EVR1001 ch. 18

Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply.

- In 1950, urban populations in more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal. - In 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion. - In 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion. - Rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions.

According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas?

2018

Despite having a substantially lower population than Los Angeles (1.9 million in Curitiba versus 9.0 million in Los Angeles), approximately how many times larger is the fleet of buses in Curitiba?

3.5x

How many megawatt hours (MWh) per year of savings did the students identify for computers at the Penn State Mueller Laboratory Building?

30 Mwh

You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions.

50% decline

Estimate the total energy use at the lab building and the total estimated savings. Approximately what percentage of the total electrical energy use do these savings represent?

62%

Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities?

7:1

How do the rates of land use and gasoline consumption in Australian cities compare with those in U.S. cities?

At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use more gasoline than those in Australian cities.

Using the data, calculate the mean number of buses per million residents in Brazilian cities and the mean number of buses per million residents in cities in the United States.

Brazil: 930; United States: 320

Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions?

Copenhagen

Based on the data in the chart, which two cities would be most worthwhile to visit?

Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro

What do the orange dots represent?

European cities

Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ____

a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion

Of the following, the benefits of green buildings include ________.

all of these are benefits of green buildings

What information is provided on the x-axis?

area per person, in square meters

The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used _________.

as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.

conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

In which city do individuals have the highest rate of gasoline consumption?

Houston

In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals?

In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed.

What is an urban growth boundary (UGB)?

It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas.

Which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities?

Make cities self-sufficient.

Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions?

No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density.

Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation?

designate lanes as carpool-only

What is the major factor driving the move to the suburbs from cities?

desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions

In which nation or region do cities have the highest degree of urban sprawl?

United States

While Kayla is driving along a busy highway just outside a major city, she suddenly comes to a standstill in traffic. For the first time ever, she notices that alongside the highway are stretches of forest and wetland. She hears the noise of frogs and insects and birds that she never would have noticed if not trapped in traffic. Why does Kayla never notice these natural wonders on her route?

noise pollution

Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The amount of gasoline used by each person generally decreases as per capita land consumption increases.

not supported

Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters _____

passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's

The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon

An urban growth boundary (UGB) is intended to ________.

provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural

One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume ________.

foods that are grown locally

Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium

The birth of __________ initiated the phenomenon of sprawl.

suburbs

A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________.

the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive

What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?

the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to ______

the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city

As an ecological resource manager, your preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________.

the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries

L'Enfant 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________.

through city planning program

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ____

remain connected while living in less centralized locations

Members of several local environmental groups propose that nearly all of the buildings be removed and the area turned into a regional hiking, fishing, and camping area, with very limited vehicle access. This will preserve the natural areas while providing recreation for the city dwellers. The most likely issue raised by opponents is whether ________.

revenue generated from users will pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility

In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria, ________.

rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers

How many MWh per year of savings are possible for HVAC?

1,500 MWh

The student report estimated $45,500 in electricity savings. What was the approximate cost of electricity in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) used to calculate this savings?

2.7 cents per kWh

Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph.

As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.

Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?

As urban sprawl increases, automobile use also increases.

Which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video?

Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings.

Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid?

It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.

In general, someone living in a highly urban area in the United States (such as New York City), has __________ environmental impact as a person living in a rural part of the United States.

Lesser

You are a member of a student committee at your college that is evaluating building energy use and potential savings. If your committee finds that your college's potential savings would be similar to those shown for Penn State, action in which area or combination of areas would result in approximately 5% energy savings?

Lighting

Which of the following is the most likely reason why it costs less per mile to operate an automobile in a small city than in a large city?

People in small cities generally drive shorter distances to and from work and thus less likely to waste fuel while caught in traffic jams.

What is the greatest negative environmental impact that occurs when people live in suburbs instead of living in cities?

Suburbanites take up many times as much space as city dwellers.

What is specifically restricted outside of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) as mentioned in the video concerning the UGS put into place in 2007?

The 2007 UGB restricts development that is on a large scale or that impacts sensitive natural areas outside its boundaries.

How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.

How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.

How do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future?

They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.

How does an urban growth boundary attempt to limit sprawl?

by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas

LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.

conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality

Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________.

in developing nations, such as Dehli, India

How can urbanization threaten communities and landscapes?

increased traffic jams

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________.

increased use of fossil fuels

The operating costs for transportation ______.

indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport

People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to _____

use renewable energy sources and recycle materials