Exam #1 Massive set
A(n) _____________ is any standard or rule regulating what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances a) norm or social more b) law or commandment c) ethic or direction d) moral or adage
a) norm or social more
Why was the US Secret Service created? a) to combat counterfeiting b) to conduct fugitive investigations c) to protect national leaders d) to provide witness security
a) to combat counterfeiting
Which of the following amendments extends the procedural safeguards of the bill of rights to people charged with state crimes a) 1st b) 4th c) 10th d) 14th
d) 14th
The Principal of using precedents to guide future decisions in court cases is called___________ a) stare decisis b) ex post facto c) amicus curiae d) animus possidendi
a) stare decisis
The majority of public law enforcement agencies are considered to be __________ a) sheriff's department b) local police agencies d) federal agencies d) state police departments
b) local police agencies
A crime is a violation of the _____ of a political jurisdiction a) tort b) civil law c) penal code d) morals
c) penal code
The term "jurisdiction", as used in your text, means a) the specific location in which a court is located b) the loose confederation of prisons and jails around the country c) a politically defined geographical area d) the system of rank and hierarchy within police agencies
c) politically defined geographical area
Which of the following statements is true of parole? a) it is unconditional in nature b) it is given before prisoners have served their full sentences c) it included modifying the verdict of a lower court and reversing it d) it is granted by default, by all jurisdictions in the united state
b) it is given before prisoners have served their full sentences
A typical _________ definition of a crime is behavior that violated the norms or mores of society a) legal b) criminological c) social d) psychological
c) social
In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ___________, and the lower limit is usually ______ a) 16; 7 b) 16; 12 c) 18; 12 d) 18; 7
d) 18; 7
the _____ amendment protects American citizens from "unreasonable searches and seizures a) 8th b) 5th c) 6th d) 4th
d) 4th
Which of the following is one of the principles advocated by August Vollmer to professionalize American Policing? a) the major function of the police was preventing rather than fighting crime b) Order maintenance is a key role of the police c) Police and politicians need to work closely for best results d) Education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing
d) Education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing
The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in a) New England b) Spain c) France d) England
d) Englanad
Which of the following types of offenses may be punishable by death in the United States? a) libel b) misdemeanor c) slander d) felony
d) felony
___________ crimes are considered to be "wrong in themselves" and are characterized by universality and timelessness a) Mala prohibita b) Mala in se c) Mala au gratin d) Mala fide
B) mala in se
the _____________ amendment states that excessive bail shall not be required a) 8th b) 5th c) 6th d) 4th
a) 8th
About ___________ of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them in an arrangement called plea bargaining a) 95% b) 75% c) 50% d) 25%
a) 95%
The only state in the US that does not have a state policing agency is a) Hawaii b) Alaska c) Michigan d) Idaho
a) Hawaii
In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule extended to state courts? a) Mapp v. Ohio b) Terry v. Ohio c) Hurtado v. California d) Benton v. Maryland
a) Mapp v. Ohio
In which of the following cases did the supreme court broaden the protection against compelled self-incrimination to cover nearly all custodial police interrogations a)Miranda v. Arizona b) Escobedo v. Illinois c) Brown v. Mississippi d) Arizona v. Fulminant
a) Miranda v. Arizona
Which of the following officials is responsible for providing civil process services for the court a) Sheriffs b) local police c) FBI agents d) state police
a) Sheriffs
_________ refers to an estimate of crimes committed a) a crime index b) the dark figure of crime c) the true amount of crime d) a crime rate
a) a crime index
Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n) a) institution of social control b) private response to crime c) informal method of social control d) subtle social control
a) an intuition of social control
Which of the following statements about community policing is true? a) community policing called for a shift from incident based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach b) community policing caused a gap between community residents and the police c) community policing place a great emphasis on patrolling using a police car d) community policing originated at a time when the enforcer role was working efficiently
a) community policing called for a shift from incident based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach
Which of the following statements highlights the most important difference between National Incident-Bases Reporting System (NIBRIS) and the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) a) compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime b) Unlike the UCR, the NIBRS focuses extensively on victims and the annual costs of victimization c) compared with the UCR the NIBRS helps streamline the study of crime statistics because it contains less data on each crime d) Unlike the UCR, the NIBRS asks criminals to report their crime records in extensive details
a) compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime
Which of the following is defined as the number of offenses for which at least one person has been arrested, charged with commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution? a) crime index offenses cleared b) offenses known to the police c) the uniform crime reports (UCR) d) the dark figure of crime
