the home that contain volatile organic compounds -Reducing inhalation of second-hand smoke -Using solar energy to heat homes
Using solar energy to heat homes
Currently, issues related to which of the following cause the most premature deaths worldwide? Water Coal Nuclear power Oil
Water
The area that underlies the shallow water bordering continents is called the ________. -continental shelf -pelagic zone -water table -benthic zone -groundwater aeration zone
continental shelf
The fish in the lake at the local park are dying, and a professor from the local college comes to investigate. First, she measures the levels of dissolved oxygen in order to check for ________. the presence of bacteria hypoxia the presence of heavy metals the influence of acid precipitation aquatic biodiversity
hypoxia
Ocean water is 96.5% water by mass. Most of the remainder consists of __________. -oil from human and natural causes -the nutrients nitrogen and potassium. -carbon dioxide -ions from dissolved salts
ions from dissolved salts
The Acid Rain Program established under the Clean Air Act of 1990 has been successful in reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and ________. lead nitrogen oxides carbon dioxide carbon monoxide CFCs
nitrogen oxides
What does the red graph line represent? -soil organic matter -nutrient absorption capacity -plant biomass -years since restoration
plant biomass
Pathogens and waterborne diseases enter drinking water supplies from ________. -poorly treated wastewater and animal wastes from feed lots -upwelling -oil and chemical spills -pesticides entering groundwater -excess nitrogen and phosphorus as agricultural runoff
poorly treated wastewater and animal wastes from feed lots
Snow and ice accumulations in California's mountains are carefully monitored because __________. -they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state -deaths from avalanches and floods are the leading killer of people living in California -winter sports activities are the most important economic activities in the state -they produce essential water for agriculture in Utah and New Mexico
they contribute to the main water source for most of the residents of the state
Which term describes a regular periodic change to the ocean's height due to the gravitational influence of the moon and the sun? Tides Currents waves ocean acidification
tides
Most of Earth's liquid fresh water is found ________. -in ice caps and glaciers -in lakes -underground -in the oceans -in the atmosphere
underground
Which of the following statements reflects how you might use the data from the graphs in the previous parts to make your case? *Select all that apply.* -Construction of an artificial wetland in California maintained the same diversity and abundance of birds at that location as existed prior to construction. -Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the abundance of birds inhabiting that location. -Based on evidence of changes in diversity and abundance of birds, construction of an artificial wetland creates new foraging and nesting habitat. -Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the number of bird species inhabiting that location.
-Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the abundance of birds inhabiting that location. -Based on evidence of changes in diversity and abundance of birds, construction of an artificial wetland creates new foraging and nesting habitat. -Construction of an artificial wetland in California resulted in an overall increase in the number of bird species inhabiting that location.
The following answers for the Causes and Consequences features are examples and are not intended to represent a comprehensive list. In addition, the sequence of items is not meant to connote relative importance. *Sort the examples below into the appropriate bin.* examples: - salinization - development of water conservation policies - domestic water use for homes and landscaping - deployment of more efficient irrigation approaches - water shortages - groundwater pumping for agriculture - population growth - improvement of wastewater treatment technology - altered plant communities bins: 1. CAUSES: 2. CONSEQUENCES: 3. SOLUTIONS:
1. (CAUSES) - population growth - groundwater pumping for agriculture - domestic water use for homes and landscaping 2. (CONSEQUENCES) - water shortages - salinization - altered plant communities 3. (SOLUTIONS) - deployment of more efficient irrigation approaches - improvement of wastewater treatment technology - development of water conservation policies
