EXAM #1

Which needs theory suggests that people are motivated by three categories of needs arranged in the form of a hierarchy?

Alderfer's ERG theory

What is the difference between behavioral intention and actual behavior?

Behavioral intention is what you want to do. Behavior is what you actually do.

Which CEO's motto was "If you don't feel your best, you can't do your best"?

Brandon Steiner, Steiner Sports

Why is it important to look at the five main behavioral sciences disciplines when studying organizational behavior?

By utilizing the five main behavioral science disciplines, we can better understand the behavior of employees and organizations as the varying characteristics of each individual interact and work with each other. If managers acknowledge the aspects of how people socialize with each other, how their mental health affects their work performance, or see where diverse cultures or different preferences may conflict, they can improve the way they manage or maintain a work environment for their employees. Such as, by acknowledging the mental health and well-being of employees using psychology, managers can implement methods in their management that prioritize this in order to create a healthy and safe working environment that will keep employees satisfied and productive. Each of the five sciences study human behavior These can be applied to work environments in an organizational behavior context.

What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below is the extent to which a person responds in the same way over a period of time?

Consistency

______ is the degree to which people perceive outcomes to be fairly allocated.

Distributive justice

Accounting is one of the five behavioral sciences that has strong links to organizational behavior.

False

Hindrance stressors are positively related to motivation and performance.

False

People may be more motivated to work hard when they perceive their treatment as being unfair, but demotivated if they consider their treatment to be fair.

False

Self-esteem is our belief in our ability to succeed in a specific task or situation.

False

The three factors that influence our internal and external attributions are distinctiveness, unanimity, and consistency.

False

Value, rareness, and importance are all part of human capital.

False

When personality traits are inherited, then one would say that nurture played a part.

False

______, or the person, thing, or event being interpreted, also affects our perception.

Focal object

Which of the following statements is an outcome of research on Generation Z?

Generation Z tends to be less patriotic than other generations.

What is not a correct statement regarding the MBTI psychometric questionnaire?

It boxes personalities into three main categories.

Which popular needs theory is defined as a pyramid of five levels of individual needs with physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization needs at the top?

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

______ is the removal of previously experienced negative consequences, resulting in the likelihood that certain behaviors will occur again in the same or similar situations.

Negative reinforcement

What is organizational behavior, and what does it mean when managers take a strategic OB approach?

Organizational behavior is defined as being able to understand, explain, and improve the attitudes of individuals or groups within an organization. By taking a strategic OB approach, this implies that managers recognize their people are the key resources they need in order to achieve a competitive advantage and reach financial success. The acknowledge the importance of human capital and use it within their strategies to fully utilize the skills and talents of their employees. Organizational behavior is a field of study focused on understanding, explaining, and improving attitudes of individuals and groups in organizations. A strategic OB approach is based on the idea that people are key to productivity, competitive edge, and financial success. The success of an organization lies with its people, and without people, there would be no companies or industries. You may have the best product, but if you do not have the right people in place then your business will suffer.

______ is feeling under-rewarded or over-rewarded in comparison with others.

Perceived inequity

What statement reflects the change from early management theory to current theory?

There has been a shift from how workers could perform more efficiently to the human element through behavior sciences.

Which of the following statements is true of job satisfaction?

There is a positive correlation between job satisfaction and job security.

A strategic organizational behavior approach is closely related to human capital.

True

According to Hertzberg, eliminating poor hygiene factors will reduce job dissatisfaction, while increasing motivator factors will increase job satisfaction.

True

Alderfer's ERG theory proposed that instead of satisfying needs one step at a time, we can satisfy different levels in any order or even at the same time depending on the circumstances.

True

An example of human capital rareness is an employee who has a gift for dealing with customer complaints and can resolve dilemmas.

True

Internal and external attributions are the two causes people look for to explain behavior of others. This is called attribution theory.

True

Researchers have defined two main personality types to gauge how workers cope under pressure. These types fall under what dimension of personality?

Type A and Type B orientation

Cheryl is characterized as competitive, impatient, aggressive, and achievement-oriented. Which characteristic best describes Cheryl?

Type A orientation

As stated in the textbook, what item below determines our likes and dislikes and helps us to make judgments about other people or events?

attitudes

According to the textbook, the two main types of stressors are ______.

challenge and hindrance

What element below suggests that learning can be accomplished through the use of stimuli?

classical conditioning

Which of the following emotional regulation strategies involves reassessing an event or situation to see the bigger picture and bring about a more positive emotional reaction?

cognitive change

Which feeling below is an example of positive affect?

confidence

Which dimension of personality from the Big Five model focuses on being thoughtful, organized, responsible, and achievement-oriented?

conscientiousness

Critical thinking and evidence-based management is closely related to the theory of ______.

contingency thinking

Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is explained as something that takes place when people rank something higher or lower than they should as a result of exposure to recent events or situations?

contrast effect

The process by through which we imagine the world from someone else's perspective is referred to as ______.

cultural perspective taking

Differences in attitudes, values, beliefs, and personality are all examples of ______.

deep-level diversity

What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below is explained as the extent to which a person behaves consistently in similar situations?

distinctiveness

Which coping mechanism is an effort to try to change a person's emotional reaction to a stressor by using positive language and distracting techniques?

emotion-focused coping

The discrepancy between the emotions a person displays and the emotions he or she actually feels is called ______.

