Exam 1 Biopsych
There are many misconceptions about evolution. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
"Evolution doesn't benefit the individual for the species because it benefits the genes."
The nervous system will begin to form when the human embryo is about ____ old.
2 weeks
"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters ____. a. back into the presynaptic neuron b. across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron c. across the synapse back to the presynaptic neuron d. to the appropriate receptor sites
A
COMT and MAO are ____. a. enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals b. enzymes that make catecholamines c. neurotransmitters in the same group as serotonin d. the inactive fragments of catecholamines
A
Dr. Edmonson is working in the lab with cultured neurons. He applies a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase. What does he expect to have occur? a. Acetylcholine will remain active in the synapse longer. b. Acetylcholine will be removed from the synapse faster. c. More acetylcholine will be released from the presynaptic cell. d. Acetylcholine will no longer be able to bind to post-synaptic receptors.
A
Hormones exert their effects ____. a. similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters b. similarly to ionotropic neurotransmitters c. by attaching to special receptors on muscle fibers d. by being metabolized and converted via presynaptic cells
A
The anterior pituitary is composed of ____ and the posterior pituitary is composed of ____. a. glandular tissue; neural tissue b. neural tissue; glandular tissue c. neural tissue; neural tissue d. glandular tissue; glandular tissue
A
What happens to acetylcholine after it attaches to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell? a. It is broken down into two components. b. It is reabsorbed intact by the presynaptic cell. c. It is metabolized by the postsynaptic cell as a source of energy. d. It continues to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron until replaced by another neurotransmitter.
A
Ganglion
A cluster of nerve cell bodies, located outside CNS
Given what is known about facial expressions in people born blind, Peleg et al. (2006) suggest _____.
A genetic role in the ability to produce facial expressions
Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely result in ___.
A movement disorder
Edema
Accumulaton of fluid
Altruistic Behavior
Action that benefits someone other than the actor
Inhibition
An active brake that suppresses excitation
When a membrane is at rest, what attracts potassium ions to the inside of the cell?
An electrical gradient
Which type of glial cell wraps around the presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related axons?
Astrocytes
Reflex
Automatic muscular responses to stimuli
Any gene other those on the X or Y chromosome
Autosomal gene
A ___ conveys an impulse toward other neurons, organ, or muscle
Axon
"Second messengers" carry their messages to ____. a. the presynaptic membrane b. areas within the postsynaptic cell c. areas within the presynaptic cell d. the surrounding glia
B
A hormone is a chemical that is ____. a. secreted by a gland to the outside world b. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences c. capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers d. a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron
B
Releasing hormones are synthesized in the ____ and released in the ____. a. anterior pituitary; bloodstream b. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary c. hypothalamus; posterior pituitary d. posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
B
Reuptake is an alternative to which other process? a. Recycling of neurotransmitters b. Breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process c. Absorbing neurotransmitters by postsynaptic neurons d. Re-releasing neurotransmitters from postsynaptic neurons
B
Thiamine
B1 vitamin; necessary to use glucose
What structure(s) is/are implicated in movement disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's?
Basal ganglia
The question of how various brain areas combine to produce integrated behavior and experience is referred to as the ____.
Binding problem
Enzymes serve as ___.
Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body
Professor Godines is lecturing about the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain. His lecture is about the __.
Brain Stem
Efferent Axon
Brings info away from structure
Affarent Axon
Brings info into structure
Corpus Callosum
Bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ____. a. has effects localized to one point on the membrane b. can influence activity in much of the presynaptic cell c. can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell d. has minimal effect on the postsynaptic cell
C
Autoreceptors monitor the ____. a. number of action potentials b. extracellular sodium concentration c. amount of neurotransmitter released d. amount of reuptake
C
Professor Leclair is giving a lecture on autoreceptors. She tells the class that _____. a. the activity of autoreceptors results in GABA being released into the synapse b. autoreceptors increase the amount of calcium that enters the axon terminal c. activated autoreceptors decrease neurotransmitter release d. the activity of autoreceptors results in glutamate being released into the synapse
C
Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to ____ outside the membrane, and attach to ____ inside the membrane. a. calcium; potassium b. neurotransmitters; nicotine c. neurotransmitters; G-proteins d. adenosine; nitric oxide
C
The primary method for disposal of peptide neurotransmitters is ____. a. inactivation b. reuptake by the presynaptic neuron c. diffusion d. reuptake by the postsynaptic neuron
C
Radial Glia
Cell that guides neuron migration/ axon and dendrite growth during embryological development
Sensory Neuron
Cell that is highly sensitive to a specific type fo stimulation
Motor Neuron
Cell that receives excitation from other neurons/ conducts impulses to a muscle
Neuron
Cell that receives info and transmits it to other cells
Highly folded hindbrain structure that is important for behaviors that depend on accurate timing
Cerebellum
Evolution
Change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by cells called the ____.
