Exam 1

Dr. Smith designs a study to examine the effectiveness of giving college students who visit the student health center a pamphlet on the importance of healthy sleep habits. Dr. Smith obtains the participants' email addresses, and two weeks later, emails a survey assessing their sleep quality. Dr. Smith's study design could be improved with the addition of

A control

In a culture that values monogamy and loyalty, interviewing couples about infidelity could lead to

A response set

An experiment in which the researcher does not know which treatment the participants receive is an example of

A single-blind experiment

An ex post facto study means that a researcher is studying the effects of a variable

After the fact

High inter observer reliability is an indication of __________ among observers.

Agreement

Using letters and photographs found in the Archives of the History of American Psychology to conduct your research is an example of using

Archival data

The precedent for using college students research participants is due to their

Availability

Dr. Smith created a surgery of political opinions. He wants to administer it to participants of a different culture and language. To ensure the survey was properly translated he would

Back translate the survey

The Nuremberg Code is a(n)

Code of medical and research ethics

To learn what other studies have discovered about the research problem of interest, a researcher would

Conduct a literature review

In order to determine the cause-and-effect relations between two variables, a researcher would

Conduct an experiment

Dr. Smith has conducted an extensive literature review, but cannot find an established survey that pertains to her research question. She decided to create her own survey. Prior to conducting her research project, she should

Conduct pilot testing of her survey

To protect against a researchers subjective bias, qualitative data are judged by their

Confirmability

Blood sugar levels rise and fall in response to various factors including when one last ate. Dr. Jones wants to measure participants' glucose levels over the course of a two-week treatment protocol. She arranges for participants' blood to be drawn every morning, between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m., before the participants consume breakfast. She is exerting which type of control?

Constancy

Dr. Jones reviews the literature to assess the usefulness of an inventory measuring anxiety symptoms in elderly nursing home residents. He determines that there is very low interrater reliability among expert nurses who administer this inventory. This is a threat to the inventory's __________ validity.

Content

If a researcher conducts a study in which she directly manipulates a variable of interest to determine its effects on another variable, she is exerting __________ in the research design.

Control

An approach that studies the strength of the relation between two variables is a(n)

Correlation

Students are asked to recall two lists, List A and List B. The lists are presented by the same research assistant, under the same conditions, and in the exact same order each time. Given this design, you would want to consider the issue of

Counterbalancing

John describes himself as a hard-working conservative and traditional male from the Midwest. He attributes these traits to how he was raised by his family. He is identifying his

Culture

Frank Boas set the stage for qualitative research when he

Described the Inuit people of the 1880s

A clinical psychologist treats a client with a very unique presentation of symptoms. The psychologists writes a report detailing the client's symptoms and the treatment process. This is an example of a(n)

Descriptive

__________ research methods do not involve the manipulation of variables by the researcher.

Descriptive

A new psychopharmacological drug to treat depression will significantly reduce depressive symptoms among patients compared to patients who receive a placebo drug. This is an example of a(n) __________ hypothesis.

Directional

An experimenter hires you as a research project coordinator. Your role is to randomize the participants to groups, create a code list identifying which participants receive which treatment, and conceal materials so that the research assistants, experimenter, and participants are unaware of which treatment is administered to which group. You are coordinating a __________ study.

Double-blind

A study of college student drinking measures binge drinking by defining a binge as six or more drinks in an occasion. Indicators of risky alcohol use and associated negative consequences are assessed using psychometrically sound instruments. These aspects of the study are described by which of the following components of the scientific method?

Empiricism

In the classic Pavlov experiments investigating conditioning in dogs, the sound of a metronome (which preceded the dogs' exposure to food) is an example of a(n) __________ variable.

Environmental

After conducting a literature review, you conclude that there is strong support for the use of a treatment with hospitalized adolescent females with eating disorders. You propose a study to test the treatment of adolescent females with eating disorders who live at home and receive weekly outpatient treatment. You are testing

Environmental genralization

A multitude of studies support the finding that people of all cultures have an aversion to the sound of an infant crying. This is an __________ phenomenon.

