Exam 1
The goal of the United Nations is to eliminate extreme poverty in the world by the year 2010. 2015. 2025. 3040.
2015
57 percent of women considered themselves feminists in 1987. What percent considered themselves feminists in 2001? 25 percent 35 percent 45 percent 55 percent
25%
In 2008, what was the median age for a woman in the U.S. at the time of her first marriage? 19.3 22.7 24.2 26.3
26.3
At about age ______, children begin to apply gender standards to themselves.
3
Social Security provides what proportion of income for people in the United States? 81 percent 59 percent 39 percent 21 percent
39%
By old age, by what ratio do women outnumber men? 2:1 3:2 5:2 they don't, men outnumber women
3:2
In 2100, white non-Hispanics will make up what percentage of the population following the Census estimates? 35% 40% 48% 53%
40%
In Canada, the wealthiest 5% of families own approximately ______ of the country's entire wealth.
40%
The 20% of families with the highest earnings in Canada take in approximately what percentage of all income after transfers and taxes?
40%
As of 2001 in Canada, about what percentage of adults were college/university graduates?
50%
hat age do people have to be in order for writers to commonly refer to them as "young old"? 50s 60s 70s 80s
60s
About what percentage of divorcees in the U.S. have remarried? 25 percent 50 percent 63 percent 90 percent
63%
According to Erikson, there are how many stages of development?
8
Approximately what percent of the world's population is age 65 and older? 2.5 8.0 12.3 18.4
8.0
Women earn what percent of every dollar a man earns? 95 percent 90 percent 85 percent 80 percent
80
Approximately ______ percent of married couples in Canada depend on two incomes.
83
If a male physician earned $140,000 in 2004, his female counterpart is compensated how much for the same work? $128,000 $115,000 $100,000 $88,000
88,000
Which of the following equations represents assimilation? A + B + C → A A + B + C = A + B + C A + B + C = D none of these
A + B + C → A
What is ethnicity?
A shared cultural heritage
What is true of horticultural and pastoral societies?
A small elite comes to control most of the material surplus.
What is the books definition of religon?
A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred.
Define achieved status
A social position a person takes on voluntary that reflects personal ability and effort.
Define status
A social position that a person holds.
Define ascribe status
A social postion a person receives at birth, or take on involuntary later in life.
What is TRUE about Aboriginals, visible minorities, and wealth in Canada?
Aboriginal income is less than that of non-Aboriginals.
What racial category of people in Canada has the higher poverty rate?
Aboriginals
What is probably the most hotly contested social issue in Canada today?
Abortion
The sociological imagination is an empowering tool because..
All of these.
Adopt Hirschi's approach to deviance and control. With which statement would you agree?
All of us are tempted to be deviant.
Define status set
All the statuses a person holds at a given time.
What is the peer group's contribution to the socialization process?
Allows people to form relationships on their own.
individualism
American core values stressing that people get ahead through their own efforts and hard work
egalitarianism
American core values stressing that people should be treated equally and given equal opportunities
What is stereotype?
An exaggerated description that one applies to every person in some category.
An operational definition is:
An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept.
Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks
An instrumental leader:
Laissez-faire
Christine is president of her Improvisation Comedy Troupe. When making decisions about booking gigs, rehearsal spaces, and call-times, Christine leaves the troupe to decide for themselves. Christine is a(n) _____ leader.
In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between..
Classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests.
Which sociological perspective emphasizes schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views race from the macrolevel and purports the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Conflict perspective
What is counterculture?
Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted in society.
Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality in scientific study that Max Weber saw as being so important?
Cultural relativism
Which of the following is FALSE regarding sexual orientation?
Cultural systems value all sexual orientations equally.
General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called
Cultural universals
What term refers to the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, or sexual orientation?
Culture war
Key values of U.S. culture ________ A) always fit together easily. B) change quickly, even from year to year. C) are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. D) are sometimes in conflict with one another.
D) are sometimes in conflict with one another.
All of the following are values, identified by Robin Williams, as being central to U.S. culture EXCEPT A) equal opportunity. B) material comfort. C) racism and group superiority. D) belief in tradition.
D) belief in tradition.
Counterculture refers to ________ A) people who differ in some small way. B) popular culture. C) high culture. D) cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
D) cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held.
The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that A) the rate of cultural change has been slowing. B) some societies advance faster than others do. C) some people are more cultured than others. D) some cultural elements change more quickly than others.
D) some cultural elements change more quickly than others
If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to:
Define the problem
Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively
Demonstrating role taking
What is "empty nest"?
Departure of child
You have witnessed an angry mob taking the law into its own hands. As a proponent of Durkheim's theory, what is your explanation?
Deviance brings people together.
Durkheim proposed several functions of deviance. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
Deviance provides employment for a large segment of the work force.
Define homophobia
Discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual
People who have visited China might have experienced culture shock if they ordered meat for dinner and discovered it was
Dog
organic solidarity
Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs
mechanical solidarity
Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks
An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability is known as a..
Dysfunction
A hypothesis concerning the role of languages in shaping cultures was created by linguist(s)
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
Which sociologists were responsible for developing the disengagement theory? Elisabeth Kübler-Ross and Richard Kalish Elaine Cumming and William Henry Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Elaine Cumming and William Henry
Which sociologist noted that dying people pass through stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance on their journey to death? Richard Kalish Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh Robert Atchley
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as
Folkways
Who believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked, and he divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Freud
What is id?
Freud's term for the human being's basic drives
Who argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization? Friedrich Engels Ralf Dahrendorf Talcott Parsons Robert Bales
Friedrich Engels
According to Robin Williams, which of the following is not one of the basic American values?
Frugality
Which sociological perspective is more likely to study the media's influence on society from the microlevel to determine how social behavior is shaped? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
Interactionist
Conflict theorists have suggested that the transition from agricultural economies to industrialization and capitalism has always been beneficial for the elderly. True False
False
Correlations are an indication that causality is always present.
False
From a functionalist perspective, the social significance of the dominant ideology is that a society's most powerful groups and institutions control the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media.
False
Herbert Spencer suggested that sociologists should be highly critical of the status quo and should work actively for social change..
False
In a total institutional setting, stage members encourage individuals growth and creativity of inmates.
False
In most cases the rape victim does not know the attacker.
False
In the view of sociologists, the distinction between racial and ethnic minorities is clear-cut. True False
False
Kissing is an example of a cultural universal.
False
Over the course of that last century, the mass media have had less and less influence on people in the United States
False
Polyandry, a system in which women may have several husbands, is an example—albeit a rare one—of a social order in which women are more powerful than men. True False
False
Polygyny is a social system in which women may have several husbands and in which women are more powerful than men. True False
False
Prostitution is most common in high income nations
False
Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture
False
The "one-drop rule" stipulated that if a person had even a single drop of "Indian blood", that person was viewed as Indian. True False
False
The U.S. is truly pluralistic
False
The conflict perspective emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.
False
The contact hypothesis suggests that if an African-American boss and her Italian employee work together for several years in the same office, they will become more prejudiced toward one another.
False
The members of your nuclear family, your athletic coach, a teacher in a large lecture hall, and your best friend are all significant others.
False
The mores, folkways, and values of a subculture are the only elements similar to the dominant majority.
False
The term "racial group" is used to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious cultural distinctions. True False
False
Unlike race or gender, age is not socially constructed. True False
False
Worldwide, women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions. True False
False
beliefs are standards that serve as broad guidelines for living
False
FBI criminal statistics reflect all crime committed in the U.S.
False- only known to police
Definition of the symbolic interaction theory
How people interact with each other
What is "taking the role of the other"?
How we imagine others see us
According to the textbook, sexuality is rooted in ?
Human biology
A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a
Hypothesis
A woman and her husband, her children, her parents, her mother-in-law, her sister, a parakeet, two Irish setters, a cow, and five chickens live together on a farm in the Midwest. This is an example of a city. community. family. nuclear family.
Family
What is the term for the advocacy of social equality for the sexes, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism?
Feminism
In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations?
Feminist perspective
Which sociological approach focuses on the macrolevel and would tend to view inequality in gender as central to behavior and organization?
Feminist perspective
What is mainstreaming?
Integrating students with disabilities or special needs into overall educational programs
Which sociological perspective views marriage as a social institution closely tied to human reproduction? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist
Which sociological perspective would emphasize the role of reference groups in setting and enforcing standards of conduct and belief? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist
What is a ritual?
formal, ceremonial behavior
According to Talcott Parsons, gender
forms a complementary set of roles.
Which type of crime is unlikely to be reported in victimization surveys? fraud burglary motor vehicle theft aggravated assault
fraud
Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that:
gender is a variable creation of culture.
Expecting a woman to be nuturing would be an example of: genetic traits gender roles homophobia none of these
gender roles
What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society links women and men?
gender roles
What is the term for attitudes and activities that a society tends to link to women and men?
gender roles
Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females? expressiveness gender roles gender schema instrumentality
gender roles
What is the term for the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women?
gender stratification
Name two key theorists who have contributed to the social-conflict analysis of stratification.
Karl Marx and Max Weber
Conformity
Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of:
Which event set the state for the sexual revolution?
Kinsey's publication of the first study of sexuality in the US.S in 1948
Which of the following set the stage for the sexual revolution?
Kinsey's published studies of sexuality
Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital?
Knowledge of great American authors.
For W.E.B. Du Bois, which of the following was considered essential in combating prejudice and achieving tolerance and justice?
Knowledge.
Who's theory of development include the preconventional, the conventional, and the post conventional stages of development?
Kohlberg
People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the "real world". This poses a particular problem for researchers using
Laboratory experiments
Which of the following would be seen as a contributer to poverty in the U.S. according to your text? Large numbers of workers employed at minimum wage. Large numbers of people who wish to stay poor Large numbers of CEOs Large numbers of technologically savvy workers
Large numbers of workers employed at minimum wage.
Define criminal recidivism
Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
Where do most immigrants today come from?
Latin America and Asia
Where do most of the immigrants to the U.S. come from today?
Latin America, Asia
In American society, we often formalize norms into
Laws
An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies was developed by Ferdinand Tönnies. Gerhard Lenski. Jonathan Kozol. William I. Thomas.
Lenski
What variant of feminism accepts the basic organization of Canadian society, but seeks to expand the opportunities of women?
Liberal feminism
Max Weber referred to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable experiences as power. wealth. life chances. status.
Life chances
In 1909, W.E.B. Du Bois helped found which of these organizations?
NAACP
Trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico were dismantled as a result of NAFTA. the Zapatista revolution of 1910. the collapse of the National Liberation Army in 1966. the demise of the peso.
NAFTA
Which sociologist did fieldwork on women in the roller derby? Margaret Mead Talcott Parsons Nancy Finley Arlie Hochschild
Nancy Finley
The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over
Nature versus nurture
What is "white ethnics"
None WASPS whose ancestors lived in Ireland, Poland, Germany, Italy or other European countries.
Which sociologist coined the term "matrix of domination"? Patricia Hill Collins Karl Marx bell hooks Ida Wells-Barnett
Patricia Hill Collins
Definition of the social-conflict theory
Patterns of social inequality
What is "hooking up"?
People know little about each other, usually involves alcohol, sex without satisfaction
Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis:
People perceive the world through the cultural lens of language
Define transsexual
People who feel they are onset even though biologically they are another.
Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of "face-work"
People's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public
Define intersexual
Peoples who's bodies have both female and male characteristics
Which of the following is used to show the portion of 100?
Percentage
Which term is used to refer to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior?
Personality
The looking-glass self is the
Phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others
Who was the psychologist who focused specifically on the role of social interactions in the development of children?
Piaget
Which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?
Ppl see the world through the cultural lens of their language.
Which sociologist argued that sociological research should focus on social change and on relevant research developed by nonsociologists?
Shulamit Reinharz
Which social scientist believed that people are in constant conflict between their natural impulsive instincts and societal constraints?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following is an example of planned obsolescence?
Sirs iPod breaks just as the newest iPod Nano is being introduced
What is the Thomas theorem?
Situations defined as real have real consquences.
How many basic emotions does Ekman say people express?
Six
According to sociology, what are values?
Standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guide lines for social living.
A bureaucracy
The United States Government is a form of:
Define primary sex characteristics
The genitals, organs used for reproduction
What is secularizaiton?
The historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred.
Define the labeling theory
The idea deviance and conformity result not so much from hat people do as from others respond to those actions.
What is Ethnocentrism?
The practice of judging another culture by standards of ones own culture.
Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion?
The presence of McDonald's restaurants in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Japan
Diffusion is
The process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society
Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta
Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic:
what is dramaturgical analysis?
The study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performance.
What is interpertive sociology?
The study of society that focuses on discovering the meaning people attach to their social world.
Define Garfunkel's ethnomethodology
The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
Define personal space
The surrounding area over which a person makes some claim of privacy.
What is genocide?
The systematic killing of one category of people. *** Example = Holocaust
What is sociology?
The systematic study of human society.
A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills
The term meritocracy is defined by the text as:
cultural assimilation
assimilation that occurs when the values, beliefs, dogmas ideologies, language, and other systems of symbols of the dominant culture are adopted
An ideal type is a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated. True False
True
Anna's case shows that without social experience a child is not able to act or communicate in a meaningful way.
True
Anticipatory socialization for retirement is most systematic for White men, since they have most likely participated in a formal retirement preparation program. True False
True
Asians and Chinese descent are the largest category of Asian Americans in the U.S.?
True
Based on Harlow's research social isolation results in permanent damage.
True
Cohabitation may actually discourage marriage.
True
Comte and Marx were two of sociology's founders
True
Conflict theorists are interested in asking questions about the values raised by decisions involving physician assisted suicides. True False
True
Corporate welfare gives big business tax breaks and direct payments. True False
True
Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are more likely to change their material culture.
True
Despite their differences, functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists would all agree that there is much more to sports than exercise or recreation.
True
marital assimilation
assimilation that occurs when there are high rates of intermarriage between immigrants and dominant ethnic groups
stereotype
assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false
Elizabeth Kubler Ross found that death involved orderly specific stages.
True
In criticizing the call for a value-free sociology, Alvin Gouldner suggests that sociologists may use objectivity as a sacred justification for remaining uncritical of existing institutions and centers of power.
True
In the U.S. immigrant workers do the jobs that no one else wants.
True
Individuality is often lost within total institutions.
True
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity each began as a cult.
True
Karl Marx saw the factory as the center of conflict between society's exploiters and its exploited masses.
True
Latin American countries generally have the strictest measures against the practice of abortion. True False
True
Many hand gestures, such as the "okay" sign, can have significantly different meanings around the world
True
Members of Congress have successfully blocked foreign aid to countries that might use the funds to encourage abortion. True False
True
Most people arrested of crimes in the U.S. are white.
