Exam 1

Brett is looking to survey U.S. college students about how COVID-19 has impacted them. Which of the following would be an appropriate sample for Brett to use, assuming all are randomly chosen?

10% of all college students in the United States

Misdemeanors are offenses with the possibility of prison time for at least one year.

False

Most rapes are committed by strangers.

False

NIBRS relies on aggregate-based data.

False

The UCR provides detailed information about victims and the consequences of victimization.

False

Which data collection effort minimizes the dark figure of crime?

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

After Dwayne dumped Riya, she retaliated by keying his car. How would this crime be classified by the UCR if Dwayne reports the crime to the police?

Part II crime

Criminologists develop theories to explain crime.

True

Criminology depends on scientific study.

True

Criminology is more concerned with criminal law rather than civil law.

True

Most homicides in the United States involve guns.

True

Quantitative research relies on numerical data.

True

Sexual victimizations go underreported more than most other crimes.

True

Studying firearm restrictions for convicted felons is a type of policy research.

True

The United States incarcerates more people than any other country in the world.

True

There are multiple criminal justice systems within the United States.

True

In which type of crime does a person harm or threaten to harm another?

Violent

What question does explanatory research attempt to answer?

Why?

Which of the following is an example of what makes criminology scientific?

a criminologist conducts a study to test a theory

What is a guilty act?

actus reus

Katie wanted to examine the enforcement of the Clean Water Act. She is able to find enforcement data through the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) website. What type of method will Katie be using for her research?

analysis of available data

A student is killed by what an investigation determines was a deliberately set fire in his campus dorm room. What is this an example of?

arson

Which offense would be ideal to ask about in offender self-report surveys?

assault

What do NIBRS and the UCR have in common?

both reflect only crimes known to the police

Which domain of criminological study involves people who fail to adhere to criminal statutes?

breaking laws

An intruder broke a lock and went into the backdoor of Palma's house and stole her TV set (without confronting anyone). What crime is this?

burglary

What is the proportion of known offenses that were solved by police?

clearance rate

______ occurs when researchers link the participants' identities to information about them, but nobody else is able to identify them.

confidentiality

Which perspective best explains why Black people are more likely to be stopped and questioned by police than white people?

conflict

What is a variable that is statistically associated with an outcome?

correlate

______ are ways to group offenses with common characteristics.

crime typologies

What is the dark figure of crime?

crimes that are unreported to police

______ surveys collect data at one point in time.

cross-sectional

Abigail is researching how many aggravated assaults happened in New York City in 2021. Which type of research is she conducting?

descriptive

Michelle is interested in learning about the subjective effects of solitary confinement on a handful of incarcerated people in her state. What type of research would be best to study this relationship?

descriptive

Pia refuses to speak while her mouth is full of food. What type of social norm would this be considered?

folkway

Which of the following is a criminogenic condition?

having a drug addiction

______ refers to the frequency of criminal events.

incidence

According to the consensus perspective, law and morality are ______.

inseparable

In which type of crime is there a financial reward or other benefit to the person committing it?

instrumental

Which definition of crime is rooted in social constructionism?

interactionist

Which of the following is an advantage NIBRS has over the UCR?

it eliminated hierarchy rule

Which statement is true of sex trafficking?

it is a form of human trafficking

Why do researchers rely on sample data?

it is impossible to survey everyone in the population

What is an example of an infraction?

jaywalking

Which crime would the UCR classify as a Part I crime?

larceny-theft

How does the consensus perspective view the function of criminal law?

laws should protect shared values of citizens

Which type of crime is innately wrong?

mala in se

In order to feed her five small children, Marie has been engaging in sex work. However, she was arrested for prostitution after soliciting an undercover police officer. What type of crime was she arrested for?

mala prohibita

Which of the following is considered the most notable form of crime control in the United States?

mass incarceration

A teenager killed ten students at his high school. What type of homicide would this be considered?

mass murder

A man killed his neighbor using a torture chamber he made in his basement. What type of homicide would he be charged with?

murder

Which of the following victimizations would the NCVS never measure?

murder

A car is left running in the lot of a convenience store. What factor related to criminal behavior is this an example of?

opportunity to commit crime

According to the conflict perspective, who has the ability to define what is criminal?

people in power

A teenager was stopped by the police for having a broken headlight. The police proceeded to search his vehicle and found marijuana, so they arrested him. However, the judge dismissed the charges because she decided that the police did

procedural

Which of the following is an example of a victimless crime?

prostitution

Which type of crime is substance use an example of?

public-order

Which type of crime violates the moral attitudes of a community?

public-order

A homicide, a rape, and drug possession occurred at the same crime incident. According to the UCR, which crime(s) would be counted?

rape only

______ is the taking of someone else's property by putting them in fear.

robbery

Which statement compares larceny and robbery?

robbery is larceny with the use of or threat of violence

Criminological theories should be able to explain a wide range of crimes. Which characteristic of good criminological theories is this statement referring to?

scope

There are three types of multiple murderers: serial killers, mass murderers and _____ killers.

spree

A student asserts that larger shoe sizes determine higher IQs. What criteria of crime causation is violated with this statement?

statistical association

Which area of law is involved when prosecutors examine a crime to determine whether they should charge the perpetrator with first-degree murder, second-degree murder, or manslaughter?

substantive

Which type of effect occurs when the criminalization of substances creates a lifestyle and business model in the drug market that encourages reliance on violence to maintain control?

systemic

Which statement is true related to temporal order?

the cause comes before the outcome

How does serial murder differ from mass murder?

there is a cooling off period

Rocella was assaulted by someone she noticed was watching her outside of her bedroom window the night before. What crime(s) will be recorded in NIBRS if Rocella reports what happened to the police?

voyeurism and assault

What are criminologists most interested in knowing?

what causes crime