Etic

After a large, natural disaster, researchers study the effect of the disaster on mental health functioning among people directly exposed to the disaster compared to those not directly exposed. This is an example of a(n)

Ex post facto study

Dr. Smith is curious if teaching students a relaxation technique will reduce their test taking anxiety. The best research method to evaluate this phenomenon is a(n)

Experiment

A researcher is studying the effect of caffeine on students' performance on a visual-spatial test. He tells his research assistant that some students are visual-spatial "gifted" and other students are visual-spatial "challenged," even though there are no actual differences between the two groups. After the assistant collects the data, the results indicate that the "gifted" group outperformed the "challenged" group. This illustrates

Experimenter expectancies

Written, objective scoring instructions established prior to conducting the study helps to control for

Experimenter expectancies

To evaluate the effectiveness on an intervention aimed at reducing binge drinking among college students, researchers randomize participants to either receive the intervention or to be put on a wait list. Participants are assessed as baseline and follow-up using a binge drinking survey. The independent variable is

Exposure to the intervention or the wait list

If administering a pretext to all participants sensitized the participants to the future treatment, __________ has been threatened.

External validity

As a researcher, you have spend several months conducting literature reviews and composing your research project. At last, your data do not support your hypothesis. You decide to go back to the raw data to correct any deficiencies. You are moth likely committing

Fabrication of data

When conducting research in a natural setting, the researcher commits to spending a significant amount of time in the

Field doing observation

A researcher is interested in determining how college student athletes perceive steroid use among other athletes. The researcher prepares a list of questions and conducts several sessions with small groups (about 7-10 athletes). This is an example of a(n)

Focus group

When you conduct a test-retest procedure, you would hope to see __________ similarity among items, and thus __________ reliability.

Greater; higher

Which of the following is the correct order of the research process?

Identify a problem, conduct a literature review, conduct the project, analyze data

As a psychology student, you conduct a series of studies investigating behaviors among children of divorced parents, and you formulate a theory that parental divorce negatively affect childhood social skills. You are using __________ reasoning.

Inductive

A document that provides a general statement about a research study and the right to withdraw participation without penalty is called a(n)

Informed consent

A research assistant is conducting a data collection session with a participant, and the stopwatch ails to record. The assistant forgot to check the battery. This is an example of

Instrumentation

To test if the manipulation of the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable, a researcher would analyze

Internal validity.

An example of a stimulus independent variable is the

Lighting level in a lab room

Research suggests that the majority of college student binge drinkers reduce their alcohol user at three years after graduation. If you wanted to replicate these findings, you would need to employ a(n)

Longitudinal study

A research project that involves a lengthy, three-hour long assessment of the dependent variable, without any break period for the participants, may be susceptible to the effects of

Maturation

A researcher wants to study the eating behaviors of college students in the campus cafeteria during the first week of class. She chooses to sit in a corner of the cafeteria and record specific behaviors, such as how many time students refill their drinks. She is conducting which type of research?

Naturalistic observation

Data are susceptible to the reactivity effect when using which of the following research methods?

Naturalistic observation

Both Researchers A and B propose to study elderly nursing home residents in a rural community. Researcher A chooses to observe residents from a distance. Researcher B chooses to submerse himself among the nursing home residents. Researcher A is demonstrating __________ and Researcher B is demonstrating

Naturalistic observation; participant observation

A researcher has the following items on a survey, in which items 1 and 2 are scored differently than items 3 and 4: 1. I drink every day. 2. I drink more than I should. 3. My drinking is under control. 4. I drink very little. The researcher is trying to control for

Nay-saying

Research suggests that as physical activity and exercise level increases, one's self-report of depressive symptoms decreases. This is an example of a(n)

Negative correlation

Research ideas that present themselves in an unpredictable manner are

Nonsystematic

Variations in room temperature of noise level, aversive odors in the lab space, and poor lighting are examples of __________ variables.

Nuisance

Dr. Snow studies attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among 4th grade students by attending the 4th grade class and spending the majority of time tallying how often students fidget in their seats. Dr. Snow is a(n)

Observer as participant

Replication of previous research must include __________ variables.

Operationally defined

Dr. Mills is the primary researcher in a study investigating drinking behavior among young adults at bars near a college campus. Dr. Mills goes to the bar and pretends to be a regular patron as she observes others. This is an example of

Participant observation

Asking college students who are of legal drinking age to self-report their alcohol use is an example of

Participants at minimal risk

Which of the following methods would you use to evaluate and understand the impact of a Head Start program in a community of underprivileged preschool children by collecting both qualitative and quantitative data?