The following answers for the Causes and Consequences features are examples and are not intended to represent a comprehensive list. In addition, the sequence of items is not meant to connote relative importance. *Sort the examples below into the appropriate bin.* examples: -people ill from sick-building syndrome -inefficient indoor cookstoves -lung cancer; 20,000 deaths per year in the United States -purchase of low- or no-VOC paints, carpeting, and furniture -measurement of radon with a test kit; increase in ventilation -respiratory disease in developing countries -VOCs from paints, carpeting, and furniture -conversion to more efficient clean-burning cook stoves -radon seepage into homes bins: 1. CAUSES: 2. CONSEQUENCES: 3. SOLUTIONS:
1. (CAUSES) -inefficient indoor cookstoves -VOCs from paints, carpeting, and furniture -radon seepage into homes 2. (CONSEQUENCES) -respiratory disease in developing countries -people ill from sick-building syndrome -lung cancer; 20,000 deaths per year in the United States 3. (SOLUTIONS) -measurement of radon with a test kit; increase in ventilation -purchase of low- or no-VOC paints, carpeting, and furniture -conversion to more efficient clean-burning cook stoves
*Suppose you are able to manipulate a plant's access to components in the photosynthesis equation. Drag each label to the appropriate bin to predict how that action will affect plant growth. For each increase or decrease, assume that every other component of the photosynthesis equation is unlimited.* labels: -increase CO2 -decrease CO2 -increase H20 -increase C6H12O6 -increase sunlight -decrease C6H12O6 -decrease H2O -decrease sunlight bins: 1. Decrease plant growth: 2. No Impact on plant growth: 3. Increase Plant growth:
1. (Decrease plant growth) -decrease sunlight -decrease H2O -decrease CO2 2. (No Impact on plant growth) -decrease C6H12O6 -increase C6H12O6 3. (Increase Plant growth) -increase H20 -increase CO2 -increase sunlight
____________ is the rising of deep, cold, dense water toward the surface. -Surface-welling -Down-welling -Up-welling -Thermohaline circulation
Up-welling
Classify each pollutant based on the category that best describes its impact on waterways. *Drag the labels into the appropriate bins.* labels: - acid drainage from an abandoned coal mine - phosphorus-rich fertilizer from agricultural land - herbicide from a soccer field - nitrogen-rich grass clippings from a mowed lawn - medical waste from a hospital dumped in an illegal location - clay soil from land cleared for home construction - frigid water from the bottom of a reservoir - eroded topsoil from agricultural land bins: 1. toxic chemicals: 2. pathogens and waterborne diseases: 3. thermal pollution: 4. nutrient pollution: 5. sediment:
1. (toxic chemicals) - acid drainage from an abandoned coal mine - herbicide from a soccer field 2. (pathogens and waterborne diseases) - medical waste from a hospital dumped in an illegal location 3. (thermal pollution) - frigid water from the bottom of a reservoir 4. (nutrient pollution) - nitrogen-rich grass clippings from a mowed lawn - phosphorus-rich fertilizer from agricultural land 5. (sediment) - clay soil from land cleared for home construction - eroded topsoil from agricultural land
McCarthy decided to use the 2 x 2 design from Part B. The design of their experiment allowed them to test their hypothesis: Increased CO2 in the atmosphere will increase plant growth, and this increase will be greatest when there is an abundance of water. *Using what you learned about the equation for photosynthesis and McCarthy's hypothesis, make predictions for the tree growth at each site. One has already been filled in for you.* word bank: -low growth -high growth -medium growth Dry: 1. _____; 2. _____ Wet: medium growth; 3. _____
1. low growth 2. medium growth 3. high growth
If the U.S. population in 1970 was approximately 200 million people, what was the approximate population by 2006? 200 million people 250 million people 300 million people 600 million people
300 million people
Energy consumption and aggregate emissions have also changed over time. Whereas the ratio of energy consumption to emissions was 1:1 in 1970, by 2006 the ratio was _________. still 1:1 3:1 1:3
3:1
In an effort to further reduce emissions, a government panel is considering several policy options. For the trends on the graph, which of the following policies could have the biggest long-term impact on lowering emissions? -A high-speed train network that reduces vehicle miles traveled by 25% -Subsidies supporting research to cut emissions by 10% -A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars -Tax rebates for citizens who have one child per family
A mandated switch to electric cars with a solar and wind-powered electrical grid to "fuel" the cars
Which of the following is likely to have the highest concentration of PM 2.5 in China? A farming province. A province being rapidly deforested. A steel manufacturing province. A fishing province.
