Exam 1 (History semester 2)
Laissez- Faire
- "Let it alone" - Emphasized the free play of competitions - Represents the relationship between the government and businesses
What factors led to the industrialization of the US decades after the Civil War?
- Capital/ Money - Resources - Labor - Market - Technology - Transportation
Andrew Carnegie
- Creator of Carnegie Steel; the biggest steel company during the gilded age - Helped with the building of railroads - Largest steel mill in Braddock, Pennsylvania
What is wrong with oil drilling?
- Expensive - Dangerous - Risky
Why was transportation important for industrial growth?
- How will sales leave and resources be sent around? - Trains
Why was labor important for industrial growth?
- Immigrant/ cheap labor for growing factories
Why was capital important for industrial growth?
- Investments for business growth - Soldiers bought supplies from American Factories
Dawes Act, 1887
- Law that took reservations from natives - Native American assimilations - Buffalo Eradication
Black Kettle
- Leader of the Cheyenne who were massacred at Sand Creek - Defeated by John Chivington - Killed by George Custer at Battle of Little Bighorn
Wounded Knee, 1890
- Massacre of Sioux indians at wounded knee, South Dakota - Sent to suppress the Sun/ Ghost dance - Ended native AMerican Resistance
How did the oil industry shift during the mid-nineteenth century?
- More engines were being used - Technology was advancing - Oil was on high demand for railroads - Whale oil to rock oil
Why was resources important for industrial growth?
- Natural Resources: iron, energy, water, lumbar - To grow economically
Central Pacific
- Railroad going west to east - Managed by Leeland Stanford - Constructed by Chinese immigrants
How did the completion of the transcontinental railroad have on the United States?
- Travel Time: quicker and safer, but expensive - Business: Expanded and helped sell products, created advertisement - Time: Created Time zones, perception of time - Government: "Laissez Faire"
How did settlers in the great plains adapt to their environment?
- Used the steel plow to clear out the sod in plains - Sod houses - Barbed wire fencing
Bessemer Process
A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856.
Social Darwinism
A social theory populated in the late 1800s by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, Proponents believed that only relentless competition could produce social progress and that wealth was a sign of "fitness"
Little Bighorn, 1876
Battle during which the Sioux Tribe defeated the U.S. Army forces led by Colonel George A. Custer. ( Note: National embarrassment to America during the 100 years of indeoendence)
Tent Citites
Cities that followed railroad workers and builders
verticle integration
Created by Andrew Carnegie; all aspects of a business were under his control
John Deere
Created the steel plow; made life possible in the plains
Henry Bessemer
Developed a method of creating steel more cheaply; helped with railroad expenses
Birds of Passage
European immigrants to America for cheap Labor
Why was market important for industrial growth?
Factories needed people to buy products in order to expands and grow in wealth
Standard Oil of Ohio
Founded by John D Rockefeller; largest oil company in cleveland
Why was technology important for industrial growth?
In order for social growth, technology was created for distanced contact
What was the role of Indian schools in Native American Assimilations?
Indian schools would teach Natives new religion, culture, concepts, and languages in order to become "good Americans"
Joseph Glidden
Invented barbed wire
Gilded Age
Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization
What was the opinion of Lewis and Clark on the habitability of the Great Plains? Why?
Lewis and Clark deemed the plains unfit fo rhuman settlement due to the sod and lack of trees.
Crude Oil
Liquid petroleum removed from the ground; unrefined
What impact did the extermination of the buffalo have on Native American culture?
Many native tribes had a culture that relied on the buffalo - Spiritually, Protection, Religion, Clothing - By taking them away, natives couldn't properly practice their culture - Dawes Act
Sand Creek, 1864
Massacre of peaceful natives by John Chivington
Wartime Profiteers
Money makers from soldiers during war
Indian Schools
Native American youth were sent to schools to learn how to be good americans; Carlisle Indian School
What advantage did Natives often have over the US army in military engagements?
Natives were able to communicate in languages and tongues that were foreign to white people
John D Rockefeller
Owned the largest oil company in cleveland; standard oil company
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad completed in 1869 that was the first to span the North American continent; attracted settlers and speculators
Interstate Commerce Act
Regulate railroad charges in states; government could control it (Note: Permanently affected governments control over businesses)
Ghost/ Sun Dance
Religion that Natives relied on during crisis, "reversed time"
What business practices did John D Rockefeller employ to achieve business success?
Rockefeller blew over smaller businesses by competing with prices; illegally bribed the railroads
Titusville, Pennsylvania
Site of the nation's first oil well, discovered in 1859 by Edwin Drake. This led to increased developments in the kerosene and gasoline industries.
Homestead Act, 1862
The act the promised settlers 160 acres if the following tasks were completed - Claim land - Build a house on the land - live on the land for 5 years - Pay taxes
The Gospel of Wealth
The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, school, peace initiatives, and the arts
How did the US government help finance the transcontinental railroad?
The government released land grants to businesses and forwarded the money to railroads. This allowed the government to have greater control over the railroads
What ultimately forced the surrender of Native Americans living in the plains?
The massacre at wounded knee symbolized the end of Native American resistance. Natives grew tired of fighting, their culture was gone, and their populations was scarce.
Promontory, Utah
The point where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met, it was symbolically done with a golden spike; May 10, 1869
John Chivington
U.S. Army commander in charge of troops who carried out the Sand Creek Massacre
What difficulty did homesteaders west of the 100th maridian face?
West of the 100th Meridian had very little rainfall
What was Andrew Carnegie known for?
organizing businesses
Union Pacific
railroad that went East to west; builts by veterans and Irish Immigrants
Kerosene
refined oil; first product of the oil industry