Participatory action research

Which of the following survey method results in the highest completion rate?

Personal interviews conducted in the participant's home

To determine how expectations about the effects of alcohol may influence behavior, researchers exposed Group A to an alcoholic drink and Group B to a non-alcoholic drink manipulated to appear as if it contained alcohol. Behaviors among group participants were observed. The administration of alcohol versus a stimulated alcoholic beverage is an example of a(n) __________ variable.

Physiological

Clinical psychologists are not able to randomly assign mental illness to one group and mother another group. Thus, in studying mental illness such as depression, this is a(n)

Physiological variable

Multiple studies have documented that as one's amount of time spent in a sedentary state increases, the likelihood of obesity increases. This is an example of a(n)

Positive correlation

The probability that the results of a study will be statistically significant is

Power

The research hypothesis is a(n) __________ about the relation between independent and dependent variables.

Prediction

Of the five basic control techniques, which one ensures that every participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition?

Randomization

A good dependent variable can be measured

Reliably and validly

A qualitative research report may lack a(n)

Results section reporting statistical significance of the findings

Asking college students to self-report past incidents of childhood sexual abuse is an example of participants at

Risk due to the potential of emotional risk related to recalling a traumatic event

You conducted an exhaustive literature review, but there are a few publications you cannot gain access to. You should cite the

Secondary source

There is a substantial amount of research greasing alcohol use among university or college fraternity members, but you hypothesize that alcohol us may vary with religiosity. Therefore, you want to survey specifically religiously-associated fraternities (for example, a Catholic fraternity, a campus Christian fraternity). You are using which of the following research strategies?

Single strata approach

To increase objectivity, researchers strive for

Subjectvitiy

Which of the following studies is an example of qualitative research?

Surveying college students' perceptions about alcohol use among peers at their campus

Past research, classroom lectures, and theories are examples of __________ for research ideas.

Systematic sources

One criticism of the research conducted on racial issues in the 1960s is the lack of

Temporal generalization

A clinical psychologist gains permission from his clients fro a student-in-training to sit in on the therapy sessions, observe the therapist's and the clients' behaviors, and take minimal notes. However, the therapist realizes that the clients' behaviors often differ from previous sessions. This is an example of

The Hawthorne Effect

In your general psychology class, you are required to participant in research, you sign up to complete a survey about ethical behavior. You assume the researchers want ethical participants in the study and this influences your responses. This is an example of

The good participant effect

A professor wants to know if having her students watch an online tutorial explaining what plagiarism is and how to avoid it will decrease incidents of plagiarism in her class. She randomly assigns students to either watch the tutorial or not to watch it. She tracks incidents of plagiarism before and after the tutorial is shown. The dependent variable is

The rate of plagiarism

Inline experimental research reports, a qualitative research report would incorporate

The views of informants

A(n) __________ is a formal statement of the relation among variables that is supported by experimental research.

Theory

A(n) __________ is like a state road map and a(n) __________ is like a town map.

Theory; hypothesis

Making naturalistic observations at different periods is an example of

Time sampling

If students who are enrolled in a psychology course are given the option to participate in research (or an alternative) for course credit, what are the obligations of the course instructor?

To explain and discuss the responsibilities of research participation

A qualitative researcher reads a recently published study describing the effects of post traumatic stress disorder on returning soldiers. The researcher wonders if the same results would occur among victims of date rape on college campuses. The researcher is interested in the issue of

Transferability

A variability is an event or behavior that can assume __________ value(s).

Two or more

An extraneous variable is also referred to as a confounding variable because it can have a(n) __________ influence on the experiment.

Unintended

Correlational studies are helpful when

Variables can be measured but not manipulated

You propose a research project in which you randomize mentally ill kindergarten children to either receive a behavior intervention, medication, or no treatment. Given the nature fo your targeted sample, you must consider the issue of

Vulnerable population

Experimental studies are unique in that they help researchers understand __________ a cause-and-effect relation occurs.

Why

When writing a qualitative research report, it is formed predominantly with

Words

After conducting a study, analyzing it, and interpreting the results in the context of past research and theory, Dr. Jones wants to ensure his results are communicated clearly and consistently to his professional field. According to the research process, his next step is to

Write a standard report according to APA format