A steel manufacturing province.
Sara Nicholas presents the case for dam removal by offering a variety of reasons. Which of the following reasons is her primary argument for removing dams? -Large numbers of dams no longer provide direct economic benefits. -All dams harm riparian environments. -Mill dams remain long after the mills are torn down. -Many dams continue to provide a useful service.
All dams harm riparian environments.
Which of the following has contributed to longer life spans in the United States? improved health care decreased air pollution improved diet All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Based strictly on increases in air pollution over the past few decades, where would we expect to see the greatest decrease in life spans? We would expect to see a decrease in life span in __________. Honolulu, Hawaii Beijing, China Miami, Florida Detroit, Michigan
Beijing, China
Over the time period shown on the graph, both population and vehicle miles traveled have changed. Describe the relationship between the two factors. -By 2006, people were driving more than three times as many miles per person as in the 1970s. -Both population and vehicle miles traveled have increased by the same percentage. -By 2006, people were driving more than four times as many miles per person as in the 1970s. -By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970.
By 2006, people were driving about twice as many miles per person as in 1970.
Which of the following pollutants has the longest residence time? SO2 CO Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) NO NO2
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
The essay in support of dam removal avoids one key environmental benefit touted by dam advocates. If the authors were participating in a debate, how might dam advocates state this benefit? -Dams provide irrigated water for locally grown food. -Dams reduce the need for groundwater pumping. -Dams use a renewable "fuel" (water) to generate clean electricity. -Dams prevent massive environmental damage due to flooding.
Dams use a renewable "fuel" (water) to generate clean electricity.
If the captain of a fishing fleet wanted to catch fish over a vast expanse of ocean, which of the following would be an effective method to do so? Longline fishing Upper trawling Driftnets Bottom trawling
Driftnets
The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific is referred to as ________. -El Niño -downwelling -La Niñacyclonic storm formation -the Coriolis effect
El Niño
Which of the following is a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation patterns in the tropical Pacific Ocean that alters weather patterns on a worldwide scale? -El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) -North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) -Upwellings -Thermohaline circulation
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Doing which of the following would reduce deaths from PM 2.5 in China by the most? Eliminate the use of coal. Eliminate the use of natural gas. Eliminate the use of oil. Eliminate the burning of wood.
Eliminate the use of coal.
Thomas Flint and Christine Stallard cite multiple benefits of dams. Which of the following statements represents their primary argument for -Global water use has increased at twice the rate of population growth, and dams can provide water. -Dams provide fish and wildlife habitat. -Dams create transportation for domestic commodities. -Dams provide recreational opportunities.
Global water use has increased at twice the rate of population growth, and dams can provide water.
*Suppose you are helping McCarthy choose her sample sites. You have the resources to conduct the study at only 4 sites. Pick the 4 sites that allow all 4 possible treatment combinations, while controlling for sunlight. Drag a check mark to each site you would use, and drag Xs to the sites you would not use. You should end up placing 4 check marks and 8 Xs. Labels can be used more than once.* choices: -check -x sites: High CO2 (left to right) 1. ☀️☀️☀️ 💧 2. ☀️☀️ 💧 3. ☀️ 💧 💧 4. ☀️☀️☀️ 💧 💧 💧 5. ☀️☀️ 💧 💧 💧 6. ☀️ 💧 💧 💧 Ambient CO2 (left to right) 1. ☀️☀️☀️ 💧 💧 2. ☀️☀️ 💧 💧 💧 3. ☀️☀️ 💧 4. ☀️ 💧 5. ☀️ 💧 💧 💧 6. ☀️☀️ 💧 💧
High CO2 (left to right) 1. x 2. check (2 suns, 1 water) 3. x 4. x 5. check (2 suns, 3 water) 6. x Ambient CO2 (left to right) 1. x 2. check (2 suns, 3 water) 3. check (2 suns, 1 water) 4. x 5. x 6. x
Which of the following is a nonconsumptive use of water as a resource? -Hydroelectric power -Industrial use -Copper mining -Farmland irrigation
Hydroelectric power
You enjoy travelling. Where are you likely to be exposed to the highest concentration of PM 2.5? Australia India Chile Germany
India
What is the spatial relationship between the distributions of water and people? -Populations and water resources too often have an inverse relationship (lots of people where there is little water). -People are limited to areas with freshwater or saltwater. -Anthropogenic colonization has been limited to shorelines. -People only colonize areas with abundant freshwater.