emotional dissonance

Which element below is a set of processes through which people influence their own emotions and the ways in which they experience and express them?

emotional regulation

Which of the following characteristics is associated with core self-evaluation?

emotional stability

Which of the following accurately lists the three elements of the motivation process?

energized, directed, and maintained

Which theory holds that motivation is based on our perception of how fairly we are being treated in comparison with others?

equity theory

Which element of expectancy theory is the probability that the amount of work effort invested by an individual will result in a high level of performance?

expectancy

Which theory holds that people will choose certain behaviors over others with the expectation of a certain outcome?

expectancy theory

Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to situational factors?

external attributions

Of the four MBTI pairs of preferences, which one relates to the way one interacts with others?

extroversion and Introversion

Isabella has been transferred to an office overseas. She is going to need to learn about this new culture and new business customs. This is an example of what challenge/opportunity that faces organizations today?

globalization

Which element below is a perception problem in which we form a positive or negative view of one aspect of an individual based on our overall impressions of that person?

halo effect

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be associated with high core self-evaluation?

high job satisfaction

Positive organizational behavior is closely linked to which type of management?

high-involvement

Brandon Steiner, CEO of Steiner Sports, believes health and well-being are important for employee performance, requires his employees to eat healthy while at work, and empowers them to be healthy by providing healthy snacks and gym memberships. This is an example of ______.

high-involvement management

Managers who practice positive organizational behavior believe ______ is the most important resource.

human capital

Besides technical and conceptual skills, a manager should possess ______.

human skills

What are the two factors called in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

hygiene factors and motivators

A direct primary employee outcome resulting from positive organizational behavior is ______.

improved self-confidence

Critical thinking is most closely related to which challenge/opportunity for organizations?

innovation and change

Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to personal characteristics of others?

internal attributions

Emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and loss of interest in the job that can result from ongoing exposure to high levels of stressors is what element of distress?

job burnout element of stress

People who are ______ are generally passive and take very little action to change the circumstances surrounding them.

low in proactive personality

Which item below is not a personality characteristic included in the Big Five model?

meticulousness

Which item below lasts longer than emotions?

mood

What term below is defined as forces from within individuals that stimulate and drive them to achieve goals?

motivation

In acquired needs theory, which of the following categories of needs motivates a desire to excel?

need for achievement

Amy likes to maintain the status quo, and avoids making an unpopular decision at all cost. According to acquired needs theory, Amy is motivated by a ______.

need for affiliation

Hindrance stressors are ______.

negatively related to motivation and performance

Which element of the behavioral perspective listed below is defined as the process of forming associations between learning and behavior that occurs when the consequences of behavior are being controlled?

operant conditioning

What element below focuses on what people perceive as fairness in workplace practices?

organizational justice

The success of an organization lies with its ______.

people

Managers who practice positive organizational behavior value ______ as their most important resource.

people human capital

What concept listed below is defined as the process by which we receive and interpret information from our environment?

perception

Negative physical health effects are relevant to what element of distress?

physiological element of stress

What are the two basic types of mood dimensions identified by organizational behavior researchers?

positive and negative affect

Which dimension of personality is explained by the extents to which individuals take the initiative to change their circumstances?

proactive personality

Which coping mechanism aims at reducing or eliminating stressors by attempting to understand the problem and seek practical ways in which to resolve it?

problem-focused coping

Which element below is defined as the degree to which people perceive the implementation of company policies and procedures to be fair?

procedural justice

Which category describes the cognitive processes through which needs are translated into behavior?

process theories

Negative attitudes and emotions that can lower job satisfaction are called ______.

psychological element of stress

Of the five behavioral science disciplines, which one has helped organizational behavior with designing performance appraisals and recruitment techniques?

psychology

Equity theory says we compare our O/I ratio to ______.

referent others

Which item below states that behavior is a function of its consequences and is determined exclusively by environmental factors, such as external stimuli and other reinforcers?

reinforcement theory

What dimension of personality is the tendency to engage in behaviors that might have positive or negative outcomes?

risk-taking propensity

Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is explained as the tendency to selectively focus on aspects of situations that are most aligned with our own interests, values, and attitudes?

selective attention

Which element below is described as our personal belief in our ability to perform certain tasks or behaviors?

self-efficacy

The way a person behaves based on preexisting expectations about another person or situation can sometimes create an outcome that is aligned with those expectations, which is called a ______.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is not a factor brought to the perceptual process by the perceiver?

setting

Which of the following emotional regulation strategies involves altering a situation to change its emotional impact?

situation modification

Race is related to ______ while ethnicity is associated with ______.

skin color; culture

What are an individual's fixed beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group?

stereotypes

Which of the following emotional regulation strategies is response-focused?

suppression

What emotional labor technique occurs when a person suppresses his or her true feelings while displaying the organizationally desirable ones?

surface acting

Of the four MBTI pairs of preferences, which one relates to the approach one takes to making decisions?

thinking and feeling

In order to have a harmonious organizational environment, one must ______.

understand the differences and similarities between workers

What is one way to enhance critical thinking in organizational behavior as stated in the textbook?

using the scientific method

Which element of expectancy theory is stated as the value individuals place on work outcomes?

valence

Which is not an example of surface-level diversity?

values

Which term below is defined as a process of learning by watching the actions or behaviors of another person?

vicarious learning