a) crime index offenses cleared
Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility when a person, who was not already predisposed to it, is induced into committing a crime by a law enforcement officer by his or her agent? a) entrapment b) duress c) insanity d) self defense
a) entrapment
The due process model is based on the doctrine of a) legal guilt b) factual guilt c) presumptive guilt d) legal innocence
a) legal guilt
The vast majority of American law enforcement agencies are a) local b) federal c) multi-jurisdictional d) foreign
a) local
____________ offenses are illegal because laws define them as such a) Mala prohibita b) Mala fide c) Modus operandi d) Mens rea
a) mala prohibita
The Latin term_______ refers to criminal intent or a guilty state of mind a) mens rea b) actus reus c) habeas corups d) mala fide
a) mens rea
Which of the following crimes could you find dats in the UCR but not the NCVS? a) murder b) motor vehicle theft c) Larceny theft d) Aggravated assault
a) murder
Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime? a) necessity defense b) self defense c)entrapment d) being underage
a) necessity defense
_________ refers to the failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm a) negligence b) duress c) entrapment d) actus reus
a) negligence
The Purpose of a(n)________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged a) preliminary hearing b) indictment c) arraignment d) initial appearance
a) preliminary hearing
Which of the following standards of proof is evidence that more likely than not outweighs the opposing evidence, or sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation? a) probable cause b) reasonable suspicion c) moral certainty d) reasonable suspicion
a) preponderance of evidence
Which of the following standards of proof is required for a search and arrest? a) probable cause b) proof beyond a reasonable doubt c) moral certainty d) reasonable suspicion
a) probable cause
Which of the following penal sanctions is used primarily to prevent undesired conduct and to provide retribution? a) punishment b) restitution c) regulation d) treatment
a) punishment
Early American citizens_______ the formation of the first police departments a) resisted b) encouraged c) controlled d) privately funded
a) resisted
Which of the following refers to explorations or inspections by law enforcement officers of homes, premises, vehicles, or persons for the purpose of discovering evidence of crimes or persons who are accused of crimes? a) searches b) warrants c) arrests d) seizures
a) searches
Which of the following is an example of the police duty of law enforcement? a) testifying in court b) breaking up a fight c) escorting funeral processions d) investigating a missing child case
a) testifying in court
When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of ___________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice a) the crime control model b) obstacle course modal c) fact-finding model d) due process model
a) the crime control model
Which of the following is a condition of legal guilt? a) the right to counsel b) freedom from interrogation c) the right to double jeopardy d) freedom from all forms of search and seizures
a) the right to counsel
When the following statements is true about self-report crime surveys? a) they ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes b) they are an accurate measure of the true amount of crime c) They omit questions about less serious offenses, such as cutting classes d) they ask question about serious crimes such as robbery and burglary
a) they ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes
By the 1970's research began to show that a) unattended disorderly behavior is a signal to more serious criminals that they can move in and operate with impunity b) rapid response to crime by the police increases the likelihood of arrest c) methods developed by the professional policing model were effective in reducing crimes d) the role of police as enforcers was successful
a) unattended disorderly behavior is a signal to more serious criminals that they can move in and operate with impunity
If George did not want to commit a crime but was force or coerced to do so against his will, he may have committed the crime __________ a) under duress b) in entrapment c) in self-defense d) in defense of a third party
a) under duress
Which of the following terms is define as a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States? a) the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) b) a self report crime survey c) the national crime victimization survey (NCVS) d) the national incident based reporting system (NIBRS)
a) uniform crime reports (UCR)
According to official statistics, about ________ of all crimes committed annually are violent crimes a) 1 to 5 percent b) 10 to 15 percent c) 15 to 25 percent d) 25 to 50 percent
b) 10 to 15 percent
In which of the following cases did the supreme court extend the 6th amendment right to be represented by an attorney to indigent defendants facing felony charges in state courts? a) Argersinger v. Hamlin b) Gideon v. Wainwright c) Chandler v. Fretag d) Powell v. Alabama
b) Gideon v. Wainwright
The federal law that began the War on Drugs in the US was a) Volstead Act b) Harrison act c) Marijuana Tax Act d) BNDD
b) Harrison act
In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule created? a) Trop v. Dulles b) Weeks v. United States c) Plessey v. Ferguson d) Johnson v. United States
b) Weeks v. United states
Because there is considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal justice, an accurate way of defining American criminal justice may be to call it a) a system b) a non system c) extremely uniform d) smoothly operating
b) a non system
