exam 1 human memory

17. The duration of STM is approximately: a. 2-3 seconds b. 15-30 seconds c. 20-30 minutes d. 2-3 days

b. 15-30 seconds

The forgetting curve shows that: a. Forgetting occurs at a steady rate over time b. Forgetting occurs slowly at first, but speeds up over time c. Forgetting occurs rapidly at first, but slows down over time e. Forgetting is less likely if a stimulus is repeated

c. forgetting occurs rapidly at first, but slows down over time

17. The learning curve shows that: a. Learning occurs at a steady rate over repetitions b. Learning occurs slowly at first, and then speeds up with additional repetition c. Learning occurs rapidly at first, and slows with additional repetition d. Learning is not affected by repetition

c. learning occurs rapidly at first, and slows with additional repetition

17. Imagine that a researchers designs a study in which participants are presented with a series of words with a 5 minute delay between each word, followed by a free recall test. They manipulate the period of time between the last word presented of the list and the free recall test. According to the ratio rule, in which of the following test delay manipulations should they expect to see recency effects? 1 minute 10 minutes 1 hour A and B All of the above

A. 1 minute delay

24. To assess memory, Muller & Oppenheimer used a/an a. Explicit memory test b. Implicit memory test c. Object recognition test d. Short term memory test

A. Explicit memory test

1. A tendency for verbal short-term memory to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including both speech and music is called: Irrelevant sound effect Word length effect Articulatory Suppression Phonological processing effect

A. Irrelevant sound effect

1. Ebbinhaus' primary measure of memory was _________ a. Savings in relearning time b. Free recall c. Perceptual Identification d. Cued recall

A. Savings in relearning time

17. The main thing that distinguishes an explicit memory task from an implicit memory tasks is: a. Whether or not the task refers to the past b. Whether the task involves motor learning c. Whether encoding is subliminal or not d. Whether encoding is incidental or intentional e. Whether the task relies on autobiographical memory or general world knowledge

A. Whether or not the task refers to the past

17. The _________approach to psychology is informed by an analogy to the encoding, storage and retrieval processes of a computer: a. Information-processing approach b. The schema approach c. The Gestalt Approach d. The memory systems approach e. The reductionist approach

A. information-processing approach

24. An explanation for the primacy effect is: a. Items at the beginning of the list get more attention than items later in the list b. Items at the beginning of the list are more likely to be recalled first c. Items at the beginning of the list are more temporally distinctive d. All of the above

A. items at the beginning of the list get more attention than items later in the list

1. True or false. The majority of memories are formed through intentional encoding. a. True b. False

B. False

1. True or false. The modal model is a unitary model of memory: a. True b. False

B. False

Which type of memory is reflected in activities such as riding a bicycle or driving a car? a. Explicit/declarative memory b. Implicit/nondeclarative memory c. Short term memory d. Working memory e. Semantic memory

B. Implicit/nondeclarative memory

When you studying for an upcoming test, you are engaging in_________________ a. Incidental encoding b. Intentional encoding c. Clustering d. Chunking

B. Intentional Encoding

24. What type of task was used in the Mitchell paper to demonstrate priming a. Recall b. Object recognition c. Cued recall d. Classical conditioning

B. Object recognition

24. On a typical memory span task a person must: a. Remember the items presented b. Remember the items and the order in which they were presented c. Remember the items and their spatial location d. Remember the items in reverse order

B. Remember the items and the order in which they were presented

24. Knowing that the capital of Germany is Berlin is best described as an example of which type of memory? a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Implicit d. Motor

B. Semantic

. Clive Wearing's diary entries primarily involve: a. Musical composition b. The feeling that he has just woken up c. What happened earlier that day d. Speculating about what he will do the following day

B. the feeling that he has just woken up

24. Sometimes we like a song more after we have heard it a few times compared with the first time we hear it. What is the term for this? a. Perceptual identification b. The mere exposure effect c. Priming d. The modality effect

B. the mere exposure effect

The photo above showing the posts of a pier appearing to be spaced further apart at close distances, could be used as an analogy to explain: The primacy effect The recency effect The modality effect The primacy and recency effect

B. the recency effect

16. According to Miller (1956)'s classic research, the capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items. However, more recently, research by Cowan has suggested that when chunking and other encoding strategies are prevented, the capacity of short-term memory is approximately ____ items a. 8; 6 b. 9; 4 c. 7; 4 d. 7; 2