Choroid plexus
The most likely form of brain damage in younger people is _____.
Closed head injury
Column
Collection of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex and its laminae
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) controls secretions of the ____. a. gonads b. mammary glands c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland
D
Many neurons release neuropeptides mostly from the ____. a. vesicles b. nodes c. axons d. dendrites
D
What is the function of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase? a. It synthesizes acetylcholine from the diet. b. It increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell to acetylcholine. c. It blocks further release of the transmitter acetylcholine. d. It breaks acetylcholine down into components for recycling.
D
Diaschisis
Decreased activity of surviving brain neurons after damage to other neurons
A motor neuron, with its soma in the spinal cord, receives excitation through its
Dendrites
After the migrating neuron reaches its destination, ______ begin to form
Dendrites
The surfaces of ___ are lined with presynaptic receptors that receive information from other. neurons
Dendrites
Intrinsic
Dendrites/ axons are contained within structure
One of the classic studies to demonstrate synaptic organization and change related to experience was done by looking at __________ in animal models. The more stimulating the environment, the more change that was seen.
Dendritic branching
Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as ____.
Denervation supersensitivity
Actions potentials are always what?
Depolarizations
Ontogenetic Explanations
Describes how a structure or behavior develops
Functional Explanations
Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did
Stereotaxic Instrument
Device for precise placement of electrodes in the brain
MEG
Device that measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity
EEG
Device that records activity of the brain through electrodes attached to the scalp
A(n) _____ gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.
Dominant
Gene that shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition
Dominant gene
Descriptor for located toward the back
Dorsal
The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord called ____.
Dorsal root ganglia
Cluster of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord
Dorsal root of ganglion
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Double-stranded molecule that is part of the chromosomes
Local Anesthetic
Drug that attaches to the Na channels of the membrane, stopping AP's
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
Drug that breaks up blood clots
Refractory Period
During depolarization, another stimulus cannot respond; can respond during repolarization with only strong stimulus
Graded depolarization is known as
EPSP
Nerve Impulse
Electrical message that is transmitted down the axon of a neuron. Doesn't travel directly down the axon; speed of nerve impulses range from less than 1m/s to 100m/s
Evoked potential
Electrical recording on the scalp from brain activity in response to a stimulus
Lenore Aberle was born in a small town during the middle of a civil war. Scientists have found that many babies born during that time have health and weight issues not seen in other babies born outside of the war zone. Lenore's situation is best explained by the study of _____.
Epigenetics
Heritability
Estimate of the degree to which variation in a characteristic depends on genetic variations
The branch of psychology that studies how behavior has evolved over time is known as _____ psychology.
Evolutionary
A reflex arc contains specialized motor neurons that detect and execute the reflex
False
At synapses, the cell that receives the message is called the presynaptic neuron
False
Neurons communicate with both electrical and chemical signals. Scientists have shown that chemical communication is the preferred form as it is faster
False
Transmission of information between neurons occurs in the same way as transmission along an axon
False
Lipophilic Molecules
Fat soluble molecules
Epigenetics
Field that deals with changes in gene expression without modification of the DNA sequence
Research indicates that the behavioral events of the cerebellum may be due to its role in ___.
Focusing attention and organizing sensory inputs
Nucleus Basalis
Forebrain structure that receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia
The primary motor cortex is in the ____ lobe of the cerebral cortex.
Frontal
Prefrontal Cortex
Frontal lobe portion which responds to sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement
According to many neuroscientists, even slight disruption during _____ (one of the initial stages of embryological development where the nervous system begins to form) will result in long-term developmental and neurological problems.
Gastrulation
Phenylkentonuria (PKU)
Genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine
Oligodendrocyte
Glia cell in brain/ spinal cord that builds myelin sheaths
Schwann Cells
Glia cell in periphery of body that builds myelin sheaths
Area of the NS that is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
Gray matter
Sulcus
Groove that separates one gyrus from another
Basal Ganglia
Group of subcortical forebrain structures lateral to the thalamus
Homozygous
Having two identical genes for a given characteristic
Heterozygous
Having two unlike genes for a given trait
Ion Channels
Help maintain electrical gradient
Mutation
Heritable change in a DNA molecule
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored are intact. The brain area most likely damages is the ___.
Hippocampus
Following a stroke, Mr. Smith suffered damage to his ____. His doctors warned his family that he might now have alterations in motivated behaviors like hunger, thirst, and sex.
Hypothalamus
Lamarckian Evolution
Hypothesis that use of some body part will change its size in the next generation
Dualism
Idea that our minds are one type of substance and matter is another
Monism
Idea that the universe consists of only one type of being (most philosophers believe in this)
Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?
