Psychology 3 part 7

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do.

1. _____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social psychology

Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE?

There is little truth to the "beautiful is good" stereotype. Attractive people do not really possess the positive characteristics of the stereotype

Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later, in the same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. According to the self-serving bias, she would attribute her error to _____ and her good catch to her _____.

a bad bounce/good fielding skills

In the context of research in the area of physical attractiveness, which of the following faces will most likely be rated as most attractive?

a composite of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face

Based on Claude Steele and Eliot Aronson's research on stereotype threat, we should be especially concerned about instructions for standardized tests if they

ask for race/ethnic information before the test starts.

The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as

attribution

Self-fulfilling prophecy

effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior

The _____ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

false consensus effect

You come to a conclusion that Carla is a naturally anxious woman. You ignore the fact that Carla is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week. You are demonstrating the

fundamental attribution error.

You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that

he has an angry and volatile personality

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____.

internal attribution/external attribution

Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called

internal attributions.

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

internal/external causes

In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the

observer

_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

person perception

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of

self-serving bias

_____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures.

self-serving bias

You watch as Emma stumbles and drops her books in the hall. If you commit the fundamental attribution error when assessing Emma, how would you explain her behavior

she is a clumsy person

. The area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information is called

social cognition

. A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

stereotype

_____ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group.

stereotype threat

Lily does not approve of abortion. She is shocked when she finds out how many people in her state hold pro-choice attitudes. This is an example of

the false consensus effect

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates

the false consensus effect.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the external situation and overestimate the impact of inner traits when they seek explanations of another person's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution effect

Attribution theory

views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

The bystander effect is most likely to occur

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other people present