True
Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time. True False
True
Most people in the U.S. identify with one or more ethnic group.
True
Muslim countries are exceedingly varied and complex and do not often fit the stereotypes created by the Western media. True False
True
Native Americans gained U.S citizenship in 1924
True
New symbols are created all the time, as in the new language by which people "text-message" via their cell phones
True
One of Robert Merton's most significant contributions to sociology was the attempt to merge the microlevel and macrolevel approaches to the study of society.
True
People over 25 make up 21% of degree seeking students in the U.S>
True
Reference group is a term used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. True False
True
Religion is an example of non-material human culture.
True
Scientific sociology favors quantitive data.
True
Selection of a research design will influence both the cost of a research project and the amount of time needed to collect the results of the research.
True
Sex has a biological foundation, as part of cultural sexual practices vary from place to place.
True
Sociologist state that nurture is more important than nature.
True
Sociologist state that one of the explanations for the incest taboo is that is discourages contact of family members with the larger society.
True
Sociology is different than phiolosophy in that it focuses on how society actually operates.
True
Taking into account age, education, marital status, children, occupational specialization, work experience, and hours worked in a year reduced the pay gap between men and women by only 3 cents. True False
True
The Hispanic population in the U.S. is concentrated in the Southwest
True
The advantage of using exsisting data is that it saves money,saves time, and the quality of the data is often better.
True
The average number of children per family in the U.S. today is one.
True
The divorce rate in the U.S. today is ten times higher than a century ago.
True
The flow of goods, information, and people play apart in creating a global culture.
True
The methods of celebrating rites of passage can provide a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person's status.
True
The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave. True False
True
The public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago
True
The social conflict apporach emphasizes a link between cultural and social inequality.
True
The structural functional approach emphasizes the way cultural patterns help meet most human needs.
True
The wealth of the top 1 percent exceeds the collective wealth of the bottom 90 percent. True False
True
There is a shortage of teachers in the U.S. today
True
Twin studies are viewed with some skepticism because they are based on very small sample sizes.
True
Wearing two different colored socks and a tie that does not match the shirt with which it is being worn are examples of violations of folkways and informal norms.
True
Women are better at reading body language.
True
Young people who marry after a short courtship are at high risk for divorce.
True
prostitution is considered a victimless crime
True
According to victimization surveys the crime rate is?
Twice as high
What is the definition of a "family unit"?
Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as
Values
Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of
Variables
The word that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was..
Verstehen.
Who is the U.S. sociologist who studied the African American community?
W.E.B Dubois
Elite sex workers - young, attractive, and well educated - are referred to as ______; while ______ are at the bottom of the sex-worker hierarchy.
call girls; streetwalkers
You stand accused of a "hate crime." This means you are suspected of:
carrying out a crime motivated by your bias.
Which of the following terms is used to refer to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated? tenure slavery castes feudalism
castes
A primary group is a small group that is characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behavior. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.
characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
Minority Groups: The major reason that minorities were brought into the country was for
cheap labor (pull factor)
In Canada, what age group is most heavily burdened by poverty?
children
Which of the following is TRUE regarding restorative justice?
it has elements of both retribution and rehabilitation
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that polyandrous cultures devalue the social worth of women? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective ethnocentric perspective
conflict perspective
Which of Miller's six focal concerns reflects the desire for autonomy, expressed as resentment toward authority figures?
desire for freedom
Which justification of punishing criminals rests on using the threat of punishment to discourage further criminality?
deterrence
Which term refers to the attempt to discourage criminality through punishment?
deterrence
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the working class?
non accumulated wealth, family income of $25,000-55,0000 a year, routine jobs, few job benefits
As part of human culture, religion would be an example of:
non-material culture
A functionalist theorist would view culture as:
norms function to support the operation of society
ethnic discrimination
process by which the members of a more powerful and dominant ethnic subpopulation deny the members of another, less powerful and subordinate ethnic subpopulation full access to valued resources - such as jobs, income, health, prestige, power, or anything else that the members of a society value
Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"? opening a door for a female styling hair feeding a baby crying in public
opening a door for a female
A person who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day-to-day personal contact and communication is referred to as a(an) gatekeeper. opinion leader. specialist. concentrator.
opinion leader
selective inclusion
process of allowing members of ethnic subpopulations into certain positions while at the same time excluding them from other positions
segregation
process of spatially isolating members of an ethnic subpopulation in areas where they cannot have the same access to valued resources as do people who are not isolated
Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more mechanical. organic. preservationist. institutionalized.
organic
Which of the following is TRUE about a structural-functional analysis of gender?
over many generations, the sex-based division of labour has been taken for granted.
Which sociologica research method provies the best chance to understand social behavior in a natural setting?
participant observation
marginal participation
participation by subordinate ethnic subpopulations in a niche where their creative resources allow them to prosper. tends to be most successful when the minority population is small and does not enter areas dominated by the majority
Cultural transmission refers to the process of:
passing culture patterns from one generation to another
What is the form of social organization in which males dominate females?
patriarchy
exclusion
pattern of discrimination that denies members of an ethnic group certain postions, independent of the effects of segregation
abusive practices
patterns of action against the victims of discrimination by members of other ethnic groups and particularly by those charged with enforcement of the law - practices may be intentional, but often not.
In spite of portrayals in the mass media, research on frequency of sexual activity reveals that:
people in monogamous relationships have sexual relationship more often than singles.
When Charles Horton Cooley used the concept "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that
people see themselves as they think others see them
When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that
people see themselves as they think others see them
all-weather liberals
people who are not prejudices and do not discriminate
active bigots
people who are prejudiced and quite willing to discriminate
timid bigots
people who are prejudiced but afraid to show it
reluctant liberals
people who are unprejudiced but will discriminate when it is in their interest to do so
group
people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group
Which term refers to reforming the offender to prevent subsequent offenses?
rehabilitation
According to the social-conflict paradigm, who or what is labeled deviant is based primarily upon:
relative power.
Which of the following concepts refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through careful control of the environment?
resocialization
A status group refers to people who share a similar level of wealth and income. people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position. members of a class who have a subjective awareness regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. a feudal class.
people who share the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class position.
The fact that an unemployed coal miner in Appalachia has a higher standard of living than a doctor in Congo, illustrates the idea that poverty is absolute. poverty is relative. being a doctor is not a high-prestige occupation in all countries. Americans are ethnocentric.
poverty is relative.
The chapter argues that gender is not a matter just of difference but also a matter of:
power, wealth, and privileges.
Sexual violence s fundamentally about:
power.
Which of the following is a way in which ppl can mislead others with statistics?
ppl select the data they present, ppl interpret the data to lead their readers to a desired conclusion, ppl use graphs to spin the truth
Ageism is defined as the prejudicial and discriminatory behavior directed against the elderly. reflection of a deep uneasiness among young and middle-aged people about growing old. domination and control by the elderly. none of these
prejudicial and discriminatory behavior directed against the elderly.
Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbols which of the following stages?
preoperational stage
You have engaged in a minor law violation that provokes only a slight reaction or no reaction from others. According to Lemert, you actions illustrate:
primary deviance.
Which type of group is most important for socialization? primary groups coalitions out groups all of these
primary groups
At birth, males and females are distinguished by ______, which are the genitals: organs used for reproduction.
primary sex characteristics
Modernization refers to the elimination of old housing and its replacement with modern skyscrapers. process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. colonial domination of Third World nations by Western powers. process of development that, at this time, has occurred in only core nations such as England, France, Japan, and the U.S.
process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies.
discrimination
process by which an individual, group, or subpopulation of individuals acts in ways that deny another individual, group or subpopulaton access to valued resources
subpopulation
smaller than a population, bigger than a group - individuals in a society that can be distinguished by their history as well as their distinctive behavior, organization, culture, and perhaps, superficial biological features
Every society regulates the behavior of individuals with the goal of preventing deviance. This process of regulation is called:
social control
You have been asked by your community to join others in regulating the behaviour of individuals in the community. Sociologists would say you are engaged in:
social control.
A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called socialization. status. social structure. social inequality.
social inequality
What is the term for changes in people's positions within the social hierarchy?
social mobility
What is the term for society's ranking of categories of people in a hierarchy?
social stratification
A caste system is:
social stratification based on ascription.
The observation that police are more likely to arrest sex workers than their male clients is consistent with which theoretical analysis of sexuality?
social-conflict
Which theoretical approach argues that conventional ideas about gender create division and tension, with men seeking to protect their privileges as women challenge the status quo?
social-conflict
Which perspective views social stratification as providing some people with advantages over others?
social-conflict analysis
Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
socialization
What is the sociologist's term for a composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality?
socioeconomic status
Because of social stratification:
some people have more privileges and opportunities than others do.
The patterns of deaths in the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic illustrate the
sometimes lethal consequences of poverty amidst wealth.
What type of informal social control is supported by 59 percent of pediatricians in spite of the risk of harmful effects to recipients? capital punishment institutionalization spanking time-outs
spanking
Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society? status culture social structure Gemeinschaft
status
What is the term for the degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality?
status consistency
A master status is a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society.
What is Erving Goffman's term for a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's social identity and self-concept?
stigma
Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society? social mobility stratification hypergamy status
stratification
The two approaches that are macro level and describe society in broad terms are
structural function and social conflict
ethnic group
subpopulation of individuals who are labeled and categorized by the general population, and, often, by the members of the group itself as being of a particular type of ethnicity
ethnic cleansing
systematic attempts to eliminate an ethnic or religious group from a society EX. attempts by the Serbs to "cleanse" the former Yugoslavia of Muslims and ethnic Albanians
Functional prerequisites are tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.
The term "social control" refers to justifications for deviant behavior. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. behavior that violates the norms of a group.
techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
face-saving behavior
techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour
In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of farming. education. technology. banking.
technology
What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an envirnment
technology
Susan has the newest iPhone, iPad, iPod, and Mac. When a new Apple product is released, people stand in line for hours to be the first to buy. Susan is a(n):
technophile
According to Herbert Spencer's application of Darwin's theory to the operation of society,
the "fittest" people rise to wealth and the "failures" sink into poverty.
The barrier that is invisible, but which prevents women from rising beyond middle management positions is referred to as:
the "glass ceiling."
What term refers to any change in a subjects behavior caused by the awareness of being studied?
the Hawthorne effect
Extreme inequality of resources in the world was initiated by the Industrial Revolution. the Spanish-American War. the Great Depression. World War II.
the Industrial Revolution.
What comprised the "first estate" in England during the Middle Ages?
the Nobility
E-readiness can be defined as:
the ability to sort through, interpret, and process digital knowledge
behavioral-reception assimilation
the absence of intentional discrimination by dominant ethnicity groups against subordinate ethnic groups
expulsion
the act of exiling members of an ethnic subpopulation from a country. can take the form of direct coercion, or can be indirect. common form of discrimination - somewhat less intense form of discrimination because those exiled from society still retain their lives
The term cyberfeminism is defined by the text as:
the application to and promotion of feminism online
role
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
What comprised the "second estate" in England during the Middle Ages?
the clergy
teamwork
the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly
kin selection (inclusive fitness)
the concept that family structure are a strategy allowing males and females to maximize their fitness by keeping as much of their genetic material as possible in the gene pool
Neocolonialism is defined as the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a power for an extended period of time, such as French control over major parts of northern Africa. the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries. the invasion of Third World countries by the military forces of the U.S or Russia since 1965. all of these
the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries.
What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?
the criminal justice system
social integregation
the degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion
identifiability
the degree to which the members of a subpopulation are visible and readily identifiable. the more distinctive the members of a subpopulation are, the more likely they are to become targets of discrimination
Friedrich Engels, a colleague of Karl Marx, noted that the family is the ultimate source of social inequality. there are six paramount functions of the family. 80 percent of the 565 societies that he studied had some type of polygamy. there are six stations of divorce, but the most important is the economic station.
the family is the ultimate source of social inequality.
What is the term for the trend in which females represent an increasing proportion of the poor?
the feminization of poverty
social structure
the framework of society that surrounds us; consists of the ways that people and groups are related to one another; this framework gives direction to and sets limits on our behavior
ethnogenesis
the process of creating a distinctive ethnicity as a means of adapting to discrimination, even as some degree of assimilation occurs
The term media globalization can be defined as the worldwide integration of media through the cross-cultural exchange of ideas
true
Across the life course, women fare better in terms of health than men
ture
The focus of education in the U.S. is on what is practical and job related.
ture
Deductive logical thought involves
turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing
What three factors account for most of the earning disparity between men and women?
type of work; family responsibilities; discrimination
You have met a person who believes very strongly in lower taxes, but is a staunch defender of abortion and gay rights. This person most likely belongs to the ______ class.
upper
The term "old money" is applied to the _____ class.
upper-upper
In Canada the ______ is often described by the terms "society" or "bluebloods."
upper-upper class
The concept of ethnocentrism refers to:
judging another culture by the standard of one's own cultural
genocide
members of an ethnic subpopulation are killed or, potentially, an entire ethnic group is exterminated EX. Nazi death camps with gas chambers; exposure of Native Americans to diseases
middleman minorities
members of an ethnic subpopulation who have middle-or moderate- levels of resources and serve as distribution links between producers and buyers of goods
A woman who was born and raised in a poor family becomes a regional supervisor for the U.S. Postal Service. She has experienced structural mobility. horizontal mobility. upward intergenerational mobility. institutional mobility.
upward intergenerational mobility.
reverse discrimination
used to emphasize that programs designed to overcome the effects of past discrimination against members of a subordinate subpopulation often deny some members of the dominant subpopulation equal access to values resources
From the sociological perspective, sexuality includes which of the following? Check all that apply. Beliefs Values Social Norms None of these
values
Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called:
values
Standards by which ppl who share culture define what is desirable good and beautiful are called
values
The most frequently reported hate crimes were: physical abuse and intimidation vandalism and intimidation rape and murder murder and vandalism
vandalism and intimidation
What is the term for crimes committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations?
white-collar crimes
What term is used to refer to crimes committed by individuals in the course of their daily business activities? professional crime organized crime index crimes white-collar crimes
white-collar crimes
What is the term for work involving mostly mental activity?
white-collar work
Which of these racial and ethnic groups has the longest life expectancy? Whites Asian Americans Hispanics African Americans
whites
What percentage of couples in the US will marry, divorce and remarry over the course of a lifetime? 20% 35% 45% 60%
45%
Define the "queer theory"
A body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in U.S. society
Define organized crime
A business supplying illegal goods or services
Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of _____________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers..
