Exam 1 (History semester 2)

Laissez- Faire

- "Let it alone" - Emphasized the free play of competitions - Represents the relationship between the government and businesses

What factors led to the industrialization of the US decades after the Civil War?

- Capital/ Money - Resources - Labor - Market - Technology - Transportation

Andrew Carnegie

- Creator of Carnegie Steel; the biggest steel company during the gilded age - Helped with the building of railroads - Largest steel mill in Braddock, Pennsylvania

What is wrong with oil drilling?

- Expensive - Dangerous - Risky

Why was transportation important for industrial growth?

- How will sales leave and resources be sent around? - Trains

Why was labor important for industrial growth?

- Immigrant/ cheap labor for growing factories

Why was capital important for industrial growth?

- Investments for business growth - Soldiers bought supplies from American Factories

Dawes Act, 1887

- Law that took reservations from natives - Native American assimilations - Buffalo Eradication

Black Kettle

- Leader of the Cheyenne who were massacred at Sand Creek - Defeated by John Chivington - Killed by George Custer at Battle of Little Bighorn

Wounded Knee, 1890

- Massacre of Sioux indians at wounded knee, South Dakota - Sent to suppress the Sun/ Ghost dance - Ended native AMerican Resistance

How did the oil industry shift during the mid-nineteenth century?

- More engines were being used - Technology was advancing - Oil was on high demand for railroads - Whale oil to rock oil

Why was resources important for industrial growth?

- Natural Resources: iron, energy, water, lumbar - To grow economically

Central Pacific

- Railroad going west to east - Managed by Leeland Stanford - Constructed by Chinese immigrants

How did the completion of the transcontinental railroad have on the United States?

- Travel Time: quicker and safer, but expensive - Business: Expanded and helped sell products, created advertisement - Time: Created Time zones, perception of time - Government: "Laissez Faire"

How did settlers in the great plains adapt to their environment?

- Used the steel plow to clear out the sod in plains - Sod houses - Barbed wire fencing

Bessemer Process

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856.

Social Darwinism

A social theory populated in the late 1800s by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, Proponents believed that only relentless competition could produce social progress and that wealth was a sign of "fitness"

Little Bighorn, 1876

Battle during which the Sioux Tribe defeated the U.S. Army forces led by Colonel George A. Custer. ( Note: National embarrassment to America during the 100 years of indeoendence)

Tent Citites

Cities that followed railroad workers and builders

verticle integration

Created by Andrew Carnegie; all aspects of a business were under his control

John Deere

Created the steel plow; made life possible in the plains

Henry Bessemer

Developed a method of creating steel more cheaply; helped with railroad expenses

Birds of Passage

European immigrants to America for cheap Labor

Why was market important for industrial growth?

Factories needed people to buy products in order to expands and grow in wealth

Standard Oil of Ohio

Founded by John D Rockefeller; largest oil company in cleveland

Why was technology important for industrial growth?

In order for social growth, technology was created for distanced contact

What was the role of Indian schools in Native American Assimilations?

Indian schools would teach Natives new religion, culture, concepts, and languages in order to become "good Americans"

Joseph Glidden

Invented barbed wire

Gilded Age

Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization

What was the opinion of Lewis and Clark on the habitability of the Great Plains? Why?

Lewis and Clark deemed the plains unfit fo rhuman settlement due to the sod and lack of trees.

Crude Oil

Liquid petroleum removed from the ground; unrefined

What impact did the extermination of the buffalo have on Native American culture?

Many native tribes had a culture that relied on the buffalo - Spiritually, Protection, Religion, Clothing - By taking them away, natives couldn't properly practice their culture - Dawes Act

Sand Creek, 1864

Massacre of peaceful natives by John Chivington

Wartime Profiteers

Money makers from soldiers during war

Indian Schools

Native American youth were sent to schools to learn how to be good americans; Carlisle Indian School

What advantage did Natives often have over the US army in military engagements?

Natives were able to communicate in languages and tongues that were foreign to white people

John D Rockefeller

Owned the largest oil company in cleveland; standard oil company

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad completed in 1869 that was the first to span the North American continent; attracted settlers and speculators

Interstate Commerce Act

Regulate railroad charges in states; government could control it (Note: Permanently affected governments control over businesses)

Ghost/ Sun Dance

Religion that Natives relied on during crisis, "reversed time"

What business practices did John D Rockefeller employ to achieve business success?

Rockefeller blew over smaller businesses by competing with prices; illegally bribed the railroads

Titusville, Pennsylvania

Site of the nation's first oil well, discovered in 1859 by Edwin Drake. This led to increased developments in the kerosene and gasoline industries.

Homestead Act, 1862

The act the promised settlers 160 acres if the following tasks were completed - Claim land - Build a house on the land - live on the land for 5 years - Pay taxes

The Gospel of Wealth

The belief that, as the guardians of society's wealth, the rich have a duty to serve society; promoted by Andrew Carnegie; Carnegie donated more than $350 million to libraries, school, peace initiatives, and the arts

How did the US government help finance the transcontinental railroad?

The government released land grants to businesses and forwarded the money to railroads. This allowed the government to have greater control over the railroads

What ultimately forced the surrender of Native Americans living in the plains?

The massacre at wounded knee symbolized the end of Native American resistance. Natives grew tired of fighting, their culture was gone, and their populations was scarce.

Promontory, Utah

The point where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads met, it was symbolically done with a golden spike; May 10, 1869

John Chivington

U.S. Army commander in charge of troops who carried out the Sand Creek Massacre

What difficulty did homesteaders west of the 100th maridian face?

West of the 100th Meridian had very little rainfall

What was Andrew Carnegie known for?

organizing businesses

Union Pacific

railroad that went East to west; builts by veterans and Irish Immigrants

Kerosene

refined oil; first product of the oil industry