Populations and water resources too often have an inverse relationship (lots of people where there is little water).
You are part of a panel that reviews dam permits for renewal. Your panel hears testimony from both pro-dam and pro-dam removal advocates. Which of the following scenarios is least likely to be controversial? -Removal of a dam on a desert river that diverts water for agriculture -Removal of a mill dam for a now defunct mill operation -Removal of a dam inside a national park that provides drinking water for a large urban area -Removal of an electricity-generating dam that blocks salmon migration
Removal of a mill dam for a now defunct mill operation
Compare the monthly bird abundances that were reported pre- and post-construction of the artificial wetland. During the 8 month monitoring period following construction, there was an overall increase in bird abundances in most months when comparing pre- and post-construction data. *Based on the bar graph, during which season did bird abundances decline post-construction of the artificial wetland?* Fall Spring Winter Summer
Summer
Why do pollution and smog often become trapped in Los Angeles and other similar urban areas? -The pollution that occurs there is heavier than the surrounding air, which leads to the buildup of smog. -The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles. -Increased electromagnetic radiation because of Los Angeles's low altitude. -There are no winds in Los Angeles.
The combination of temperature inversions (because of being surrounded by mountains) and extended periods of sunlight result in the buildup of smog in Los Angeles.
Which of the following countries likely has the highest level of premature deaths due to PM 2.5? Turkey Guyana United States Sweden
Turkey
Oceans have absorbed approximately one-third of the excess carbon dioxide that humans have added to Earth's atmosphere so far. This has slowed the progression of global climate change, but it has led to ________. -loss of oxygen from the oceans -a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification) -increases in growth of coral reefs -an increase in the pH of the world's oceans -growth of oyster populations worldwide
a decrease in the pH (ocean acidification)
All of the following are examples of point sources of pollution except ________. -a car repair shop dumping waste oil into the storm drain -a large farm -a sewer pipe -an overturned tanker truck that spills into a creek -a factory discharging wastes into a lake through a large outlet
a large farm
What is the direct cause of death for aquatic animals during eutrophication? -toxic secretions by bacteria -a loss of dissolved oxygen in the water -use of all available CO2 by the growing algae -drainage of their habitat
a loss of dissolved oxygen in the water
Which of the following best describes a floodplain? -an area where flood irrigation of crops is used, such as a rice paddy -a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows -an area that is periodically flooded because humans have altered the landscape -a region of land that has been deliberately, permanently flooded due to human disturbance, such as in dam building -an area that is incidentally flooded when farming or mining operations change the course of rivers
a region of land that is periodically flooded when a river overflows
A septic system is ________. -a second level mechanism to remove bacteria at a wastewater treatment plant -a rural method of processing wastewater -a toxic or badly polluted waterway -the use of natural wetlands to cleanse wastewater -an early version of a wastewater treatment plant
a rural method of processing wastewater
After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland? -about 40% of natural wetland capacity -about 50% of natural wetland capacity -about 98% of natural wetland capacity -cannot be determined from the graph
about 40% of natural wetland capacity
After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain? -about 20% of the biomass of a natural wetland -about 30% of the biomass of a natural wetland -about 60% of the biomass of a natural wetland -about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland
about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland
The rapid melting of Greenland's ice cap could disrupt the NADW formation by ________. -adding excess nutrients to cold northern waters -adding heat and salt to deep ocean waters -reversing the El Niño-La Niña cycle -adding huge amounts of less-dense fresh water to the surface of the system -acidifying ocean water
adding huge amounts of less-dense fresh water to the surface of the system
What is the most cost-effective solution for groundwater depletion and land-level subsidence? -increasing use of desalinization measures -building more water treatment facilities -dam removal -allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged
allowing no more water to be withdrawn from an aquifer than is naturally recharged
On average, it appears that over the past 25 years, improved air quality in the United States has resulted in __________ in the lifespan of the average individual. an increase of about two and one-half years an increase of about five months an increase of one to two days a slight decrease
an increase of about five months
What is a marine protected area? -any portion of the ocean that is protected from fishing and the harvesting of kelp -any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing -any portion of the ocean that is protected from any commercial or recreational use -an area that has physical boundaries that limit movement of pollutants into and out of the area
any portion of the ocean that is protected from some human activities but may be open to others, such as the laying of cables and some fishing
Which of the following is a promising way to reduce global water consumption? -irrigating more crops -building more dams -avoiding waste and mismanagement -All of the listed responses are correct.