An arrest warrant is issued only if substantial and trustworthy evidence supports the conclusion that a) a violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested will be found in the place to be searched b) a violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested committed the violation c) the person to be arrested committed the violation and the person will be found in the place to be searched d) the specific objects to be searches for are connected with criminal activity and the objects will be found in the place to be searched
b) a violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested committed the violation
The term ________ refers to criminal conduct - specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm a) ex post facto b) actus reus c) mens rea d) concurrence
b) actus reus
One of the main purposes of an arraignment is to a) outline the formal charge or charges against the defendant b) allow the defendant to enter a plea c) determine whether there is probable cause c) ensure that the defendant will appear at a later stage in the criminal justice process
b) allow the defendant to enter a plea
During which of the following stages is an administrative record of an arrest made? a) initial appearance b) booking c) preliminary hearing d) arraignment
b) booking
Under the supreme court's __________, a warrantless search not incident to an arrest may be justified in an emergency situation a) plain view doctrine b) exigent circumstances doctrine c) search incident to arrest doctrine d) doctrine of fundamental fairness
b) exigent circumstances doctrine
What is the most important factor contribution to wrongful convictions? a) inadequate legal representation b) eyewitness misidentification c) guilty pleas made involuntarily by innocent defendants d) judicial errors, bias or neglect of duty
b) eyewitness misidentification
Which of the following is the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule? a) it is outdated b) it fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the differences between right and wring but was unable to control his or her actions c) It fails to distinguish reliably between behavior that is uncontrivable and behavior that is simply uncontrolled d) it is identical to the substantial-capacity test of the American Law Instute's Model Penal Code
b) it fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the differences between right and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions
The right to counsel may be waived only if the waiver is made a) by a defendants attorney b) knowingly, integelently, and voluntarily c) by a defendant and at least tow witnesses known to the defendant d) within 14 days after charges are filed
b) knowingly, integelently, and voluntarily
Breaking up a fight, holding back a crowd at a sporting event, or intervening in a domestic dispute before it gets violent are examples of the police duty of a) law enforcement b) order maintenance c) service d) information gathering
b) order maintenance
In common law, the decisions in a particular case becomes a potential bias, or _____, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future a) stare decisis b) precedent c) ordinance d) penal code
b) precedent
According to Sir Robert Peel, the main function of the police was to prevent crime by which method? a) active investigation b) preventative patrol c) the use of force d) the development of police strength
b) preventative partol
American criminal justice consist of three main agencies. Which of the following is not one of those three main agencies? a) corrections b) prisons c) police d) courts
b) prisons
Which of the following standards of proof is more than a gut feeling and legally permits a law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a suspect a) rebuttable presumption b) reasonable suspicion c) conclusive presumption d) mere suspicion
b) reasonable suspicion
To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to _________ a) defendants b) school children c) victims of violent crimes d) victims of hate crimes
b) school children
Most of the procedural, or due process, rights given to criminal suspects or defendants in the united states are found in a) common law b) the bill of rights c) the first amendment to the constution d) federal rules of criminal procedure
b) the bill of rights
_____________refers to crimes that are not officially recorded by the police a) crime index b) the dark figure of crime c) crime rates d) uniform crime reports
b) the dark figure of crime
Currently, five general types of punishments are in use in the United State. Which of the following is not one of these punishments? a) probation b) transportation c) intermediate punishments d) death
b) transportation
A(n)___________ is a written order from a court directing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or to arrest a person a) subpoena b) warrant c) arraignment d) rescript
b) warrant
You learn that the police have attached a GPS device to your vehicle without a valid warrant. According to the Supreme court, this violates the __________ amendment a) 14th b) 5th c) 4th d) 8th
c) 4th
the ___________ amendment guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial a) 8th b) 5th c) 6th d) 4th
c) 6th
Which of the following US Presidents created the Drug Enforcement Administrations (DEA) a) Theodore Roosevelt b) John F Kennedy c) Richard Nixon d) Bill Clinton
c) Richard Nixon
The primary purpose of a(n)_____ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea a) preliminary hearing b) indictment c) arraignment d) initial appearance
c) arraignment
cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by jury trial are decided by a judge in a(n) a) grand jury b) indictment c) bench trial d) arraignment
c) bench trial
The standard of proof necessary to find a defendant guilty in a criminal trial is a) probable cause b) preponderance of evidence c) beyond a reasonable doubt d) reasonable suspicion
c) beyond a reasonable doubt
For many crime victims _____________ is the most burdensome and lasting consequences of their victimization a) medical expense b) anger c) fear d) threat
c) fear
According to the Homeland security act of 2002, which of the following agencies or organizations has the "primary responsibility for investigating and prosecuting acts of terrorism?" a) the departments of homeland security b) the US military c) federal, state and local law enforcement agencies d) the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
c) federal, state and local law enforcement agencies
___________ is defined as mental or psychological impairment or retardation as a defense against a criminal charge a) duress b) entrapment c) insanity d) delinquency
c) insanity
As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the family, schools, organized religion, and the media, and that in it a) requires society to abide by passive social values b) exists as a single system c) is generally society's "last line of defense" d) is usually used along with other intuitions of social control
c) is generally society's "last line of defense"
In the 1969 case of Chimel v. California, the supreme court a) broadened the scope of searches to include any suspicious people b) limited the scope of US citizens to appeal verdicts based on illegally seized evidence c) limited the scope of searches incident to an arrest d) broadened the rights of legal aliens to protect them from illegal searches and seizures
c) limited the scope of searches incident to an arrest
Which of the following is a problem associated with finding an appropriate definition of crime? a) too many behaviors exist that could be defined as crimes b) crimes should be defined only by the presence of a physical injury to a person c) many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are d) most behaviors defined as criminal activity are actually victimless crime
c) many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are
Taking people to the hospital, escorting funeral processions, delivering mail for city officials, or chasing bats out of a caller's house are examples of the police duty of a) law enforcement b) order maintenance c) service d) information gathering
c) service
According to the crime control model of criminal justice, the most important function of criminal justice is a) the means by which crime is controlled b) rehabilitation c) the control of criminal behavior d) human rights
c) the control of criminal behavior
Which of the following characteristics of today's police was taken up by municipal police officers after the American Civil War? a) they began to carry out motorized patrol b) they began to rely on police radios to aid police function c) they began to wear uniforms d) they began to form posses
c) they began to wear uniforms
How did people maintain order and defend against criminals on the American frontier? a) they organized night watches b) they appointed a shire reeve to supervise law enforcement efforts c) they engaged in vigilantism d) they organized mounted militia units
c) they engaged in vigilantism
What do the following three supreme court cases share in common: United States v. Leon, Massachutes v. Sheppard, and Nix v. Williams a) they define the meaning of seizure b) they provide examples of searches incident to an arrest c) they provide exemptions to the exclusionary rule d) they provide examples of probable cause
c) they provide exemptions to the exclusionary rule
The criminal law of the United States, for the most part is derived from the laws of a) colonial America b) Israel c) Sumer d) England
d) England
Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force? a) Boston b) Chicago c) Philadelphia d) New York
d) New York
Which of the following crimes is a Part I offense? a) buying stolen property b) forgery c) kidnaping d) arson
d) arson
A(n) ____________ may be expresses as the number of crimes per unit of population a) crime index b) index crime c) offenses known to the police d) crime rates
d) crime rates
____________ Is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community a) substantive law b) procedural law c) civil law d) criminal law
d) criminal law
Most county sheriffs are a) appointed by the county commissioner b) hired by a board appointed for that purpose c) appointed from within the agency d) elected by the voters of the county
d) elected by the voters of the county
Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal or constitutional grounds. Which of the following is an example of a constitutional ground on which a defendant may appeal a conviction? a) mistaken interpretation of law b) defects in jury selection c) improper admission of evidence at trial d) illegal search and seizure
d) illegal search and seizure
Which of the following statements is true about an ex post facto law? a) it decreases the punishment for a crime after it is committed b) it holds that for crime to occur there must be an external consequence c) it does not allow altering the rules of evidence in a particular case after the crime is committed d) it declares criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed
d) it declared criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed
A typical ______________ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state" a) psychological b) social c) criminal d) legal
d) legal
A suspect becomes a defendant after a) a grand jury issues a no bill against the suspect b) a complaint has been made c) an absence of probable cause has been established d) one or more chares have been filed
d) one or more charges have been filed
_________ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult a) an index offense b) a hate crime c) a bias crime d) a status offense
d) status offense
Who were the first federal law enforcement agents in the United States? a) the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents b) the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents c) the Secret Service agents d) the US Marshals
d) the US Marshals
Overcriminalization is mainly a problem when addressing which types of crimes? a) property crimes b) violent crimes c) federal crimes d) victimless crimes
d) victimless crimes