If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies
Far Transfer
Improvement of a skill due to practice at a dissimilar skill
Kind selection as an explanation for altruistic behavior would argue that ___.
Individuals spread their genes by helping their relatives
Tegmentum
Intermediate level of midbrain
Which of the following is not commonly used to study genetic contributions to behavior?
International migrants
Node of Raniver
Interruptions in myelin sheath of vertebrate axons
The most common type of stroke is ______ (which results from a blood clot or other obstruction to the blood vessels).
Ischemic
Saltatory Conduction
Jumping of AP from node to node
Professor Case studies how drugs of abuse change the amount of chemical release from the presynaptic terminal into the ___
Junction between neurons
The cerebral cortex is organized in six layers of cell bodies called ____, which are parallel to the surface of the cortex.
Laminae
Laminae
Layer of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex and separated by layers of fibers
Deafferent
Loss of sensory input
What technique measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity?
MEG
Recent studies have shown that exposure to THC, the active chemical in _____, can reduce some of the effects of a stroke in laboratory animals.
Marijuana
Kat is studying altruistic behavior and how it benefits the species. Which of the following should Kat NOT use as an example to support this relationship?
Mate selection
Hindbrain structure located just above the spinal cord
Medulla
The ____ controls vital reflexes including breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing.
Medulla
The hippocampus plays a major roll in ___.
Memory
RP of Neuron
Messages in neuron develop disturbances of the RP. At rest= polarization difference in electrical charge in/outside of the cell
PET
Method of mapping activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity
Substantia Nigra
Midbrain structure that gives rise to a pathway releasing dopamine
Research using contemporary imaging methods have shown that people with a larger amygdala tend to have ____.
More social contacts
In a leg flexion reflex, a sensory neuron excites a second neuron, which in turn excites a ___, which excites a muscle
Motor Neuron
Migrate
Movement of brain neurons or glia
When forming connections with muscles, an axon that doesn't receive _____ will degenerate and the cell body will die.
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
The concept that neurons refine their many connections based on which ones are most successful is known as ____.
Neural Darwinism
Presynaptic Neuron
Neuron that delivers transmission
Postsynaptic Neuron
Neuron that receives transmission
What is the difference between a hormone and a neurotransmitter?
Neurotransmitters are chemicals used by the nervous system that allow individual neurons to send messages. Hormones are secreted by the endocrine system and travel (usually via the bloodstream) to other parts of the body to exert their effects.
Collateral Sprout
Newly formed branch of an axon
Primary visual cortex is located in the ____ lobe.
Occipital
Dot is a cat with a huge brown spot on her dorsal side. The rest of her fur is white. Where is the spot located?
On Dot's back
Central Sulcus
One of the deepest grooves in the surface of the cerebral cortex
Dr. Kerr's lab uses a procedure called ____ that uses light to control a small population of neurons.
Optogenetics
If damaged, axons in the _____ can grow back slowly if allowed to follow the original myelin sheath. However, axons in the _____ have a harder time growing back in part because the astrocytes produce a lot of scarring.
PNS; CNS
The ____ system consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord.
Parasympathetic
Dr. Chiarella's lab studies the primary somatosensory cortex, located in the ____ lobe.
Parietal
Spontaneous Firing Rate
Periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input
Unfortunately, Nakita had to have a leg amputated after a serious injury. Later during recovery, she noticed that it still felt like her leg was present. This is likely due to ________.
Phantom limb experience
Prior to Mendel's work with genetics, it was thought that if two colored flowers (one red and one white) were mated, the resulting flower would be _____.
Pink because mixing red and white blend to make pink
Presynaptic Terminal
Point where an axon releases chemicals
Hindbrain structure that lies anterior/ ventral to the medulla
Pons
Precentral Cortex
Posterior portion of the frontal lobe of the cortex, specialized for control of movement
Professor Micheals is explaining to his students that, when the neuron is at rest, ___ is mostly responsible for the movement of potassium ions out of the cell
Potassium's concentration gradient
An axon has many branches, each of which swells at its tip. These are known as ___
Presynaptic terminals
Postcentral Gyrus
Primary receptor site for touch and other body sensations
Neural Darwinism
Principle of competition among axons
Myelinaiton
Process by which glia produce insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission in many vertebrate axons
Phrenology
Process of attempting to relate skull anatomy to behavior
Artificial Selection
Process of selecting plants/animals for desired traits
Proliferation
Production of new cells
Apoptosis
Programmed mechanism of cell death
Chlamers
Proposes consciousness might be a fundamental property of matter (mass + weight)
Na/K pump
Protein complex
Histone
Protein that binds DNA into a shape that resembles a string wound around a ball
Nerve growth Factor (NGF)
Protein that promotes the survival of axons in certain axons in the brain
Tennille wants to know what eating proteins, which are rich in tyrosine, might do to neurotransmitter levels. What would you tell her?