avoiding waste and mismanagement
Recent research that analyzed the content of commercial bottled water indicates that ________. -bottled water consumes less fossil fuel in reaching the consumer than does tap water -bottled water is generally much safer and purer than tap water -bottled water has no contamination from hormone mimic plasticizers -all surveyed brands had information about the source of the water and how the water was treated -bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water
bottled water is no safer or purer than most samples of tap water
Upwelling ________. -brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity -is the flow of warm water upward toward the ocean surface -transports oxygen from deep to surface waters -occurs when winds blow at right angles to a coastline -occurs in areas where there are no currents
brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface promoting high primary productivity
Which is the correct term to describe fish and other ocean organisms that are caught accidentally along with the targeted fish? Trawling Bycatch Food-chain decimation Harm-catch
bycatch
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? *The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years.* supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph
cannot be determined from the graph
Which of the following chemicals is NOT a VOC (volatile organic compound)? cleaning solvents evaporated gasoline carbon monoxide terpenes from plants
carbon monoxide
In general, China's air pollution __________. -falls out in rain over the ocean -decreases rainfall in California -increases the amount of ice that forms in the Arctic region -increases the amount of snowfall in eastern Europe
decreases rainfall in California
What technology is used to extract freshwater from ocean water? -canals -conservation -irrigation -desalinization
desalinization
What is one of the greatest sources of pollution in Mexico City that has persisted even after the government successfully lowered overall pollutant levels? shutting down oil refineries in the area methane emissions from local landfills emissions from factories emissions from automobile exhaust
emissions from automobile exhaust
What type of coastal feature experiences fluctuations in salinity with daily and seasonal variations? -salt marshes -beaches -estuaries -mangrove forests
estuaries
As a result of humans' increased use of the water in the Colorado River, __________. -fisheries in the upper Gulf of California have been hurt -the river can no longer be dammed to generate electricity -water no longer flows through the Grand Canyon -All of the listed responses are correct.