All of these.
What is a folkway?
An act of kindness and manners
What is a potential problem when sending out Internet-based surveys?
Protection of the respondent's anonymity AND defining the potential audience
______ refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.
Corporate crime
After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?
Create a hypothesis
differentiate between crime and deviance
Crime=violation of norms inacted into law Deviance= cultural norms
Why is family important in the socialization processes?
Social identity is passed on down the family (class, ethnicity, religon)
According to the social conflict approach, what does society base deviance on?
Social inequality
In an industrial society, which of the following is TRUE?
Social inequality tends to diminish.
The analysis of Isabelle and Genie is important because it emphasizes the relevance of
Social interaction in human development
Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys indicated that
Social isolation had a damaging effect on the monkeys
Which of the following is TRUE about social mobility and its correlates in Canada?
Social mobility has been fairly high.
Define role strain
Tension among the roles connected to a single status.
What interaction approach did Goffman develop?
The dramaturgical analysis
According to the text's discussion of inequality and beliefs, which of the following is TRUE?
The explanation of "why" people should be unequal varies from one society to another.
Define corporate crime
The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
Sanctions can be positive or negative.
True
The U.S. is considered a high income nation
True
The family is a social institution that is found in every human society.
True
Which of the following factors has contributed to the amount of childlessness in the U.S.? couples not believing that having children automatically follows from marriage couples not considering reproduction to be the duty of all married couples economic considerations all of these
all of these
Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise of dual-income families in the U.S.? economic need transient jobs females pursuing their career all of these
all of these
Sociologist defined a symbol as:
anything that carries a meaning to people who share a culture
The sexual orientation referred to as ______ refers to no sexual attraction to people of either sex.
asexuality
Which theorist would be most interested in who controls the media and the ways in which the common race and class minimizes the media presence of the lower classes and other races?
a conflict theorist
A hate crime is defined as:
a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias
ascribed status
a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called:
bisexuality.
A woman is born into a homeless, single-parent family. She is very talented and as an adult, becomes a wealthy, world-acclaimed pianist. This scenario most closely represents which type of stratification system? caste class estate slavery
class
According to Karl Marx, disparities in wealth and power between the bourgeoisie and proletariat inevitably lead to which of the following?
class conflict
The term "homophobia" refers to fear of:
close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
role conflict
conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are at odds with those attached to another role
Subculture refers to
cultural patterns that set off a part of societys population
What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that, together, constitute a people's way of life
culture
According to the Davis-Moore thesis, social stratification
exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for society.
The requirement that individuals select mates from outside certain groups is known as exogamy. hypergamy. endogamy. homogamy.
exogamy
A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool. This sociologist is most likely to draw upon the contact hypothesis. the anomie theory of deviance. exploitation theory. labeling theory.
exploitation theory
Among the major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism, and the feminist perspective, conflict theorists would be most likely to suggest that the mass media serve a useful function in society by bringing members together in a collective experience. True False
false
Burglary is a crime against a person
false-against property
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the average-middle class?
family income of $55,000-90,000 a year, small amount of wealth
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that studies of social class have tended to neglect the occupations and incomes of women as determinants of social rank, thereby elevating the status of males? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
feminist perspective
Wrong-doing such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity is an example of violating cultural:
formal norms/mores
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to point out that policymakers have both a humanitarian and a financial stake in promoting adoption? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
functionalist
The weight of evidence indicates that sexual orientation is caused mostly by:
human biology, although society plays some role.
A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(an) agrarian society. hunting-and-gathering society. horticultural society. slash-and-burn farming society.
hunting-and-gathering society.
A statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables is the def of what concept?
hypothesis
sense of threat
if a subordinate ethnic group is perceived as threatening the political power, the economic well-being, the cultural symbols (language, customs, values and beliefs), the social structures (community organization, socials clubs, rituals, and holidays), and/or the basic institutions (economy, politics, family, church, school, and medicine) of a dominant ethnic group, this perception will translate into hostility, fueling the fires of discrimination
passive acceptance
if the power of an ethnic group is small and the magnitude of the discrimination is great, members of the group may have no choice but to accept the discrimination. sometimes "passive acceptance" is really active manipulation of a situation
All of the following are associated with the decline in crime in recent years EXCEPT:
improvements in child socialization practices.
Most violence against women occurs:
in the home.
Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(an) dyad. triad. in-group. out-group.
in-group
An individual's salary and wages are referred to as wealth. income. prosperity. finances.
income
status symbols
indicators of a status, especially items in that display prestige
Which of the following is FALSE regarding poverty and work?
individual traits are more important than society in explaining poverty
Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as retribution. inevitable. hyperreactive. merely a falsity.
inevitable
A college student interrupts the instructor during a seminar; the instructor responds with an angry glare. This is an example of formal social control. informal social control. neutralization. tenure.
informal social control
Acts of racial profiling are always illegal. initiated by law enforcement officers. opposed by the American public. opposed by law enforcement officials.
initiated by law enforcement officers.
In Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes a person who gets rich by committing fraud while working at a bank?
innovation
Use Merton's paradigm and classify the deviance type illustrated by Bonnie & Clyde.
innovation
Minority Groups: WWI
inspired the Great Migration which was tremendous movement of African Americans from the south to north to find factory jobs. The tension from this created Race Rights.
A scientific company lays off employees by seniority. The majority of the female employees had been hired in the last 10 years and were educated as part of the push to get more females into math and sciences. This would be an example of instrumentality. expressiveness. institutional discrimination. pluralism.
institutional discrimination.
The civil rights movement of the 1960s had little impact on school segregation. housing segregation. institutional discrimination. employment segregation.
institutional discrimination.
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that patterns of male dominance in cross-sex conversations that express themselves in day-to-day exchanges represent one more battleground in the struggle for gender equality as women try to get a word in edgewise? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with manipulation of "photo ops" to create an image of self-serving reality? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the stigmatizing nature of formal social controls that require convicted sex-offenders to register with police agencies and have their pictures published in newspapers to make their identities publicly known? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
interactionist perspective
Activity theory is a(an) functionalist theory of aging, which contends that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted. conflict theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. functionalist theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. interactionist theory of aging, which argues that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted.
interactionist theory of aging, which argues that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted.
What is the term for the upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents?
intergenerational social mobility
Interactionists would be concerned about the impact of racial profiling on young children. the likelihood of terrorism. relationships in interracial families. intergroup relations.
intergroup relations.
Which of the following is a latent function of prostitution?
it meets the sexual needs of people who do not have ready access to sex
racial profiling
law enforcement agencies' use of ethnic markers to access the likelihood of crime. the result is that members of particular ethnic populations are likely to be singled out for special surveillance and harassment by police officers
Federal courts have upheld the practice of discriminating against elderly people. firing people simply because they are old. laying off older workers for economic reasons. all of these
laying off older workers for economic reasons.
What was the effect of the sexual counterrevolution
limiting the number of sexual partners or no sex at all
Minority Groups: Urbanization
movement from arms to city demographically changing the face of country. 1) cities offer more jobs, but more poverty, more housing opportunities but more crowded living conditions.
According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based mostly on:
patterns of inequality and who has more power
Which of the following illustrates community-based corrections?
probation
Which sociological perspective sees technology and media as a tool individual used to express how much wealth they have?
symbolic interactionist
The changing importance of virginity over the last century in our society is a topic you would associate with:
symbolic-interactionism
What is the term for the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?
the criminal justice system
humanitarianism
the cultural value that people who have suffered through no fault of their own should be helped
status
the position that someone occupies in a social group ( also called social status)
What social class in Canada is most likely to be homophobic?
working class
Which social class comprises approximately one-half of all persons in contemporary Great Britain?
working class
What is stereotyping?
A simplified description applied to ever person in some category.
A crime is composed of?
The violation of criminal laws enacted by a locality a state, or a federal goverment
What is culture?
The ways of thinking, acting,and the material objects that together form people's what of life.
Family income is the most crucial factor affecting access to college in the U.S.
True
Family violence is a serious, often criminal problem.
True
Florida currently has the highest proportion of elderly people in the United States. True False
True
Having a grandmother who sits on the board of trustees for your college is an example of social capital.
True
Herbert Spencer described human society as a complex system having much in common with the human body.
True
Hispanic Americans have the lowest level of education achievement
True
Holistic medicine says that patients should rely on themselves, not just physicians to ensure their health.
True
The self is the
Distinct identity that sets us apart from others
What language is spoken by more people in teh world than any other?
English
Who is the major developer of the social conflict theory?
Karl Marx
An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called
Language
What is endogamy?
Marriage between people of the same social category
According to Szasz mental illness does not exist
True
status set
all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
In Marx's analysis, another name for working class labourers is the:
proletarians.
prejudice
set of beliefs and stereotypes about a category of people
Body structure and research into criminal activities.
...
Compare the rates of crime on a global perspective.
...
Define and compare sex and gender; primary and secondary sex characteristics
...
Define and explain sexual harassment using the sociological perspective and sociological theories.
...
Define feminism
...
Define feminism. How is feminism different from sexism?
...
Define gender stratification, and gender socialization an the factors involved to maintain it.
...
Define homophobia, xenophobia, bisexuality, and sexual orientation?
...
Define patriarchy and matriarchy. What is the evidence on the inevitability of patriarchy?
...
Describe social mobility, what countries have the greatest mobility, and how does it work within each system?
...
Describe the consequences of gender or sexual stereotyping for males and females.
...
Describe the influences of biology and culture on sexual orientation and the evidence in support of each side.
...
Describe the relationship between gender, gender roles, and social stratification in terms of labour force participation, occupations, income, wealth, housework, the "second shift", education, politics and violence.
...
Explain gender issues using the three theoretical perspectives: structural functionalism, social conflict and symbolic interaction.
...
Explain the pros and cons of the medicalization of deviance, and some examples.
...
Explain why there is resistance to feminism in Canada
...
Give examples of caste and class systems throughout the world.
...
How do age, gender, social class and race play a role in crime statistics?
...
How do the various theories account for deviance? What is meritocracy?
...
How is each system maintained? Open vs. closed systems?
...
Know Labeling Theory (primary and secondary labeling) and a critique of the theory.
...
Know Merton's Strain Theory and Hirschi's Control theory.
...
organized protests
broad-based, concerted efforts to change patterns of discrimination
How has advertising revenue significantly changed in the past few years?
cable and online revenue have remained greatly unchanged while newspaper and magazine advertising revenue has fallen greatly
Know the terms and be able to clearly explain the difference between a caste and class system.
...
The intent of social control; what are formal and informal controls?
...
Understand and be able to apply the three major perspectives in Table 6-1, page 140.
...
Understand the difference between violent crimes, property crimes, white collar crimes, and victimless crimes.
...
Understand the functions of deviance from the perspective of Durkheim
...
What are some of the functions of stratification in society, why does it happen, and what are some of the problems?
...
What class includes a lot of mental labor?
...
What does Marx mean by the proletariat and the capitalists; who are the working class?
...
What does the term "stratification" really mean?
...
What function does deviance serve in society.
...
What is meant by the "feminization of poverty"?
...
What is plea bargaining and why does it exist?
...
What is retrospective labeling?
...
What is sexism?, Give examples of sexism in Canada.
...
What is the difference between relative poverty and absolute poverty?
...
What is the glass ceiling, and why does it exist?
...
What is the significance who survived in the recounting of the story of the Titanic?
...
Who are the poor, and why does homelessness and poverty exist in Canada in spite of our available resources?
...
explain the early assumptions about criminals and the biological connection.
...
identify the basic ideas and theories of feminism
...
Minority Groups: Japanese
1) 1st born in NY 2)Myth of Model Minority
Minority Groups: Minority responses can depend on wide cultural level context including
1) Adaptation 2) Change oriented responses 3) World wide context that has an effect on majority and minority groups in terms of equality and inequality.
Three factors leading to inequality
1) Ethnocentrism 2) Unequal Power 3) Competition of Resources
Three factors leading to inequality: Unequal Power
1) If you are the group making the rules and you are a society living by the rules , then the rules are going to favor your group. Any group that's not your groups is going to be unfavored by the rules set by the majority group. 2) Very resistant to change 3) Varying degrees of Inequality
Minority Groups: Chinese
1) It was difficult to unite Pan Asians together 2) Vincent Chen death, in which white men were only given minor charges was a rallying cry for Asian groups
Minority Groups: Other Europeans
1) Italians 2) Germans
Minority Groups: Other
1) Korean 2) Vietnamese 3) Indian Filipino
Three factors leading to inequality: Competition of Resources
1) Money 2) Wealth 3) Jobs 4) school 5) the basics of trying to live your life
Read the following four assertions about the social foundation of deviance. Then select the one that is FALSE
1. Deviance exists only in relation to cultural norms 2. MOST ACTS THAT ARE DEVIANT IN ONE PLACE ARE DEVIANT EVERYWHERE 3. People become deviant as others define them that way 4. Norms and the way people define situations involve differences in social power
A subculture is
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger group.
Worldwide, what percentage of adults own more than half of the entire world's household wealth? 2% 7% 13% 27%
2%
Which of the following do sociologists recognize as an agent of socialization?
All of these
Which of the following is a culturally learned behavior?
All of these
Which of the following is an aspect of culture?
All of these
Which of the following is an example of a symbol?
All of these
Which of the following is true regarding feminist researchers?
All of these
Which of the following statements about family systems is correct? Only about one-third of families in the U.S. are nuclear in composition. The practice of polygamy steadily declined throughout the twentieth century. Polyandrous cultures devalue the social worth of women. all of these
All of these
Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true? Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land. Women constitute one-third of the world's paid labor force, but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs. Single-parent households headed by women are typically found in the poorest sections of the population. all of these
All of these
Which trait(s) of a minority group can also be used to characterize the elderly? They possess physical characteristics that distinguish them from younger people. They experience unequal treatment in employment and may face prejudice and discrimination. Membership in this group is involuntary. all of these
All of these
Which of the following is not an example of new media?
Barnes & Noble
What is faith?
Belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence.
What is Institutional prejudice?
Bias built into the operation of society's institutions.
What is miscegenation?
Biological reproduction by patterns of different racial categories.
Which of the following terms refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, which supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions? Rainbow Coalition Black Power civil rights manifest destiny
Black Power
Define secondary sex characteristics
Bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males
In the Albas's study of impression management, in which type of interaction did students often explain that they were not feeling well as a way of saving face?
Bomber-Bomber
What are parts of an instructor/professors performance?
Books & notes, lecture, acting in charge
Surveys and interviews that focus on macrosociological analyses would be likely to follow which theoretical perspective?
Both functionalist and conflict perspectives
Which sociological perspective is most concerned with macrolevel analysis?
Both functionalist and conflict perspectives
The results of an interview may be influenced by
Both gender and race of the interviewer
Which is not a cause and effect relationship
Both variables must be shown to be independant
Which of the following is NOT true regarding sexual attitudes in Canada?
By the mid-1950s, all provinces had cleared laws against homosexuality and various "unnatural" acts from the books.
According to the ASA,researchers must always perform their research several times in order to ensure its accuracy.
False
C. Wright Mills advocated the use of the sociological imagination to view divorce in the United States because divorce..
Is not just an individual's personal problem but a societal concern
Which of the following terms refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants? Issei Sansei Nisei Cantonese
Issei
Define tact based on dramaturgical analysis
It helps people say faced, avoid embarrassment, audience over looks flaws.
In the nature versus nurture debate, which position do social scientists take?
It is the interaction between environmental factors and biological inheritance that is important in human development.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the term gender?
It refers to personal traits and patterns of behaviour that a culture attaches to being female or male.
Which of the following is a strength of the symbolic-interaction paradigm regarding sexuality?
It reveals the constructed character of familiar social patterns and thus bring about a better appreciation of the variety of sexual practices found around the world.
What is the importance of Kinsey's research on sexuality?
It set the stage for what later came to be known as the sexual revolution
What group of adult officials would make decision to cut down tree at Jena High School?
It takes more than a generation to get rid of hatred or resentment between groups learned behaviors from parents and friends. If one whit person tried to stand up for the unjust treatment of the Jena 6 he or she would be shunned
With which of the following would you agree if you were a supporter of sex education?
Its is unrealistic to expect that in a culture that celebrates sexuality, children will not become sexually active.
Who was the first non-WASP president?
JFK
Which country is considered "the oldest" compared to the U.S. from statistics available? Sweden Japan Spain Greece
Japan
Which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role? Playing football Getting into a fight Joining a knitting circle Spitting
Joining a knitting circle
Utilitarian organization
Justin enrolls in a local community college so he can one day become an engineer. Justin is about to become a member of a:
An approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, is based on the work of which classical theorist? Émile Durkheim Talcott Parsons Karl Marx Auguste Comte
Karl Marx
A research measure that provides consistent results is considered
Reliable
Which of the following is TRUE of feminism?
Resistance to feminism is primarily directed at the social and radical types; there is widespread support of the principles that underlie liberal feminism.
What is commonly the second step in the scientific method?
Reviewing the literature
Which conflict sociologist argues that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful and that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality? Elliot Currie Richard Quinney Mark Warr Kai Erikson
Richard Quinney
What is prejudice?
Rigid or irrational generalizations about an entire group.
Which Supreme Court decision granted women the right to terminate pregnancies? Brown v. Topeka Roe v. Wade Smith v. Allwright Wood v. Lovett
Roe v. Wade
Which of the following is an example of social interaction? Felipe watches television and does needlepoint. Mary wallpapers her bedroom walls. Sally and Veronica, a lesbian couple, argue about a new piece of gay-rights legislation. all of these
Sally and Veronica, a lesbian couple, argue about a new piece of gay-rights legislation.
Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as
Sanctions
Aggregate
Sandy is standing in line for Kanye West tickets. The line wraps around the block, spilling into the streets and crowding store windows. Sandy is part of a(n):
Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?
Scientific method
What are Key's emotional scripts or feeling rules?
Scripts used to guide and frame how women feel about ending their pregnancy
Bodily development, apart form the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males is defined as
Secondary gender characteristics
What is a sociological perspective?
Seeing the general in the particular.
Where was the feminist movement born in the U.S.? Philadelphia, PA Seneca Falls, NY Akron, OH Minneapolis, MN
Seneca Falls, NY
A dominant idealogy is a
Set of cultural beliefs that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
Early female sociologists such as Jane Addams were often active in poor urban areas as leaders of community centers known as..
Settlement houses
Which of the following statements about prostitution is TRUE?
Sex workers located in off-street "escort agencies" have safer work conditions than those working on the streets.
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as sexual harassment. sexism. sex stratification. gender identity.
Sexism
Define bisexuality
Sexual attraction to people of either sex
Define Homosexuality
Sexual attraction to someone of the same sexes
______ refers to a person's preference in terms of sexual partners.
Sexual orientation
If you argue that people come to have a sexual orientation because it is innate, which general position on how people come to have a sexual orientation would you be taking?
Sexual orientation is a product of biology.
What did Gilligan set research show?
She concluded that two sexes use different standards of rightness.
personality-based promotion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy:
Which of the following is TRUE about Canadian women university graduates in 1997?
Women earned a majority of master's degrees.
You have been asked to coach a high school team that is competing province-wide for best school in overall intellectual ability. In general, your team would fare better if:
You choose an equal mix of males and females for your team.
Racism is defined as a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior. the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes. the systematic killing of an entire people or nation. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.
a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.
ethny
a cluster of kinship circles created by endogamy (in which mate selection is confined to specific groups) and territoriality (physical proximity of its members and relative isolation from nonmembers)
Xenocentrism is:
a condition one may experience after what they perceive experiencing a more upright in noble way of living in another culture
A hate crime is defined as:
a criminal act motivated by racial or other bias.
background assumption
a deeply embedded, common understanding of how the world operates and of how people ought to act
The term panoptic surveillance is defined in the text as:
a form of constant monitoring in which the observation posts are decentralized and the observation is never communicated with directly
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as pluralism. a glass ceiling. institutional discrimination. exploitation theory.
a glass ceiling
Which of the following is considered an extended family? a college sorority the Arapesh tribe of New Guinea Beverly, her husband Bob, and their two children, Barry and Bonnie a married couple, their children, and the husband's sister all living together in the same home
a married couple, their children, and the husband's sister all living together in the same home
In which type of society do women hold greater authority than men? a matriarchy a patrilineal society a neolocal society an egalitarian society
a matriarchy
Emile Durkheim's basic insight is that deviance is:
a necessary element of social organization.
Emile Durkheim's basic insight is that deviance is:
a normal element of social organization
equality of results
a situation in which differences among a group of individuals have been eliminated in order to create a more level playing field
An apparent though false association between two variables that is caused by some third variable is called
a spurious correlation
master status
a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies
Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position. the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change. the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.
caste system
a system of rigid social stratificaion based on hereditary status, endogamy, and social barriers sanctioned by custom, law, or religion
Gemeinschaft
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Gesellschaft
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
From a functionalist perspective, which of the following is a function of social media?
a. life changing function b. social norm function c. entertainment function d. ALL OF THE ABOVE
How many of the recognized Indian tribes are involved in gambling ventures since Congress passed the Indian Gambling Regulatory Act in 1988? about one-third about one-half about three-fourths all tribes are involved
about one-third
The commonly used "poverty line" measure of poverty used by the federal government is used to measure which type of poverty? relative poverty absolute poverty elementary poverty dramatic poverty
absolute poverty
Which of the following terms refers to a deprivation of resources that is life-threatening?
absolute poverty
Which of the following is a socially constructed entity? Hallmark Polaroid Disney all of these
all of these
Which of the following is an example of a domestic partnership? Joe and Mike, a gay couple, live together in an apartment. Jane and Liz, a lesbian couple, live together in a house. Fred and Estelle, an unmarried couple who are both widowed and in their 70s, live in an apartment in order to care for each other and share living expenses. all of these
all of these
Which of the following is an example of vertical mobility? A person loses her job as a corporate vice president because of downsizing and remains unemployed for 14 months. An African president is overthrown in a bloodless coup and flees to a neighboring country where he works as a farmer. A National Football League star suffers a career-ending injury and gets a job as an auto mechanic. all of these
all of these
Which of the following is characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies? Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent. Formal educational institutions developed. all of these
all of these
Which of the following is more prevalent in developing nations than in industrialized nations? rural population deaths of children total population all of these
all of these
Which of the following statements about racial groups in the U.S. is true? Throughout history, many Southern states defined a person as Black, regardless of how s/he looked, if s/he had "only a single drop of Black blood". Over six million people in the U.S. are multiracial. The largest multiracial group is of White and Native-American ancestry. all of these
all of these
Which of the following statements is true relative to stigma and deviance in the U.S.? Many people with "normal" appearance have cosmetic surgery each year because of the "beauty myth". People may be stigmatized for deviant behaviors in which they no longer engage. A person need not be guilty of a crime to be stigmatized. all of these
all of these
Which of the following victim statuses may motivate a hate crime? race/ethnicity religion sexual orientation all of these
all of these
Which of the following would be an example of cyberbullying? sending a photo of a friend drunk to others sending a photo of a friend cheating to others sending a nude photo of a friend to others all of these
all of these
Which of the following would be included in the matrix of domination? gender race social class all of these
all of these
Which of the following would be of interest to a conflict theorist? a matriarchal family system a patriarchal family system how a new couple decides who will make family decisions all of these
all of these
Which one of the following would be an example of a negative consequence of bureaucratization? the Peter principle employees deprived of a voice in decision making the stifling of initiative and imagination all of these
all of these
Inequality exists in: All societies Western societies only Developed societies only Developing societies only
all societies
The text states that culture change is set in motion in three general ways:
invention, discovery, and diffusion
"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:
is a violation of norms enacted into law
"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:
is a violation of norms enacted into law.
Rashomon perspective
is extremely strong in Jena 6 situation.
Research suggests that, with the regard to social class, arrest for serious crime:
is higher for people in lower class levels
Patriarchy
is observed everywhere in the world today in varying degrees.
Which term is used to refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding? primary group secondary group tertiary group reference group
secondary
You and your friends describe another friend as a "boozer," and leave him out of your social circle. He begins to drink even more, seems bitter, and joins new friends who are also heavy drinkers. According to Lemert, this is an illustration of:
secondary deviance.
Which of the following is a criticism of social disorganization theory? too much focus on larger forces seems to "blame the victim" critics feel there are no viable organizations critics feel troubled areas are hopeless
seems to "blame the victim"
According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
sensorimotor stage
What is the term for biological distinction between females and males?
sex
What is the belief that one gender is innately superior to the other?
sexism
What is the term for comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome?
sexual harassment
The observation that patterns of homosexuality differ greatly from one society to another supports the idea that
sexual orientation is a product of society.
One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to norms forbidding:
sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.
ethnicity
shared historical experiences as well as unique organizational, behavioral, and cultural characteristics
A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as feudalism. slavery. communism. a caste system.
slavery.
assimilation
the process by which the members of an ethnic group become part of the broader culture and society, losing their distinctive character
Be able to describe who is in each of the various classes in Canada (p. 197) and what the percentages are in these classes.
...
Minority Groups: Increasing levels of education
"There is power in knowledge." Increasing levels of education tend to affect relationships between groups.
What term refers to an invisible, yet real, barrier that prevents many women from rising beyond middle-management positions?
"glass ceiling:
resource shares
(1) amount, level, and type of resource (jobs, education, heatlh, money, power, prestige) an ethnic subpopulation typically receives (2) consistent and persistent amount of valued resources available to an ethnic subpopulation
Be able to describe crime, deviance and juvenile delinquency.
...
Critics of Erik H. Erikson's theory of personality development point out that
1. Not everyone confronts life stages in the exact order given by Erikson 2. Failing to meet the challenge of one stage of development may not mean failing at later challenges 3. This development process may unfold differently in various times and various places 4. ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT
In recent years, crime rates have declined in the US due to:
1. reduction in the youth population 2. an increasing number of police 3. building more prisons 4.ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT
Social control refers to a set of rules and understandings that control the behavior of individuals and groups within a culture. Which of the following would NOT be considered a rule of social control?
1. society controls behavior using a set of sanctions 2. proper behavior elicits a reward 3. A SOCIETY MUST CONTAIN MANY CULTURAL PATTERNS 4. improper behavior fosters a punishment
Which of the following play a part in creating a global culture?
1. the flow of goods 2. the flow of information 3. the flow of people 4. none of the above 5. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Studies of the richest people in Canada show that at least ______ of them derived their fortunes primarily from inheritance.
1/2
The industrial revolution, pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization first appeared when? 1910-1940 1870-1905 1835-1870 1760-1850
1760-1850
The poverty level for older non-Hispanic whites was 6.8%. What is the percentage for older African Americans? 8.4% 12% 16.8% 18.2%
18.2%
In what year did women win the right to vote in national elections? 1865 1895 1920 1945
1920
Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections? 10th amendment 14th amendment 19th amendment 22nd amendment
19th amendment
Which of the following would best fit the definition of a NORC? A nursing home set up to resemble an apartment living situation A planned retirement village in Florida where only those 65+ can live. An assisted living facility that offers various stages of assistance. A community in Arizona where many 65 + people have relocated to due to the nice weather and multiple facilities that cater to their needs.
A community in Arizona where many 65 + people have relocated to due to the nice weather and multiple facilities that cater to their needs.
An ideal type is..
A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated.
In the US, the Amish would be considered:
A counterculture
According to Gunnar Myrdal what is the "American Dilemma"?
A democratic society's denial of basic rights and freedoms to one category of people
A society is
A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture.
Coercive organizationCoercive organization
A famous socialite is court-ordered to enter a rehabilitation center to eliminate her drug addiction. The socialite is about to become a member of a:
Definition of the structural functional approach
A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
Which of the following would be the best example of absolute poverty? A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food. A dual-career couple lives in a suburban community and struggles to pay their monthly bills. A family owns only two luxury automobiles, although their friends and neighbors own three such vehicles. none of these
A homeless man in tattered clothes begs in the streets for money and food.
Define asexuality
A lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex
What is functional illeteracy?
A lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living.
Define plea bargaining
A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea
What is the books definition of "marriage"?
A legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and child bearing.
Definition of science
A logical system that develops knowledge from direct systematic observation.
Anomie refers to..
A loss of direction that is felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
A variable is
A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.
Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be
A nonreactive form of research
Facing forward in an elevator would considered:
A norm
Define incest taboo.
A norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
Define role set
A number of roles attached to a single statuses.
Which of the following is the best example of a significant other?
A parent
What is personality?
A person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.
Define Sexual orientation
A person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person
Define Sutherland's differential association theory.
A person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourages or reject conventional behavior
What is Multiculturalism?
A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the U.S. and promoting equal standing for traditions.
Define shock parole
A policy by hiccup a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time and then suspends the remainder of the sentence in favor of probation
What is a cult?
A religious organization that is largely outsides a society's cultural traditions.
Politically speaking, what was the primary purpose of those at the forefront of the sexual counterrevolution?
A return to "family values," by which sexual freedom was to be replaced by sexual responsibility
What is race?
A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
Define master status
A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life.
Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination?
A study that concentrates on the behavior of people listening to a religious service compared to those listening to a rock concert.
To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as
A survey
What is the definition of "Homo Sapiens"?
A thinking person
An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs
A total institution can be defined as:
What is a sect?
A type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society.
The dramaturgical approach is
A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers
Sociologists define a symbol as A) anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. B) any material cultural trait. C) any gesture that conveys insult to others. D) social patterns that cause culture shock.
A) anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture.
Which of the following is TRUE of minority and Aboriginal women in Canada?
Aboriginal and minority women are doubly disadvantaged.
Which of the following groups experiences the highest levels of chronic poverty? African Americans Hispanics Asian Americans Whites
African American
Poverty seems to impact which of the following groups the most? Non-Hispanic whites African Americans Latinos There is no difference by race or ethinicity.
African Americans
Minority Groups: Vietnam
After Vietnam, Asian refugees were given protective status in the U.S. GIs married " war brides" overseas who were Asian and brought them back to live. This changed the demographics of the minority groups.
Define hate crime
Against a minority
Which of the following is correct regarding age? Age is a socially constructed ascribed status. Age is considered an achieved status. The status of age is not socially constructed much like race or gender. all of these
Age is a socially constructed ascribed status.
Women do the majority of housework in which of the following? The richest countries The poorest countries All countries Housework is equal in all countries
All countries
A small body of scholarship suggests that traditional gender roles may be disadvantageous to men in that in the 1980s, girls were more likely to go to college than boys. by 2006, women accounted for over 57 percent of college students nationwide. in 2002, more women than men in the U.S. earned a doctoral degree. all of these
All of these
Contemporary conflict theorists are concerned with the conflict between.
All of these
Norms are
All of these
Norms are often violated when
All of these
Researchers found which of the following to be true of cell phone users compared to landline users?
All of these
The elderly are categorized as a subordinate group or minority because membership in the group is involuntary. older United States citizens have a strong sense of group solidarity. older people experience unequal treatment in employment and may face prejudice and discrimination. all of these
All of these
We have little reliable data on human sexuality because
All of these
Which of the following acts as an agent of socialization?
All of these
Which of the following countries have outlawed all forms of abortion including procedures performed to save a pregnant woman's life? Chile El Salvador East Timor all of these
All of these
In many Third World nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in Third World nations are likely to suffer..
Anomie.
What is minority?
Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding hate crimes in Canada?
Anyone can be a victim of hate crime.
According to sociology what is a symbol?
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
What is androcentricity in research?
Approaching an issue from a male perspective
In what areas would the sociological perspective most likely develop?
Areas experiencing significant social changes
The "second shift", which refers to the double burden borne by many women—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—was the subject of analysis by Letty Cottin Pogrebin. Heidi Hartmann. Susan Shaw. Arlie Hochschild.
Arlie Hochschild.
A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society..
As an outsider.
Cohabitation is least common among which racial or ethnic group in the U.S.? Hispanics Asian Americans Native Americans Whites
Asian Americans
Tracking is?
Assigning students to different types of educational programs.
What is Euthanasia?
Assisting int he death of a person suffering from an incurable disease; also known as killing mercy
Define social control
Attempt by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
The term sociology was coined in 1838 by
Auguste Comte
Three sociologists who developed the structural funcitonal theory.
Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, & Herbert Spencer
In class Discussion Jena 6: Why did they cut down the trree at Jena High School?
Authorities thought they would solve the problem
The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called ________ A) ethnocentrism. B) cultural relativism. C) cultural diffusion. D) cultural integration.
B) cultural relativism.
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as A) high culture. B) popular culture. C) elite culture. D)established culture.
B) popular culture.
According the Schaefer text, which level of college degree serves as less of a guarantee of upward mobility today than it did in the past? A.A./A.A.S. B.A./B.S. M.A./M.S. Ph.D.
B.A./B.S.
Subculture refers to ________ A) a part of the population lacking culture. B) people who embrace popular culture. C) cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population. D) people who embrace high culture.
C) cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population.
Ethnocentrism refers to ________ A) people taking pride in their ethnicity. B) claiming that another culture is better than your own. C) judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. D) understanding another culture using its own standards and values.
C) judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.
The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on A) how advanced the cultural pattern is. B) how long the cultural pattern has existed. C) the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern. D) All of these are correct.
C) the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern.
Which theorist studied the power elite, and the influence they had over society?
C. Wright Mills
_________ is most closely associated with the concept of the sociological imagination.
C. Wright Mills
The sexual revolution began during the great depression
Came to full expression during the 60's
In Canada, which of the following is TRUE regarding same-sex marriages?
Canadian have become increasingly supportive of gay "equal" marriage.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding inequality in Canada?
Canadian society is highly stratified.
Which of the following is TRUE, in terms of the social-conflict perspective?
Capitalism intensifies males domination.
What economy does oscial conflict sociologist hold that U.S. possesses?
Capitalist
The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as
Casual logic
Which of the following existing data sources are used more frequently for sociological research?
Census data
With which statement would a labeling theorist agree?
Change society's response to deviance, and you will change the level of deviance in society.
Which of the following statements concerning stepfamilies is correct? Children raised by stepmothers are likely to have less health care, education, and money spent on their food than children raised by biological mothers. The well-being of children in stepfamilies is better, on average, than that of children in single-parent households. Studies suggest most stepmothers are evil. all of these
Children raised by stepmothers are likely to have less health care, education, and money spent on their food than children raised by biological mothers.
Which of the following group makes up the largest percentage of the Asians and Pacific Islanders group? Japanese Chinese Korean Asian Indians
Chinese
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions is called:
Clinical sociology.
Jean Piaget's focus was on:
Cognition, which means how people think and understand
Minority Groups: Irish
Come to escape the potato famine, one of few groups in which single women immigrated over rather than single men.
Which of the following was TRUE about gender and education in Canada by 1994?
Compared to men, more women received bachelor's and first professional degrees.
A sociologist who studies the impact of the women's movement on the divorce rate would probably be following which of the following perspectives?
Conflict
Define role conflict
Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses.
"Attacks on bilingualism represent an ethnocentric point of view". This statement would best reflect the views of which sociological perspective?
Conflict perspective
Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy White males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the..
Conflict perspective
Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of which theoretical perspective?
Conflict perspective
The view that laws are set up to assist those who are in positions of power would be held by:
Conflict perspective
What sociological perspective would most likely suggest that educational inequalities are purposeful and set up to reinforce the position of those in power?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that subcultures often emerge because the dominant society has unsuccessfully attempted to suppress a practice regarded as improper, such as the use of illegal drugs?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would argue that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would maintain that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status?
Conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the social order is based on coercion and exploitation?
Conflict perspective
George Herbert Mead suggested that the self is
Continually developing and changing
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the
Control group
Define body language
Conveying information to another using the body ex) smiling
Which of the following is true of white-collar crime? The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine. Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime would. Most cases are heard in municipal courts. all of these
Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime would.
The recent bail out of the automobile industry would be an exam ple of which of the following: Consumption flow Corporate welfare Corporate gains Business welfare
Corporate welfare
The relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(an)
Correlation
Selecting a research design is important because it may affect both the amount of time and the
Cost of the project
How is humor created?
Create and contrast 2 different realities.
Select the statement that reflects Durkheim's approach to deviance.
Crime is normal.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Crime occurs at a rate three times higher than what the official reports show.
Adopt Caesare Lombroso's theoretical position. With which of the following assertions would you agree?
Criminals may be distinguished from non-criminals by their physical features.
Which of the following statements about pornography in Canada is FALSE?
Critics of pornography focus their objections solely on moral grounds.
Sociology is considered a science because sociologists..
Engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding.
Minority Groups: Africans
Enslaved
According to the Davis-Moore thesis, which of the following is TRUE?
Equality is functional for society.
A person who criticizes an Amish farmer as foolish or backward for tilling his fields using horses and a plow instead of a tractor is exhibiting
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called
Ethnocentrism
Where did most immigrants come from a century ago?
Europe
Describe the agrarian society.
Everything is based on producing and maintaining crops.
Gender roles are
Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
What is culture shock?
Experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
Which of the following does your textbook note as a common criticism of Exxon's actions after the 1989 Valdez disaster?
Exxon didn't volunteer to fund research on clean-up technologies or long-term environmental costs.
What is gender blindness in research?
Failing to consider gender at all.
A college is a good example of a total institution
False
A primitive tribe that cultivates the soil by hand has much more culture than a modern, computerized society.
False
According to Hirchi's control theory teenagers who participate in sports are most likely to participate in deviant behaviors
False
According to Sutherland white collar crime always leads to criminal conviction
False
An argot is a specialized language used by members of a subculture. Doctors and nurses, for example, have developed a language system that is not easily understood by patients, but enables medical professionals to communicate more easily, rapidly, and precisely with one another. Which sociological perspective is likely to emphasize the value of this specialized medical language?
Functionalist perspective
As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?
Functionalist perspective
In examining any aspect of society, which sociological perspective emphasizes the contribution that aspect makes to overall social stability?
Functionalist perspective
The authors of the National Health and Social Life Survey argue that their research on human sexual behavior is important and that using data from their survey allows policy makers to more easily address issues such as AIDS, sexual harassment, welfare reform, abortion, and teenage pregnancy. This position best reflects the view of which sociological perspective?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that education is necessary for people to earn more money and advance in society for the purpose of social stability?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that sports help to maintain people's physical well-being?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability, then it does not serve a useful function?
Functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability?
Functionalist perspective
In a transgendered person the following is true of gender: Gender and physical identity match. Gender and physical identity do not match. Gender and physical identity are one. There is no gender present.
Gender and physical identity do not match.
Which of the following characteristics exemplifies the kibbutzim?
Gender is irrelevant to most of everyday life.
Functionalists would view gender roles in which of the following ways? Gender roles assist in keeping women oppressed within the family structure. Gender roles have a bias towards male power. Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance. All of these
Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding women in the labour force?
Gender stratification in the workplace is difficult to see in today's society.
Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?
George Herbert Mead
The term "significant others" is
George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self.
Which of the following notes that while a system of rewards for filling highly expert professions demanding long years of education and skill may have once served the overall purposes of society, this situation no longer exists? Gerhard Lenski Ralf Dahrendorf D. Stanley Eitzen David Featherman
Gerhard Lenski
Who thought that previous theories of moral development may have been gender bias?
Gilligan
Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in female-dominated occupations? glass ceiling glass escalator crystal stairs transparent ascension
Glass escalator
Minority Groups: Changing Economic Base
Going from agricultural to industrial to now technological economic base.
A law is
Governmental social control
Instrumental function
Grace works in at an advertising agency. Grace's coworkers help her complete presentations, contact clients, and assist her with research. Her coworkers are serving a(n):
What was the focus of Kohlberg's research?
He studied moral reasonings, how people come to judge situations right or wrong.
Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time?
Herbert Spencer
If you were to attend a New York City Ballet performance, you would be experiencing
High Culture
Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist?
How behaviors that are advantageous to survival become genetically linked to human beings
Which of the following statements is true? In 2009, six of the nation's 50 states had a female governor. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and Janet Reno are the only females to have ever been members of the U.S. Supreme Court. Only one woman, Hillary Rodham Clinton, has ever been a candidate for Vice President of the U.S. In 2009, nearly 65 percent of the House of Representatives were comprised of women.
In 2009, six of the nation's 50 states had a female governor.
01) In class example of Institutionalized Discrimination in the Legal Justice System Jena 6
In Sept 2006, white high school students in Louisiana always sat beneath a huge oak tree for shade. Some African American students asked the principal if anyone could sit under this tree and he said yes. The next day after the African American students sat under it, there were six nooses hanging from the tree. The principal wanted to expel the white that did this, but there were only suspended for a few days. A few African Americans students beat white student after this occurrence and are now awaiting a sentence for aggravated assault and attemepted murder. One of the boys is only seventeen and is likely to serve 22yrs in prison. There were no eyewitnesses to prove the actual events
What is TRUE about inequality?
In agrarian societies working in one's "station" was considered a moral responsibility.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding deviance and wrongdoing?
In some ways, wrongdoing seems to have become a way of life for just about everybody.
Authoritarian
In the 2010 film, The Social Network, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was portrayed as a leader who was goal-oriented, issuing orders and assigning tasks. Which of the following leadership styles did Zuckerberg likely use?
As an advocated of Reckless & Dinitz's containment theory, what would you contend?
Increase a child's conscience and you can limit his deviance.
The minority aged population is expected to: Decline in the next 40 years Increase in the next 40 years Remain constant over the next 40 years None of these
Increase in the next 40 years
A proponent of Sutherland's differential association theory would do which of the following to reduce crime?
Increase the relative frequency of association with those who discourage norm violation.
What does the opening chapter story about Bernard Ebbers illustrate?
Individuals accused of wrongdoing do not always fit the common stereotype of "street criminal."
Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as
Informal norms
In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective?
Interactionist perspective
Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying this
Interactionist perspective
The analysis of how the "definition of the situation" can mold the thinking and personality of the individual is associated with the functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. feminist perspective.
Interactionist perspective
Which perspective would state that people are formed through the way in which they interact with and react to their social world?
Interactionist perspective
Which sociological approach would view sports as an agent for defining people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees as a result of their performances and reputations?
Interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole?
Interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective holds the view that people create their social worlds through interaction and manipulation of symbols?
Interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its identity?
Interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that nonverbal communication, such as the frequency of individuals touching each other during a conversation, varies from one culture to another?
Interactionist perspective
Cross-cultural studies have suggested which of the following about industrialized and developing nations? Spain has an informal economy. Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries. Modernization has benefited Kenya. Mobility exists only in nonindustrialized societies.
Intergenerational mobility is increasing in most countries.
Which of the following was a central focus for Charles Horton Cooley?
Intimate face-to-face groups
What is polygamy?
Marriage that unites people with 2 or more spouses
"Value neutrality" in social science research was initially called for by
Max Weber
The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the
Mean
The midpoint or number which divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values is referred to as the
Median
Which of the following is a legal term that translates to "guilty mind?"
Men rea
Which of the following is TRUE about housework?
Men support women entering the workforce, although most resist taking on a more equal share of household duties.
The single most common value in a series of scores is referred to as the
Mode
How do industrial societies describe people in old age?
More out of touch and less socially important than other adults.
Which of the following statements regarding teenage pregnancy in Canada is FALSE?
Most agree that Canada's national plan of action has been effective in reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding sex on campus?
Most women are critical of the culture of "hooking-up" and express little satisfaction with these encounters.
Informal norms are
Norms governing everyday social behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern
Mores are
Norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.
what is a mores?
Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
Definition of behaviorism
Not instinctive, but learned within the social enviroment.
Which of the following is TRUE with respect to early sexual activity in North America?
Observed differences in pregnancy rates between Sweden and the United States seems to be due to differences in access to contraceptive services.
What conclusion could you reasonably reach about the relative social prestige of selected occupations in Canada?
Occupations with high prestige typically require more ability and training than those with low prestige.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct in terms of wealth and income among elderly persons? There is significant variation in wealth and poverty among the nation's older people. Older people as a group are homogeneous and poor. Middle-class workers tend to remain better-off as they retire compared to lower-class workers. all of these
Older people as a group are homogeneous and poor.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding gender and poverty?
Once fallen into poverty, males tend to remain poor for longer periods of time than women.
Which of the following is TRUE about homelessness in Canada?
One-third of all homeless people are entire families.
A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(an)
Operational definition
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the working class must..
Overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies.
When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called
Participant observation
Define lemert's primary deviance
Passing episode with little or no effect on a person's life
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the costs of sexism?
Patriarchy drives men to relentlessly seek control resulting in accidents and violence.
Employment that is poorly paid and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected is called Pink collar work White collar work Hard word Precarious work
Precarious work
Which of the following is ACCURATE, regarding public opinion about premarital sex?
Premarital sex is broadly accepted among young people.
what are the promises of current human genetic research?
Preventing diseases
Which of the following is TRUE?
Prisons do not rehabilitate prisoners.
Define role exit
Process by which a person disengages from an important social role.
The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) does which of the following?: Protects those over 30 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees. Protects those over 40 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees. Protects those under 30 from being fired due to age and replaced with older, cheaper employees. Protects those under 18 from being fired due to age.
Protects those over 40 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees.
______ refers to a growing body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in North American society.
Queer Theory
Which sociologist discussed the concept and coined the term "multiple masculinities"? Arlie Hochschild R.W. Connell Margaret Mead Robert Merton
R.W. Connell
______ feminism claims patriarchy can be overcome only through elimination of gender itself.
Radical
Describe the re-socialization process.
Radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the enviroment.
In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?
Random sample
Which of the following is NOT a common myth about rape?
Rape leaves both physical and psychological scars.
Which of the following statements about rape is FALSE?
Rape usually occurs between strangers.
______ refers to the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more.
Relative poverty
Which of the following is TRUE about social stratification?
Social stratification is a trait of society.
Which of the following terms refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships? socialization social structure social interaction culture
Social structure
If Susie, in a discussion of sexuality, continually points out how sexuality both reflects patterns of social inequality and also helps to create them, on which theoretical approach is she relying?
Social-conflict
Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection? postmodernism negotiated order industrialization sociocultural evolution
Sociocultural evolution
The group is better informed than they are
Solomon Asch concluded that one reason people conform to a group is because they believe:
Which of the following is TRUE regarding intersexed people?
Some cultures view intersexed people as having the full potential of both the female and the male.
Which religion of the world experiences the most sever epidemic of AIDS
South Africa
Significant elements of the caste system are seen in:
South Africa.
Which racial or ethnic group has the highest rate of welfare dependency in the U.S.? African Americans Hispanics Southeast Asians Puerto Ricans
Southeast Asians
Which of the following statements about the patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrial nations is true? Structural factors influence the opportunities for social mobility. Immigration does not play a significant part in mobility patterns. There is consistent migration from urban to rural areas. Most women resist mobility.
Structural factors influence the opportunities for social mobility.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Russian Federation?
Structural social mobility declined in the 1990's.
Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on the core values shared by the majority of people?
Structural-functional approach
______ argue that society must regulate sexual behaviour because sexuality is an important element of social life.
Structural-functionalists
Which of the following statements is an example of a sociological theory?
Suicide rates are a reflection of whether people are, or are not, integrated into the group life of a society.
Which researach method uses a series of questions or an interview?
Survey
Which country has the most women holding the most parliamentary seats?
Sweden
______ highlights how, as people interact, they construct everyday reality.
Symbolic-interactionism
Gestures and words that form the basis of human communication are known as
Symbols
_________ are rules about everyday casual living; _________ are rules with great moral significance
Taboos; moores
Minority Group: Melting Pot Theory
Taking jobs and adopting traditions of mainstream culture.
Which sociologist saw "society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which contributes to the maintenance of the system as a whole"?
Talcott Parsons
How would you reduce delinquency by applying the Glueck's approach to body structure and delinquency?
Teach parents to be emotionally closer to all their children.
The increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions
The McDonalidization of Society refers to:
What is racism?
The belief that one racial category is superior or inferior to another.
What is the textbooks definition of sex?
The biological distinction between males and females
Which of the following is FALSE regarding gender and the mass media?
The characters of males and females in the media today are much the same.
Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself
The concept "reference groups" can be defined as:
Which of the following statements about the connection between love and marriage is not correct? The connection between love and marriage is a cultural universal. The connection between love and marriage is unknown in many cultures. Parents and the bride always have a say in who she marries across cultures. Most couples in arranged marriages are expected to find love after the legal union is formalized, if at all.
The connection between love and marriage is a cultural universal.
Define the concept of due process.
The criminal justice system must operate according to law
Which of the following is TRUE regarding mobility by gender?
The decrease in wage gap has largely been due to a stagnation in men's earnings.
The feminization of poverty refers to: The disproportionate representation of women in the workforce. The disproportionate representation of female-headed households among the poor. The disproportionate representation of male-headed households among the poor. The disproportionate representation of females in professional-level jobs.
The disproportionate representation of female-headed households among the poor.
George Ritzer's concept "The McDonaldization of society" refers to
The domination of numerous sectors of societies throughout the world by principles initially used by fast-food restaurants
Emile Durkheim's study of suicide, related suicide rates to..
The extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society.
Describe a cultural lag.
The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system.
What is objectivity in research
The facts that speak for themselves, they are not influenced by personal values.
As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of
The family
What is the difference between a family and a kin group? The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together. Kin is a household unit, but a family does not always live together. Family units include aunts and uncles, but a kin group does not. Kin groups and families are identical.
The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together.
A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on..
The interaction among fans during the pre-game ritual of tailgate parties.
What was the focus of Piaget's research?
The level of human development
What is socialization?
The life long experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.
Why do sociologists analyze religion?
The look at how religion effects society
What doe the term "sandwich generation" refer to?
The oldest of the baby boomers, they will spend as many years caring for their agin parent as they did caring for their children.
Define criminal justice system
The organizations- police, courts, and prison officials that respond to alleged violations of law.
According to Mead, what is the self?
The part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
What is segregation?
The physical and social separation of categories of people.
What is assimilation?
The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture.
What is cultural trnasmission?
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.
What is social interaction?
The process by which people act and react in relation to others.
Define "social construction of reality"
The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.
Describe the postindustrial society
The production of information using computer technology.
What is manifest function?
The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
Define deviance
The recognized violation of cultural norms
Why did Kinsey's book encourage the sexual revolution?
The revelations in the books fostered a new openness toward sexuality.
Which aspect of divorce would most likely be of interest to sociologists using the sociological imagination?
The structural impact of divorce
Which theory views society as orderly and stable?
The structural/ functional approach
According to the conflict theory prejudice issued by powerful people to oppress others.
True
Define medicalization of deviance
The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
Describe the horticultural society.
The use of hand tools to raise crops
Describe the hunting and gathering society?
The use of simple tools to gather and hunt animals for food
Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the twentieth century, the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to..
Theorizing and gathering information
An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called a(an)..
Theory.
What is TRUE about men and women?
There are no overall differences in intelligence between males and females.
Select the FALSE assertion about deviance.
There are some acts that are inherently deviant.
Which of the following statements about childlessness in the U.S. is correct? There has been a modest increase in childlessness. Childlessness has decreased dramatically. Childlessness is directly correlated to views on abstinence. There has been a modest decrease in childlessness.
There has been a modest increase in childlessness.
Jena 6: Legal Justice System consisted of an all white jury and judge.
There have been many negative experiences throughout history with an all all white jury verses the accused minority.
What can be concluded about the distribution of wealth and income in Canada?
There is more inequality in property than in income.
All research designs have positives and negatives associated with them.
True
All societies have some system of age stratification and associate certain social roles with distinct periods in life. True False
True
why do people oppose pornography
They have different morals, depicts women as play things, encourages violence against women
Which of the following could be a manifest function of colleges?
They prepare students for post-college careers.
Which of the following is a criticism of the social-conflict paradigm's view of sexuality?
This approach overlooks the fact that sexuality is not a power issue for everyone.
Which of the following is a criticism of the structural-functional analysis of sexuality?
This approach pays little attention to the great diversity of sexual ideas and practices found within every society.
How sociologists explain adolescence confusion?
This is culture inconsistency, when they are no longer children, but not yet an adult
Who might a sociologist say people might select as a marriage partner?
Those who are similar in age and have the same social status.
What is the goal of a total institution?
To radically alter a person's behavior or personality
Which of the following is TRUE regarding social inequality, class, and values?
To the extent that people define poor people as undeserving, public assistance programs are viewed as a threat to personal initiate.
What is a Cultural Universal?
Traits that are apart of every known culture
______ feel they are "trapped in a body of the wrong sex."
Transsexuals
About 50% of states in this country permit first cousin marriages.
True
According to Freud human behavior is a result of basic drives that must be controlled.
True
According to Jessie Bernard, marriage benefits men more than women.
True
According to research, Episcopalians have the highest social standing in the U.S.
True
What is Erickson's view of socialization?
We take challenges throughout the life course.
What does Goffman mean when he says people "idealize" their intentions
We try to convince others that our actions reflect ideal cultural standards rather then selfish motives.
Which of the following is TRUE about the distribution of wealth and income in Canada?
Wealth and property are very unequally distributed.
What is TRUE about power and wealth?
Wealth is an important source of power.
A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal
What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group?
The McDonaldization of Society
When Kevin backpacks across Europe after his high school graduation, he is surprised to find Burger Kings, H&Ms, and even Wal-Mart stores in the foreign cities. This is an example of:
Reference group
When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as Michael's
Minority group numbers (of people in group)
When minorities increase in numbers they have a bigger voice (political, economical, social).
What is anticipatory socialization?
When people model themselves after the members of the peer group they would like to join.
According to your text women play a significant role in the economic support of the family: When the family is among the poor. When the family has no children. When the family is affluent. Never
When the family is among the poor.
Regarding white-collar crime, which of the following is FALSE?
When white-collar criminals are charged and convicted, they usually go to jail.
Socialization is the process
Whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture
Solomon Asch
Which sociological pioneer performed an experiment in which he showed a group of participants a paper with three lines on it, all varying in length, and asked them to compare the lines?
Majority Group
White / Anglo Saxon
The acronym WASP stand for:
White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.
A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is White and non-Hispanic. Black. Hispanic. Asian or Native American.
White and non-Hispanic.
Which of the following is not considered a minority group in the U.S.? Native-American women African-American men White men Jewish-American women
White men
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the disproportionate representation of Aboriginals in crime statistics?
White police are quicker to arrest Aboriginals.
A disproportional percentage of which group falls in the upper class? White, non-hispanic White, hispanic Non-white, non-hispanic Non-white, hispanic
White, non-hispanic
What is WASP?
White-Anglo-Saxon-Protestants.
___________'s study of Italian street-corner men used participant observation.
William F. Whyte
The distintion between "in-groups" and "out-groups" was first made by Erving Goffman. Philip Zimbardo. William Graham Sumner. Charles Horton Cooley.
William Graham Sumner.
Thomas Theorem
William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
Which sociologist suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice? Karl Marx William Julius Wilson Robert Blauner Roscoe Cox
William Julius Wilson
Which of the following is TRUE regarding social mobility?
Within a single generation, social mobility is usually small.
A professional criminal is an affluent individual who commits crimes in the course of daily business activities. always a member of a highly structured criminal organization that is involved in smuggling, drug trafficking, prostitution, and gambling. a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques, and enjoying a degree of status among other criminals. none of these
a person who pursues crime as a daily occupation, developing skilled techniques, and enjoying a degree of status among other criminals.
A feminist who seeks to eliminate gender itself is
a radical feminist.
Which type of socialization process includes a degradation ceremony?
a resocialization process
rebellion
a response to discrimination in which minorities "strike back" at the majority and vent their frustrations. at times, rebellions become extremely violent, mobilizing people for mass killings
A sanction is:
a reward or punishment
accommodation stage of assimilation
according to Robert Park, the stage of assimilation in which immigrants and their descendants are forced to change and adapt to their new environment. during this unstable stage, there is some degree of stabilization of relations between immigrants and those in the host society, even if this accommodation forces migrants into lower social strata
social class
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
competitive phase of assimilation
according to robert park, the stage of assimilation in which ethnic populations compete over resources (e.g., jobs, living space, and political representation)
Which theory of aging stresses the fact that old people have essentially the same need for social interaction as middle-aged people? disengagement theory activity theory conflict theory labeling theory
activity theory
Strain theory:
addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals
The likelihood of people engaging in street crime rises sharply during their:
adolescence.
The process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents is referred to as functions of the family. fostering. adoption. cohabitation.
adoption
The sandwich generation occurs when children insist on having peanut butter and jelly sandwiches for school lunch every day. adults try to meet the competing demands of their parents and their own children. adults realize that their parents have died and that they are now the oldest generation. more than one of these
adults try to meet the competing demands of their parents and their own children.
According to Weber, what type of society places special emphasis on status, or social prestige?
agrarian society
Minority Groups: WWI, WWII, Korea, and Vietnam
all had influence on minorities.
Wealth is all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property. salaries and wages. a term used by Max Weber to refer to people who have a similar level of income and prestige. a term used by Thorstein Veblen for people who have the same lifestyle, independent of their class position.
all of a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.
According to the functionalist perspective, multinational corporations can actually help developing nations because multinationals bring jobs to the area. multinationals promote diffusion of inventions and innovations from industrialized nations. cheap labor is ideal for a global enterprise. all of these
all of these
Conflict theorists contend that multinational corporations are attracted to developing countries because developing countries have a large pool of cheap labor. discourage strong trade unions. often create a favorable "climate for investment". all of these
all of these
Formal organizations may vary in size. degree of efficiency. specificity of goals. all of these
all of these
In sociological terms, members of a minority group experience unequal treatment. have a strong sense of group solidarity. generally marry others from the same group. all of these
all of these
Nearly 60 percent of adults who remain on welfare are not in school or enrolled in welfare-to-work programs due to their usually facing substance abuse. mental illness. a criminal record. all of these
all of these
When racism prevails in a society, members of subordinate groups generally experience exploitation. prejudice. discrimination. all of these
all of these
Which of the following images is commonly used by the media to portray Black women? illiterates welfare queens prostitutes all of these
all of these
Dependency theory is defined as a functionalist approach proposing that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in peripheral nations. a far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from having traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. an approach which contends that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations. applying to the interactionist perspective.
an approach which contends that as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations.
minority group
an ethic subpopulation in a society subject to discrimiation by members of more powerful ethnic subpopulations
Macrosociology
analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists
Microsociology
analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists
People over 100 are considered: An anomaly A drain on the social system Proportionately, the fastest-growing age group All of these
anomaly
structural assimilation
assimilation that occurs when migrant ethnic groups become members of the primary groups within dominant ethnic subpopulations-their families, close friends, cliques within clubs, and groups within organizations
Control theory states that we are bonded to members of our subculture, and if they engage in deviant behavior, we use them as role models and act in the same manner. are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society. are "convinced" to act in a law-abiding manner because of the "control" that law enforcement agencies have over our lives. act in a conforming manner because of self-control.
are bonded to our family members, friends, and peers in a way that leads us to follow the mores and folkways of our society.
An ascribed status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own effort. assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents. based solely on income and wealth. based solely on lifestyle.
assigned to a person without regard to the person's unique characteristics or talents.
identification assimilation
assimilation that occurs when individuals no longer see themselves as distinctive and, like members of dominant groups, stake their personal identities on participation and success in the mainstream institutions of a society
In Marx's analysis, another name for the capitalist class is the:
bourgeoisie.
Achieved status is a social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. assigned to a person by peers, without regard to the person's unique talents or characteristics. assigned to an individual at birth. given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.
attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
Prejudice is to discrimination as norm is to value. attitude is to behavior. behavior is to attitude. good is to bad.
attitude is to behavior
The term "meritocracy" refers to social stratification:
based entirely on personal merit.
ethnic prejudices
beliefs and stereotypes about designated subpopulations who share certain identifying characteristics - biological, behavioral, organizational, or cultural - or at least perceived to share these identifying characteristics
race
biological differences among people - skin color, facial features, stature, and the like - that are transmitted from generation to generation
Developing nations have high ____ and low _________________. health spending; military spending rural populations; birth rates exports; burden of disease birthrates; health spending
birthrates; health spending
The fact that sexual orientation is not often clear-cut points to the importance of a third category:
bisexuality.
Lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labour is called:
blue-collar work.
A century ago, the vast majority of the workers in Canada held ______ jobs, but today most of the labour force holds ______ jobs.
blue-collar; white-collar
In most states in the U.S., an individual is not permitted to marry a parent, a sibling, an aunt or an uncle, a grandparent, or a first or second cousin. These rules reflect our societal emphasis on the incest taboo. endogamy. exogamy. both the incest taboo and exogamy.
both the incest taboo and exogamy.
According to Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and the proletarians leads to:
class conflict.
Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on class differentiation. achieved status. the Protestant work ethic. religious factors.
class differentiation.
Systems of social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement are referred to as:
class systems.
Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification? conformity, deviance, and social control class, status, and power class, caste, and age class, prestige, and esteem
class, status, and power
Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely, because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(an) open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.
closed stratification system.
negative beliefs
codified negative portrayal of the perceived undesirable characteristics and qualities of a subordinate ethnic subpopulation
The maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period is known as dependency. neocolonialism. colonialism. modernization.
colonialism.
The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as color-blind racism. prejudice. discriminatory racism. none of these
color-blind racism.
Obedience refers to going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behavior. compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct that person's behavior AND compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
Which of the following would be an example of segregation? Jews and Catholics marrying one another and producing children interracial marriage confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during World War II all of these
confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during World War II
Feminists suggest that laws in the U.S. traditionally viewed wives and children as the property of the husband. This view reflects the concerns of which sociological perspective? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict
Tyson visits China over spring break, and after getting online to write home to her parents, she realizes some of her favorite social media sites are blocked by the Chinese government. She becomes concerned with how technology reinforces inequalities among communities, both within and among countries. What social perspectives best fits Tyson's concerns?
conflict
Which sociological perspective views the closure of clinics that would perform abortions in rural areas another instance of an extra financial burden and possible deterrent for lower income women to have an abortion due to the extra expense of traveling to an out-of-town clinic as their best option? functionalist conflict interactionist feminist
conflict
Which sociological perspective would argue that the U.S. family contributes to social injustice and denies women opportunities that are commonly extended to men? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that elderly minority women experience a double burden regarding income levels compared to non-Hispanic Whites? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict
Which sociological perspective(s) would be most likely to focus on gatekeeping as a process that reflects a desire to maximize profits by those with power and authority? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict
hich sociological perspective suggests that denial of the right to marry reinforces the second-class status of gays and lesbians? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling theory
conflict
Which sociological perspective(s) would be most likely to emphasize that the mass media exacerbate many divisions in our society, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class? functionalist perspective conflict and feminist perspectives interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict and feminist perspectives
An important tenet of labeling theory is the recognition that some individuals or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view shares the emphasis on the social significance of power as purported by the functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. global perspective.
conflict perspective
When viewing the global economic system, sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein draws on the functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. interactionist perspective. dialectical perspective.
conflict perspective
Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such considerations are not so important? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective argues that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that family decision making reflects the inequality of traditional gender stratification in which men have held a dominant position over women? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that the existence of unregulated maquiladoras in Mexico has led to the exploitation of workers with jobs that lack security, possibilities for advancement, and decent wages? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that a person's health and educational opportunities are affected by his or her class position in important ways? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be particularly concerned about studies that show that White criminal offenders receive shorter sentences than comparable Latino and African-American offenders? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with the association between the use of surveillance techniques as a means of social control and the power of an authoritarian government? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely compare the relationship between a colonial nation and the colonized people to the relationship between the dominant capitalist class and the proletariat class? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely urge policy makers and the general public to look closely at corporate tax breaks, rather than focusing on the allowances given to welfare mothers and their children? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective(s) is (are) especially interested in ascribed statuses, because they often confer privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
role strain
conflicts that someone feels within a role
What term did Thorstein Veblen use to describe the behavior of those at the top of the social hierarchy when they engage in such activities as jetting off to a remote destination for dinner? consumption flow inconspicuous ridicule conspicuous leisure consumptive frivolity
conspicuous leisure
Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms? anomie theory of deviance labeling theory control theory theory of differential association
control theory
Select the term for the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law.
crime
Burglary is an example of what type of crime?
crime against property
A shopkeeper surrenders a television set at gun-point in a "hold-up." This is a:
crime against the person.
Define white collar crime
crime committed by people of high social position in the house o their occupation
Crime is a violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. societal standards and is punished with informal sanctions. criminal law that goes unnoticed by authorities. folkways.
criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority.
The objective method of assessing social class assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence. self-assessment. assessments by friends and colleagues. the neighborhoods in which they reside.
criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.
What is ideology?
cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality.
What term do we use to refer to the flow of content across multiple media and the accompanying migration of media audiences? cultural convergence digital divide culture gap information superhighway
cultural convergence
The concept counterculture refers to:
cultural patterns that opposed those that are widely held
Which one of the following ascribed statuses influences people's self-images within formal organizations? gender college education job skills all of the above
gender
The practice of judging another culture by the standards of its own culture is referred to as:
cultural relativism
The process by which on generation passes culture to the next generation is:
cultural transmission
Sam had an unpleasant and frightening experience encountering a strange way of life when he visited another country over spring break. His experience is called:
culture shock
Genocide refers to the process of combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group. expelling a group of people from a territory. deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.
Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison guards indicated that it is impossible to replicate a "real life" situation in a laboratory. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics. all of these
demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society. belief that individuals or groups should be denied equal rights and opportunities. stereotyping of people who work in public or private institutions. establishment of laws that intentionally deny opportunities and equal rights to members of minority groups.
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.
Émile Durkheim's explanation of suicide was scientific because he..
developed conclusions based on systematic examination of data.
Select the sociological term for the recognized violation of cultural norms.
deviance
Which of the following sociological terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?
deviance
The basic idea behind labeling theory is that:
deviance arises not as much from what people do as how others respond to what they do
The basic idea behind labeling theory is that:
deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.
Ally's father was sent to prison when she was 12 for the trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of meth. By the age of 18, Ally has been arrested three times for possession of marijuana. Which theory best describes Ally's experience?
differential association theory
Levi's jeans are a hot fashion item in Russia. The desire of Russians to follow U.S. fashion trends is an example of
diffusion
The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called:
diffusion
Caleb attended a private high school, which gave each student access to a personal laptop and iPhone. Ted and I attended a poorly funded public school, which had few computers and outdated technology. When Caleb gets to college, he's more prepared than Ted for course work which included the computer and online material. This occurrence is an example of:
digital divide
People use the history of other minorities to
discriminate against them ( hanging nooses in tree).
institutionalized discrimination
discrimination that exists when cultural values, beliefs, laws, and norms allow acts by individuals to deny others access to valued resources. these acts or practices are part of the way a social structure normally operates and are pervasive and persistent features of interaction between people
Which one of the following is NOT a phase of the retirement experience as outlined by Robert Atchley? disenchantment phase disengagement phase termination phase reorientation phase
disengagement phase
Susan is sexually attracted to males. Her sexual orientation is
heterosexual.
By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of employment based on technical qualifications. hierarchy of authority. division of labor. written rules and regulations.
divisions of labor
environmental racism
dumping of toxic wastes in neighborhoods inhabited by poor and relatively powerless ethnic groups. waste disposal sites are generally located in poor and minority neighborhoods
Which of the following factors have contributed the most to the shift in public attitudes for married couples to remain childless? economic considerations health-care issues thinking of themselves as childless none of these
economic considerations
A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on age. caste. economic position. religious and ethnic background.
economic position.
Low income countries have cultures that value which of the following
economic survival
The functionalist perspective maintains that once people are labeled as "old" in the United States, this designation will have a major impact on how they are perceived and how they view themselves. elderly people are unfairly regulated by the powerful elements in society. elderly people passing social roles on from one generation to another ensure social stability. more than one of these
elderly people passing social roles on from one generation to another ensure social stability.
self-segregation
enables a population to create and support their own communities, businesses, schools, leadership, churches, and other social forums EX. early Black Muslim movement in America advocated a separate African American community, self-supporting and isolated from "white" institutions
Which of the following would not be an element of resocialization?
encouraging individualism
Marriages that unite people of the same social ranking are called:
endogamous.
Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart minority groups. ethnic groups. racial groups. polarization groups.
ethnic groups
The "act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way for reasons of mercy" is called active euthanasia. euthanasia. activity theory. gerontology.
euthanasia.
After the floppy disk was introduced, zip drives were invented shortly after, followed by flash drives. This is an example of:
evolutionary model of technological change
Cartoon in Paper -"we've fixed the race problem by cutting down all of the trees in the U.S. (Jena 6)
example of scape goat: cutting down trees in the Jena 6 example originates from the bile-you load all of your sins on to a goat and sacrifice it for your sins.
The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes:
exposing the child to people whose backgrounds differ from their own
Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change has influenced the family in that many traditional family activities, such as education, have been assumed by other social institutions? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective anomie perspective
functionalist
"Deviance defines the limits of proper behavior". This statement represents the view of which sociological perspective? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist perspective
Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that societies literally could not operate if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling perspective
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to emphasize that "we" and "they" feelings promote in-group solidarity and a sense of belonging? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely contend that the role of the mass media is to provide socialization, enforce social norms through public events, and create social stability and cohesion through collective experiences? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective's approach to deviance focuses on why rule violation continues to exist in societies despite pressures to conform and obey? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist perspective
Disengagement theory is a functionalist theory of aging, which contends that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted. conflict theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. functionalist theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. theory of United States withdrawal from international involvement.
functionalist theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships.
What is an example of cultural lag?
gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns before understanding the possible social consequences of this kind of work
Before the dawn of social media, powerful TV networks and widely circulated newspapers had great influence over the news stores that were reported to the public. This is referred to as?
gatekeeping
What is the term for the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male?
gender
Carol Gilligan extended Lawrence Kohlberg's research, showing that:
girls and boys typically use different standards in assessing situations as right and wrong
One implication of the research of Janet Lever and Carol Gilligan on gender differences in human development is that:
girls learn morality in terms of responsibility to others.
What is a negative risk of media globalization?
government censoring information for their benefit
A(an) __________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact. group negotiation team organic solidarity aggregate
group
According to the text, sexual harassment:
happens to men and women.
Which of the following have sociologists suggested is a dysfunction of the mass media? conferring status having a narcotizing effect integration of a common view providing a collective experience
having a narcotizing effect
Which sexually transmitted disease affects one in five U.S. adults
herpes
Last week, a major politician was caught in a political scandal. The story was featured on the front page of the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, CNN.com, and was the lead story of NBC, ABC, and CBS Nightly News. This is referred to as:
homogenization
Which practice was first introduced in London, England in the 1960s? hospice care euthanasia senilicide credit counseling for the elderly
hospice care
In analyzing the elderly as a minority, one crucial difference between older people and other subordinate groups is that old people are not the objects of prejudice and discrimination. membership is not involuntary. if we live long enough, we will all become members of this minority. old people do not marry members of their own group.
if we live long enough, we will all become members of this minority.
By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind
imagining a situation from another person's point of view
Minority Groups: Mexicans
immigration; low level jobs given to them
According to Weber, what type of society places special emphasis on the economic dimension of social class?
industrial society
Which sociological perspective might observe the division of labor among the staff members in a hospital emergency room and focus on how the allocation of responsibilities affects their relationships with one another? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
interactionist perspective
What is the term for humans who have some combination of female and male genitalia?
intersexed people
Minority Groups: Majority has expectations of what they are immigrating for normally, it is that you will assimilate
into the culture that is already here (Melting Pot Theory), but it didn't always happen here.
The process of creating NEW cultural elements which change our way of life is called:
invention
Which theory asserts that deviance and conformity result not only from what people do, but from how others respond to those actions?
labeling
In the first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his old brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience?
labeling theory
Minority Groups: Involuntary Immigrants
lag behind generation after generation.
Looking at the US high suicide rates are typical of states in which ppl
live spread apart in rural areas
The conflict view holds that social institutions maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society. preserve order and equality. train personnel equitably. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.
maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences? transmitters opinion leaders mass media narcotizers
mass media
What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?
matriarchy
The idea that sexism is institutionalized in Canada:
means it is built into the operation of various social institutions.
From 1983 to the present there has been a great reduction in the number of corporations who own mass media outlets. This is a product of:
media globalization
The number of corporations owning the majority of mass media outlets has drastically reduced since 1983. This is a product of __________________.
media globalization
The largest percent of the Canadian population falls within the largest social class, which is the:
middle class.
Industrialized nations have have high _____________ and low ______________. infant mortality; military spending rural populations; income military spending; infant mortality birthrates; health spending
military spending; infant mortality
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of the lower class?
minimal income, insecure and unstable lives, limited education
Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe minority groups. racial groups. ethnic groups. polarization.
minority groups
The process by which a society moves from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies is called world systems analysis. developmental theory. reconstructionism. modernization.
modernization
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was:
moral reasoning
Which of the following is true regarding marriage in Japan? most husbands do not call their wife by name husbands say "I love you" more often than other nationalities most married Japanese couples do not actually love one another marriage is considered more a relationship than a social status
most husbands do not call their wife by name
The odeal of objectivity means that a researcher
must try to adopt a stance of neutrality toward the outcome of the research
The continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries is called neocolonialism. colonialism. a world system. recolonization.
neocolonialism.
For the most part, the impact of modernization in developing countries has not had a necessarily positive effect on the social standing of women. increased the vital role of women in food production. strengthened women's ties to relatives. all of these
not had a necessarily positive effect on the social standing of women.
A married couple and their unmarried children living together constitute a(an) nuclear family. extended family. matrilocal family. patrilocal family.
nuclear family.
Research concerning the degree of social mobility within the occupational structure of the U.S. indicates that occupational mobility has been common among males. much of the social mobility in the U.S. covers a very "great distance". occupational mobility among African Americans is no longer sharply limited by racial discrimination. all of these
occupational mobility has been common among males.
The "iron law of oligarchy" is a principle of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals. under which organizations are established on the basis of common interests. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. none of these
of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by a few individuals.
Overall single parent families are: on the rise on the decline remaining consistent none of these
on the rise
social interaction
one person's actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, but also includes communications at a distance
Monogamy refers to a form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other. a woman may have several husbands at the same time. a man may have several wives at the same time. two men or two women are married only to each other.
one woman and one man are married only to each other.
n the U.S., endogamous rules stressed by many groups include marriage within one's own racial, ethnic and religious group. one's own family group. one's own sexual group. all of these
one's own racial, ethnic and religious group.
A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as a(an) open stratification system. closed stratification system. egalitarian class system. fractured class system.
open stratification system.
impression management
people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them
front stages
places where people give performances
back stages
places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances
What is the precise term for legal negotiation in which the prosecution reduces a defendants charge in exchange for a guilty plea?
plea bargaining
Under which marital form can a woman have several husbands at the same time? monogamy polygamy polygyny polyandry
polyandry
Cultural patterns that are widespread among society's population are referred to as:
popular culture
Which of the following is more prevalent in developing nations than in industrialized nations? exports population carbon dioxide emissions income
population
achieved status
positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part
Jake receives a promotion at his law firm after winning an important case. This is an example of a:
positive form a santion
A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(an) preindustrial society. postindustrial society. industrial society. postmodern society
postindustrial society.
A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(an) industrial society. postmodern society. postindustrial society. agrarian society.
postindustrial society.
A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(an) preindustrial society. industrial society. postindustrial society. postmodern society.
postmodern society
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use
publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another.
Minority Groups: Native Americans
pushed on reservations
What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance? ethnic group racial group social group reference group
racial group
The practice of assuming that people who fit certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as explanative prejudice. racial profiling. institutionalized stereotyping. contact hypothesis.
racial profiling
A dysfunction of media promotion of product consumption would be creating realistic behavior. raising unrealistic expectations. notifying consumers of sales events. increasing awareness of environmental issues.
raising unrealistic expectations.
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others; also called status discrepancy
The following are goals of feminism EXCEPT for one. Which is it?
reducing sexual freedom
Prestige refers to the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. ability to exercise one's will over others. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society. people who have similar levels of wealth and income.
respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
Use Merton's paradigm to classify the deviance type illustrated by a drug addict.
retreatism
What is the term for the interpretation of someone's past, consistent with his or her present deviance?
retrospective labeling
colonization complex
robert blauner identified four components of the dynamics of colonization: (1) forced entry into a territory and its population; (2) alteration or destruction of the indigenous culture and patterns of social organization (3) domination of the indigenous population by representatives of the invading society (4) justification of such activities with highly prejudicial, racist beliefs and stereotypes
According to George Herbert Mead, when children learn the common behavioral expectations of society, they are processing the idea of:
the generalized other
reciprocal altruism
the idea that people offer assistance to nonkin because they know that at some future time their acts of altruism will be reciprocated by those they help. such reciprocity promotes fitness and thereby enables individuals to keep their genetic material in the gene pool
Gender and crime data suggest that:
the incidence of crime by women is low compared to that by men.
attitude-receptional assimilation
the lack of prejudicial attitudes and stereotyping on the part of both dominant and migrant ethnic groups
ethnic stratification
the location of an ethnic subpopulation within the stratification system of a society. it reflects several interrelated processes (1) the amount, level, and type of resources that an ethnic subpopulation receives (2) degree to which these resources shares locate most members of an ethnic subpopulation in various social hierarchies (3) extent to which these resources shares contribute to those distinctive behaviors - provides justification to the dominant group for making the ethnic subpopulation targets of discrimination
Colonialism is defined as the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period. an approach which contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain. the far-reaching process by which peripheral nations move from traditional or less developed institutions to those characteristic of more developed societies. none of these
the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period.
Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce. the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit. none of these
the means of production are largely in private hands, and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profit.
In large developing nations, the most socially significant mobility is the movement out of poverty. the employment of women. property ownership. proof of a confirmed dowry.
the movement out of poverty.
entrepreneurial resources
the occupational skills, education, money, and organizational abilities that an ethnic population possesses
social institution
the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:
the part of individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
Bureaucratization is an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability. organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals have been either realized or denied.
the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
external colonialism
the process by which one nation controls the political and economic activities of another, less developed and less powerful society
The term "incest taboo" refers to the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives. the prohibition of marriage between close relatives and neighbors. the requirement, in some cultures, of having one's sexual initiation occur within the safe confines of a family relationship. not having sex with neighbors or business associates.
the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives.
In Émile Durkheim's view the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability. labeling an individual is the most crucial stage in that person becoming a deviant. people accept or reject the goals of a society and/or the socially approved means to fulfill their aspirations. the punishments established within a culture help define acceptable behavior AND people accept or reject the goals of a society.
the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability.
civic assimilation
the reduction of conflict between ethnic groups over basic values and access to political arena
Select the reason behind the changing character of the Canadian workforce since 1900.
the rising divorce rate
Gerontology is rule by the elderly. the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged. a religious cult that worships the aged. a religion formed in Florida that is practiced exclusively by the aged.
the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged.
A midlife crisis is best defined as a period of stressful self-evaluation experienced by men and women that begins around 50 years of age. a period in which men, not women, realize that they have not achieved basic life goals and ambitions and have little time to do so. the second transitional period experienced by men and women, according to Daniel Levinson. all of these
the second transitional period experienced by men and women, according to Daniel Levinson.
social-identity theory
the sense of identity that comes from seeing oneself as a member of a distinctive social category that involves a set of cognitions, emotions, and evaluations by virtue of being a member of this category. when viewing self in a category, individuals employ the prototype of beliefs, rules and behaviors that marks them as members of this category and distinguishes them from members of other social categories.
division of labor
the splitting of a groups or.a society's tasks into specialties
The term technical diffusion is defined as:
the spread of technology across borders
Ethnomethodology
the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life
Ethnocentrism refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice. the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
sign-vehicle
the term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self
The origin of the phrase, "the rule of thumb" is from:
the time in our history when men were legally permitted to beat their wives, as long as the stick was no wider than a thumb.
What is the "medicalization of deviance?"
the transformation of moral and legal deviance into medical conditions
The "medicalization of deviance" has led to which of the following?
the treatment of deviant behaviour by medical means
social construction of reality
the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real
body language
the ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others
role performance
the ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular "style" or "personality"
middleman minority theories
theories arguing that certain minorities bring to a host society entrepreneurial skills and perhaps some capital, that these attributes pose a threat to dominant groups, and so these minorities are excluded from many middle-class positions and are allowed to operate only businesses that serve their own ethnic group, other oppressed ethnics, and, occasionally, more elite ethnic groups. middleman minorities become lodged in these middle niches, and movement to economic niches controlled by dominant groups is seen as threatening
split-class theories
theories arguing that the upper classes economically exploit the lower classes. added to this class dynamics in capitalist society is the recognition that there are splits within each class along ethnic lines. members of some ethnic subpopulations are subordinate within a class and are often relegated to the less desirable, lower-paying, and less secure jobs within this class.
colonialism theories
theories drawing inspiration from the analysis of the dynamics of past European colonialism to analyze the process in which one population controls the political and economic activities of another
pluralism theories
theories stressing the maintenance of distinctive cultural, organizational, and behavioral characteristics. the maintenance of a distinct ethnic identity provides sources of support and guidance in a sometimes hostile world and is thus a way of coping with discrimination. when ethnic identity is nurtured, a pluralistic and permanent mosaic of ethnic subpopulations becomes evident
assimilation theories
theories that conceptualize ethnic relations as a process of interpenetration and fusion in which persons and groups acquire the memories, sentiments, and attitudes of other groups, and, by sharing their experience and history, are incorporated with them into a common cultural life.
stratification theories
theories that emphasize how the process of discrimination produces the overrepresentation of members of ethnic subpopulations in various social classes. these theories place considerable emphasis of the mobilization of power in order to control where ethnic groups are placed in the class system
biological theories
theories that emphasize the biological underpinnings of ethnicity. sociobiological theories of ethnicity assume that social structures are merely "survival machines" that exist to maintain the fitness of genes. thus, ethnicity represents a reproductive strategy for maximizing fitness beyond the narrower confines of kinship
split-labor market theories
theories that examine how the partitioning of the labor market leads to ethnic conflict. to be split, a labor market must contain at least two groups of workers whose price of labor differs for the same work, or would differ if they did the same work. when the two competing groups are divided along ethnic lines, split labor market theory holds that ethnic antagonism is likely to occur. competition involves more that two antagonistic ethnic groups; it also involves third parties who wield power and wish to maximize profit by stimulating competition between ethnic groups in the labor markets
human ecology theories
theories that stress the forces of competition, selection, and speciation of distinctive ethnic groupings; they emphasize that living patterns in urban areas are produced by competition for scarce resources (e.g., land, housing, and jobs), escalating the level of conflict between ethnic subpopulations and thus force ethnic groups into segregation housing niches and a narrow range of economic positions
caste theories
theories used to explain black-white relations-why blacks were confined to lower socioeconomic positions, denied access to power, prevented from intermarriage, and segregated in their own living space. according to caste theories, African Americans constituted a distinctive caste that white Americans maintained for their own privileges. oliver cox offered a marxist twist, emphasizing that the capitalist class of owners and managers of industry has been crucial to the castelike subordination of African Americans.
internal colonialism
theory that views the history of ethnic relations in America as involving the establishment of internal colonies of people who are not white and who are dominant by descendants of the original Anglo-Saxon Protestant colonists. the motivation behind internal colonialism in the US was twofold (1) the need for cheap labor to increase profit (2) desire to take and control land, first from the Native Americans and later from the Mexicans
Police are more likely to arrest a suspect when:
there are bystanders watching them.
One reason the revolution Marx predicted has not occurred is because
there are more worker organizations than in the past.
All of the following are true regarding caste systems EXCEPT:
they are typical of industrial societies.
Though male nurses, grade school teachers, and librarians may experience some scorn in the larger society, within the position they are also scorned. they earn the same as women. they are automatically "better". they more encouraged to become administrators.
they more encouraged to become administrators.
Minority Groups: How they assimilated or not had to do much with how they came in (involuntary/voluntary) because
they were not always allowed to assimilate. The re is a back and forth inter-group relationship.
Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the US is about _______ what official reports indicate.
three times as greater
Which of the following is not a goal of the U.N.'s Millennium Project? to reduce child mortality to empower women to achieve universal primary education to improve maternal health
to achieve universal primary education
Which of the following is NOT a reason violent crime rates are down?
tougher sentences for crimes
85% of people in the U.S. claim a religious preference.
true
Accidents are a major cause of death among young people in the U.S.
true
Authoritarian personality theory says that extreme prejudice is a trait of certain individuals.
true
Cancer is a chronic illness.
true
Children in today's high income societies are an economic liability.
true
College women believe that being thin is the key to being attractive
true
Getting in to college in Japan is a matter of personal ability demonstrated on achievement tests.
true
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. today
true
Most people in the poorest nations of the world dies before reaching their teens
true
Parson says that society responds to illness by providing a "sick role"
true
Patriotism is an example of a civil religion.
true
Private insurance is the most widespread strategy in the U.S. for covering people's medical expenses
true
Smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death in the U.S.
true
Sociology suggests that health is a social as well as biological issue
true
The greek meaning of the work school is "leisure"
true
The overall social standing of native americans is below the national average.
true
Prostitution is often considered a
victimless crime
Deviance is behavior that always violates the laws of a society. is always illegal. violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. is always anomic.
violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
Minority Groups: Voluntary Immigrants
wanted to be here and knew they could go to school and get jobs There is a proactive reason they are here to begin with.
Minority Groups: WWII
was when the internment of Japanese Americans occurred. Many Japanese men participated in armed forces and thought they should be included in the same rights that U.S. soldiers had; however, they didn't get benefits. This created unhappiness and anger.
What is the term for the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts, that a person or family controls?
wealth
Max Weber uses the term "class" to refer to people who share a similar level of culture. wealth and income. power. esteem.
wealth and income.
The common ideology of a class system treats ______ as a sign of personal talent and effort and poverty as a result of ______.
wealth; personal inadequacy
The term secondary deviance can be defined as:
when a person's self-concept and behavior began to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society
Crimes committed by people of high social positions in the course of their occupations is referred to as
white-collar crime
A minority group is a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences. that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group. that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.
whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group.
According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by men. women. children. whichever adult has a career.
women
A matriarchy is a society in which women hold greater authority than men. women hold no authority at all. men hold greater authority than women. women and men hold equal amounts of authority.
women hold greater authority than men.
Which of the following are defining characteristics of the upper class?
yearly income of $135,000 or more, inherited wealth, capitalists
The concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by..
Émile Durkheim.