Proteins are rich in tyrosine, which is the precursor to several neurotransmitters called the catecholamines. Dopamine is made from tyrosine and norepinephrine and epinephrine are made from dopamine. So, eating lots of proteins is likely to increase levels of the catecholamines.
Gyrus
Protuberance on the surface of the brain
AP
RP remains stable until neuron is stiumlated
___ guide the migration fo neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development
Radial glia
Gene that shows effects only in the homozygous condition
Recessive gene
Evolutionary Explanations
Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior
Physiological Explanations
Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs
Ablation
Removal of brain area
Microglia
Remove waste material, viruses, and fungi. Also remove dead or damaged neurons
Soma
Responsible for metabolic work of neuron, covered in synapses
Cerebrovascular Accident
Result of interrupted blood flow to the brain from blood clot or ruptured artery
EPSP
Results from a flow of sodium ions into the neuron
Tectum
Root of the midbrain
Dr.Weiss's famous studies on chemical pathfinding by axons was conducted using ______.
Salamanders and their legs
In the periphery of the body, ___ build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons
Schwann Cells
Nerve
Set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a sensory organ to the CNS
Tract
Set of axons within the CNS, aka projection
Cerebral Cortex
Set of layers of cells on the outer surface of the forebrain's cerebral hemisphere
Gene present in both sexes but that exerts its effects primarily in one sex
Sex- limited gene
Gene on either the X or the Y chromosome
Sex- linked gene
Dendritic Spine
Short outgrowth that increases surface area available for synapses
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Single- strand chemical coded by DNA
Hypothalamus
Small area near the base of the brain, ventral to the thalamus
How are neurotransmitters removed from the synapse?
Some neurotransmitters like acetylcholine are broken down by enzymes into inactive components. Other neurotransmitters are taken back up through specialized membrane proteins called transporters. Finally, other neurotransmitters like the neuropeptides diffuse away from the synapse.
Fitness
Spreading of genes
Astrocyte
Star-shaped glia that synchronizes activity of axons
Chromosome
Strand of genes
Hippocampus
Structure located toward the posterior of the forebrain, between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex
The ____ is a part of the brain that is very important for vision.
Superior colliculus
BBB
Surrounds brain/ blocks most chemicals from entering
Superios Colliculus
Swelling on either side of the tectum which is important to visual processing
Superior Colliculus
Swelling on either side of the tectum; important to visual processing
Inferior Colliculus
Swelling on the surface of the tectum that contributes to hearing
On the Fourth of July, Charlie was startled by some loud fireworks. As such, his____ axons prepared his body for fight or flight.
Sympathetic
In the developing brain, the formation of synapses begins before birth and continues through life and is known as ______.
Synaptogenesis
The ____ lobe contributes to complex aspects of vision, including perception of movement and recognition of faces.
Temporal
Amygdala
Temporal lobe structure important for evaluating emotional information
IPSP
Temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane
TMS
Temporary inactivation of targeted neurons
Stroke
Temporary loss of normal blood flow to a brain area
Dr. Wellman is using an electroencephalograph on one of her patients to measure ___.
The average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain
Reflex Arc
The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response
Temporal Summation
The combined effect of quickly repeated stimulation at a single synapse
Spatial Summation
The combined effect of several nearly simultaneous stimulations at several synapses onto one neuron
Ralph was born with red-green color blindness. His sister, Ana, was not. This makes sense, as men tend to have more trouble with red-green color blindness because _____.
The red-green gene is a sex-linked gene
Describe the sequence of events that occurs in synaptic transmission.
The sequence of events involves synthesis, storage, release, diffusion, activation of receptor, and inactivation/reuptake.
Phrenology (relating skull anatomy to behavior) is invalid for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?
They based conclusions on large numbers of people with similar bumps on the skull.
Relative Refractory Period
Time that requires stronger stimulus to initiate an AP
Refractory Period
Time when the cell resists the production of further AP's
Absolute Refractory Period
Time when the membrane is unable to produce an AP
What procedure enables researchers to study behavior with some brain area active, then inactive, and then active again?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Propagation of AP
Transmission of an AP down on axon
Axon
Transmits nerve impulses
Although relatively small, the hypothalamus is very important for a large range of motivated behaviors.
True
Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons
True
Spatial summation is the result of synaptic inputs from different locations arriving at the same time
True
The amount of temporal summation depends on the rate of stimulation
True
Gene
Unit of heredity that maintains its structural identity from one generation to another
Which of the following cranial nerves does not play a role in the control of eye movements?
VIII
Descriptor for located toward the stomach
Ventral
Area of the NS consisting of myelinated axons
White matter
Electrical/ Concentration Gradients
Work to pull sodium ions into the cell; electrical gradient tends to pull out potassium ions into cells