C. 7;4

15. When a person is given a memory span test consisting of the letters (T, V, P, Z), the error most likely to occur in recall is: A letter that precedes the letters alphabetically such as S, U, O, or Y Inserting a vowel to form a pronounceable chunk, such as TEV, PAZ A letter that sounds similar, such as C, B, P, or D A letter that succeeds the letters alphabetically such as U, W, & Q

C. A letter that sounds similar, such as C, B, P, or D

24. The mere exposure effect refers to the following finding: a. People tend to prefer familiar stimuli compared with novel. b. Visual priming effects are very term c. Brief Exposure to a stimulus can facilitate identification of that stimulus d. Approximately 75% of a visual scene is available in sensory memory for a short time

C. Brief exposure to a stimulus can facilitate identification of that stimulus

24. In the article by Mitchell entitled, "Nonconscious priming after 17 years," the results showed that the level of priming was __________ the levels observed in standard laboratories studies with much shorter intervals between study and test. a. Less than b. Greater than c. Comparable to

C. Comparable to

1. The larger recency effect for auditory versus visually presented words is called the ___________ a. Serial position effect b. Clustering c. Modality effect d. Suffix effect

C. Modality Effect

17. When given a list of words, people tend to recall items from distinct categories (e.g., birds, foods, furniture) together even if they were presented in a random order originally. This phenomenon is called _________ a. Chunking b. Semantic Memory c. Cued Recall d. Clustering e. Elaboration

D. Clustering

1. Based on a study described in a lecture, which of the following memory abilities shows the greatest impairment among elderly participants (compared with young): a. Face memory b. Fact memory c. Source memory d. Destination memory

D. Destination Memory

11. The ability to mentally re-experience events from the past has been called___________and it is a key feature of _____________ a. Procedural learning; implicit memory b. Iconic memory; explicit memory c. Flashbulb memory; episodic memory d. Mental time travel; episodic memory

D. Mental time travel; episodic memory

Which of the below choices is not an example of an explicit test of memory? a. Recall b. Cued recall c. Recognition d. Perceptual identification e. All of the above

D. Perceptual identification

24. A digit span is used to test: a. Cognitive flexibility b. Numerical reasoning c. Sensory memory d. Short-term memory e. All of the above

D. Short-term memory

24. The primacy effect has been attributed to : a. Temporal distinctiveness b. The ratio rule c. The first few items of a list not being subject to masking d. The first few items of a list receiving more attention and rehearsal than items later in the list

D. The first few items of a list receiving more attention and rehearsal than items later in the list

24. If you are trying to memorize a passage, but the text is hard to read because it is printed in a strange font, you will first experience difficulty in which memory process? a. Retention b. Retrieval c. Chunking d. Encoding

D. encoding

24. Which of the following affect memory span performance for a list of words: a. The length of the words b. Whether the words sound similar to each other c. Whether the words can be grouped or chunked d. A and b e. All of the above

E. All of the above

24. In the article by Mueller & Oppenheimer on the effect of notetaking on a laptop vs longhand. notetaking, the results showed that taking notes on a laptop impaired memory compared with taking notes longhand. A valid criticism of this study is: a. It was a correlational study (i.e., participants were not randomly assigned to the different note-taking conditions), and thus causation cannot be inferred. b. The materials that were to-be remembered were word lists and thus it is difficult to generalize to an educational setting. c. The experimenters did not track what participants wrote/ typed while notetaking, and so there is no record of how complete the notes were d. All of the above e. None of the above

E. None of the Above

Which type of memory is not seriously impaired for Clive Wearing? a. Long term declarative memory b. Short term memory c. Procedural memory d. A and B e. B and C

E.B and C

24. Reductionism aims to: a. Filter out less relevant sensory information through attention b. Describe complex scientific phenomena in a more basic or fundamental form c. Explain memory in terms of a collection of different processes d. Identify and describe different memory systems Describe any memory experiment in terms of the encoding, storage and retrieval processes

b. Describe complex scientific phenomena in a more basic or fundamental form

Hermann Ebbinghaus developed the first influential theory of human memory: a. True b. False

b. false

12. Which of the following memory stores holds information for the shortest amount of time? Short-term memory Visual sensory memory Auditory sensory memory Working memory

b. visual sensory memory