fisheries in the upper Gulf of California have been hurt
We build dams to ________. -transform watersheds into farms, towns, and recreational areas -control the spread of water borne diseases -drain wetlands for urban development -generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water -improve habitat for native fish
generate electricity, prevent flooding, and provide irrigation and drinking water
*Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below.* The formation of sinkholes has become a fairly common phenomenon in the state of Florida. Most sinkholes are small, but some sinkholes have led to catastrophic property damage and loss of life. One September day in 1999, folks began to notice that Lake Jackson in the panhandle region was shrinking. Within a few days, it was almost gone. A sinkhole had opened beneath the lake and drained it, along with all of the fish and alligators. Another sinkhole formed just 10 miles from Walt Disney World in August 2013, swallowing a 48-unit villa at Summer Bay Resort. As aquifers lose water, their substrates can become weaker and less capable of supporting overlying strata and any human structures built upon them. In such cases, the land surface above may subside. Sometimes subsidence can occur locally and suddenly, in the form of sinkholes, areas where the ground gives way with little warning. Once the ground subsides, soil becomes compacted, losing the porosity that enabled it to hold water. Recharging a depleted aquifer may therefore become more difficult. One reasonable way to prevent sinkholes might be to ________. -increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater -have the local water company regularly transfer water from one local aquifer to the next, maintaining the average water level -pump wastewater and sewage directly into the aquifer to maintain the water table -install supports to maintain the shape of the underground aquifer -pump sand and gravel into the aquifer to fill in the bottom levels, thus raising the water table
increase groundwater recharge by constructing artificial wetlands that use treated municipal wastewater
*Read the following scenario and answer the question(s) below.* The formation of sinkholes has become a fairly common phenomenon in the state of Florida. Most sinkholes are small, but some sinkholes have led to catastrophic property damage and loss of life. One September day in 1999, folks began to notice that Lake Jackson in the panhandle region was shrinking. Within a few days, it was almost gone. A sinkhole had opened beneath the lake and drained it, along with all of the fish and alligators. Another sinkhole formed just 10 miles from Walt Disney World in August 2013, swallowing a 48-unit villa at Summer Bay Resort. As aquifers lose water, their substrates can become weaker and less capable of supporting overlying strata and any human structures built upon them. In such cases, the land surface above may subside. Sometimes subsidence can occur locally and suddenly, in the form of sinkholes, areas where the ground gives way with little warning. Once the ground subsides, soil becomes compacted, losing the porosity that enabled it to hold water. Recharging a depleted aquifer may therefore become more difficult. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the number of human-induced sinkholes has doubled since 1930. Insurance claims increased 1200% from 1987 to 1991, costing nearly $100 million. A major reason for this is ________. -increased water consumption through development and urbanization -decreases in agriculture -increased rainfall, raising the water level -global warming -roadway construction, leading to increased runoff
increased water consumption through development and urbanization
How do dust particles from the vast deserts in China affect weather patterns? The dust __________. -decreases the chances of snowfall in Oregon -decreases the chances of storms in Europe -increases the chances of snowfall in Australia -increases the chances of rainfall in California
increases the chances of rainfall in California
Humans use more fresh water for ________ than for any other purpose. industrial processes producing hydrogen fuel irrigating crops household use cooking and drinking
irrigating crops
Most water taken out of the natural world is used for __________. -cleaning purposes -irrigation -industrial manufacturing -drinking water
irrigation
How does China's air pollution get to the United States? China's air pollution __________. -is carried by jets traveling from Asia to the United States -settles into the ocean and drifts across the Pacific to the west coast of the United States -is carried by winds over Europe and the Atlantic Ocean to the east coast of the United States -is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States
is moved by the jet stream to the west coast of the United States
The region of a lake where plants are able to attach to the bottom and still reach above the surface is known as the __________ benthic zone littoral zone abyssal zone profundal zone
littoral zone
What industry contributes to wetland loss in Louisiana? agriculture chemical manufacturing hunting and fishing oil and natural gas
oil and natural gas
What caused the Aral Sea, the fourth largest lake on Earth, to lose four-fifths of its volume in 40 years? -overconsumption by cotton farmers -overconsumption by the fishermen and the community living there to support them -overconsumption by large resort communities living on its banks -overconsumption for industrial uses
overconsumption by cotton farmers
Sinkholes can result from ________. -poorly drilled wells in soft soils -building on floodplains -flood damage and chemical erosion -overconsumption of water from aquifers -substrates that become weak following rain
overconsumption of water from aquifers
Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ________. -plastic dumping -oil spills -radiation -abandoned fishing nets -overharvesting
overharvesting
Which of the following types of pollution is most responsible for large numbers of deaths worldwide because of unsafe drinking water? nutrient pollution sediment pollution pathogen pollution thermal pollution
pathogen pollution
What does the y-axis show? -nutrient absorption capacity -rate of wetland recovery -percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands -number of years since restoration
percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands
Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly? -improving water quality for nearby communities -providing food for fish and wildlife -reducing the impact of droughts on nearby communities -reducing the impact of floods on nearby communities
providing food for fish and wildlife
For the strategies below, decide whether they are best described as demand-side solutions or supply-side solutions to meeting human needs for fresh water. Remember that a demand-side solution reduces demand for fresh water, whereas a supply-side solution increases the supply of fresh water. *Drag each description to the appropriate bin.* descriptions: -desalinating seawater -a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers -raising water prices for consumers and businesses -replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops -damming a river to create a reservoir -providing tax breaks for companies that use less water -requiring low-flow shower heads in all new homes bins: supply-side solutions demand-side solutions
supply-side solutions: -a nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers -damming a river to create a reservoir -desalinating seawater demand-side solutions: -requiring low-flow shower heads in all new homes -providing tax breaks for companies that use less water -raising water prices for consumers and businesses -replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow crops
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? *Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility.* supported not supported cannot be determined from the graph
supported
Zooxanthellae are ________. -used in the treatment of wastewater -bacteria that fix nitrogen in ocean sediments -an invasive kelp species in the Indian Ocean -symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals -an endangered species of fish in the Aral Sea
symbiotic algae that provide energy to many species of corals
Occasionally, a layer of cool air forms under a layer of warmer air in the troposphere. This change from the normal temperature profile in the troposphere is called a ________. temperature or thermal subversion tornado or supercell low-pressure system cold front temperature or thermal inversion
temperature or thermal inversion
Which piece of legislation set strict standards for air quality and pollution control in the United States? the Endangered Species Act the Clean Air Act the Montreal Protocol the Clean Water Act
the Clean Air Act
A watershed is ________. -a river that drains into the sea -an inland basin that connects to another inland basin -the area of land that drains into a river or lake -the water held in the atmosphere prior to returning to Earth in the form of rainfall -a term used to describe water stored underground
the area of land that drains into a river or lake
In the past 50 years, the global hydrological environment has experienced great change due to __________. -the construction of more than 40,000 new dams -the increased use of water from the Great Lakes by cities such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Toronto -the dramatic shift away from reliance on crop irrigation -all of the listed developments
the construction of more than 40,000 new dams
Which of the following results in increased levels of pollution caused by automobile exhaust? greater use of biofuels the construction of new highways the use of higher octane gasoline the use of electric vehicles
the construction of new highways
"Biosolids" produced at a wastewater treatment plant are often ________. -used as part of the "fill" to develop wetlands into agriculture or housing areas -trucked to special biohazard landfills for disposal -used as crop fertilizer -loaded onto barges and sent to underdeveloped countries to use as fertilizer -placed in deep injection wells to keep them out of the water table
used as crop fertilizer
Which of the following wetland environments only occurs for a short period of time each year? -freshwater marshes -bogs -vernal pools -swamps
vernal pools
Which of the following will contribute to water conservation? -planting nonnative wetland plants for landscaping -watering lawns during peak sunlight hours, when plants need water most -washing dishes by hand -using aerial sprays for crop irrigation -watering lawns at night and landscaping with native plants
watering lawns at night and landscaping with native plants
What is the name of an area of land that is drained by a river and all of its tributaries? Estuary Wetland Spring Watershed
watershed
The huge dust storms that took place in the United States in the 1930s ________. -were the result of poor farming techniques -were the result of ozone depletion -were the result of glacier melt -were the result of polar cells -were triggered by tornados, worsened by global climate change
were the result of poor farming techniques
Many present-day fisheries managers ________. -wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference -favor taxes on commercial fishing boats -favor short-term solutions to marine ecosystem problems -favor protection of commercially valuable species and not others -want all laws regarding fishing to be abolished
wish to set aside areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference
