EXAM 1 STUDY BANK
During an incremental exercise protocol, the point where oxygen consumption plateaus despite an increase in workload is considered the
maximal oxygen consumption.
Muscle contraction is an example of what type of work?
mechanical
Which of the following are forms of biologic work in humans?
mechanical chemical and transport
what are the forms of biologic work in humans
mechanical, chemical, transport
During rest and moderate exercise, lactate continually forms via energy metabolism of red blood cells that contain no__________and limitations posed by enzyme activity in muscle fibers with high___________ capacity.
mitochondria, glycolytic
The term that best describes the energy or oxygen consumption required to maintain a constant velocity of movement is
movement economy
What percentage of total resting energy expenditure does brain metabolism represent for children?
nearly 50%
Which of the following phrases best describes how extreme environmental temperatures affect resting metabolism?
resting metabolism is increased in extremely hot or cold environments
VO2max declines steadily after age 25 at a rate of about
1% per decade
what is used to describe the minimum level of energy required to sustain vital functions in a waking state.
basal metabolic rate
The enzyme LDH in fast twitch muscle fibers favors the conversion of
Pyruvate to lactate
which of the following does not affect EPOC?
blood type
the respiratory quotient (RQ) is a measure of
carbon dioxide produced per unit oxygen consumed
During light and moderate aerobic exercise, _______ supplies about one third of the body's energy requirements.
carbs
which has the greatest digestive efficiency
carbs
What liver based process synthesizes glucose from the lactic acid released from active muscle tissue?
cori cycle
in which sport does drafting have the biggest impact from a standpoint of decreasing energy expenditure?
cycling
What are the series of iron-protein electron carriers on the inner membranes of the mitochondrion called?
cytochromes
A triglyceride molecule possesses
one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.
during exercise, what is the most widely used technique to measure oxygen consumption
open circuit spirometry
Which of the following is an example of indirect calorimetry?
open-circuit spirometry
Which of the following are techniques for measuring human energy expenditure?
open-circuit spirometry closed-circuit spirometry doubly-labeled water technique
Manipulating exercise and rest intervals is done so that specific energy-transfer systems are
overloaded
The ______ of food containing hydrogen provides most of the ATP used for muscular work.
oxidation
a loss of electrons with a gain in valence occurs in
oxidation reactions
a substance reduced or gaining electrons in redox reactions is a
oxidizing agent
what element serves as a final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain
oxygen
Metabolic measurements require frequent calibration of equipment that assesses the air volume breathed and measures the expired air volumes of what gasses' fractional concentrations?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
What term quantitatively expresses the difference between the total oxygen consumed during exercise and the total that would have been consumed had steady-rate aerobic metabolism been reached from the start?
oxygen deficit
all of the following determine endurance running performance except
peak power
what term is given to the highest mechanical power generated during any 3 to 5 second period of the wingate test
peak power
How is relative power calculated?
peak power divided by body mass
Which term applies when leveling off of oxygen consumption does not occur during a maximal graded exercise test?
peak vo2
the enzyme LDH in fast twitch muscle fibers favors the conversion of
pyruvate to lactate
A substance that donates or loses electrons as it oxidizes in redox reactions is a(n
reducing agent.
a gain in electrons with a loss in valence occurs in
reduction reactions
What happens to the total energy in an isolated system?
remains constant
To obtain the true requirement of a particular activity you must subtract which of the following from the gross energy expenditure?
resting metabolic rate
The concept that a high aerobic capacity does not necessarily mean you have a high anaerobic capacity refers to
specificity.
Which of the following phrases best describes the economy of effort for competitive speed walkers walking at a very fast pace (14 km/hr-1) compared to someone running at the same speed?
speed walkers are less economical
The difference in mechanical efficiency between swimming and running make
swimming about four times less efficient than running for a given distance.
Which of the following qualities does not strongly influence a muscles capacity level of aerobic exercise?
the specific exercise
in the Katch test, what represented anaerobic capacity?
the total work accomplished
Which of the following phrases best describes an individual with greater movement economy as they work at a given workload during steady-rate, long duration activity?
they have a lower steady rate VO2 than an individual with poorer movement economy
During short duration, maximal exercise, when anaerobic glycolysis predominates, large quantities of lactate accumulate in the active muscles.
true
During short-duration maximal exercise, when anaerobic glycolysis predominates, large quantities of lactate accumulate in the active muscle
true
Factors that influence exercise heart rate response include oxygen consumption, emotions, body position, and previous food intake.
true
In general, most physical fitness characterizes demonstrate high heritability
true
It requires the same amount of calories to complete a 26.2-mile marathon no matter how fast a person runs.
true
Knowledge of an individual's BMR establishes the important energy baseline for construction of a sound program of weight control?
true
Movement economy determination only applies to steady-rate exercise where oxygen consumption closely mirrors energy expenditure.
true
Regardless of the apparent sophistication of a particular automated system, the output data still reflects the accuracy of the measuring device.
true
T or F? Power represents work performed per unit time
true
Temperature & pH affect enzyme activity?
true
The CNS requires an uninterrupted stream of carbs to function properly?
true
The carbon dioxide content of exhaled air is greater than that of ambient air.
true
The energy cost of 4 mph, 2 mile walk increases directly with an increase in body mass.
true
The energy to phosphorylate ATP during intense exercise lasting longer than a few seconds derives mainly from muscle glycogen through anaerobic glycolysis.
true
Trained subjects have a faster rate of recovery oxygen consumption when exercising at either the same absolute or relative exercise intensities compared to untrained counterparts.
true
Women expend 30% less energy than men for a given distance of swimming.
true
adipose tissue serves as the major supplier of fatty acid molecules
true
lactate may be converted to glucose in the liver via the cori cycle
true
research indicates that regular endurance and resistance exercise offsets the decrease in resting metabolism that usually accompanies aging
true
temp and pH affect enzyme activity
true
this breaststroke requires greater oxygen consumption that any other swimming stroke
true
vitamins contain no chemical energy for biological work?
true
Until what age do VO2max values for boy and girls remain the same?
until age 12
when using open-circuit spirometry, which two factors are used to determine oxygen consumption
volume and composition of exhaled air
The RQ of carbohydrate is
1.00
the RQ for carbohydrate equals
1.00
The energy generated by skeletal muscles during all-out exercise can increase more than
100 times above its resting value.
A McDonald's Egg McMuffin contains 27 grams of carbohydrate, 17 grams of protein, and 13 grams of fat. Determine the number of calories from carbohydrate in the Egg McMuffin.
108
What MET level can a young individual of average fitness level be expected to achieve if they work at maximal intensity?
13 METs
under normal circumstances, physical activity accounts for what percentage person's total daily energy expenditure
15-30%
In order to maintain a relatively large and constant gastric volume during exercise, it is recommended that the athlete drink
150 to 250 mL of fluid at 15 minute intervals
complete breakdown of one glycerol molecules yields___ moles of ATP
19
One mole of glucose when degraded in anaerobic glycolysis will have a net production of
2 moles of ATP
The Atwater general factor for dietary protein is
4 kcal per gram
The average heat of combustion for a gram of carbohydrate is
4.2 kcal
The relative efficiency of generating chemical energy from the electron transport-oxidative phosphorylation systems is
40%
what percentage of the potential energy in food nutrients transfer to the high energy compound ATP?
40%
On average, how does a woman's BMR compare with a man's?
5-10% lower
The calorific value for oxygen is approximately
5.0 kcal per liter of oxygen consumed.
For healthy, untrained persons, at what percent of the individuals maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism does blood lactate begin to accumulate and rise in an exponential fashion?
55%
What percentage of VO2 max is the optimal level of recovery exercise when the recovery involves running?
55-65% of VO2max
Power tests that measure brief, maximal exercise capacity assume enough ATP & PCr exists to support maximal performance for about?
6 seconds
Power tests that measure brief, maximal exercise capacity assumes enough ATP and PCr exist to support maximal performance for about
6 seconds
Clothing modification or trimming one's hair can reduce the effect of air resistance by up to __________%.
6%
Rapid and large accumulations of blood lactate occurs during maximal exercise that last between____ and _____ seconds
60, 180
Complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose yields
689
complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose yields
689 kcal
RMR typically accounts for what percentage of total daily energy expenditure.
70%
Generally, the standard error of estimate (SEE) of predicting VO2max from field tests such as walk-run performances averages about
8-10% of the predicted value
how much ATP does the body store at any time
80-100 g
Which of the following activities would require energy predominately from the ATP-PCr and glycolytic pathways?
800 meter run
The average heat of combustion for a gram of lipid is
9.4
Approximately what percentage of ATP synthesis occurs in the respiratory chain by oxidative reactions coupled with phosphorylation?
90%
the digestive efficiency for protein is
92%
The digestive efficiency for lipid is
95%
The digestive efficiency for carbohydrate is
97%
A person who weighs 62 kg requires approximately 2600 kcal (net) to run a 26.2-mile marathon regardless of the time it takes to finish.
True
An endergonic process is any physical or chemical process that stores or absorbs energy.
True
Dietary fiber reduces dietary efficiency.
True
During exhaustive exercise, RER values may exceed 1.00.
True
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions
True
Excessive protein breakdown facilitates water loss.
True
Factors other than oxygen consumption influence the exercise heart rate response
True
Glycogen depletion dramatically reduces exercise capacity.
True
The definition of MET is multiples of resting metabolic rate.
True
The transfer of potential energy in any spontaneous process always decreases the capacity to perform work.
True
You can estimate total energy expenditure for a steady-rate exercise by only measuring once or twice during the activity.
True
What percentage of glucose catabolized for energy converts to lactate?
Up to 50%
Which component of drag is caused by the pressure differential created in front of and behind the swimmer?
Viscous pressure drag
Which of the following statements best describe the differences in running economy between children and adults?
children require more oxygen per unit of body mass to run the same speed as an adult
the added energy cost of exercise for pregnant women can be attributed mainly to the
additional weight transported during weight bearing activities
Basel Metabolic Rate (BMR) is dependent on which of the following factor(s)? o Age o Sex o Overall body size/Fat Free Mass (FFM) o All of the above
all of the above
The nonprotein RQ can provide information about a. Percentage kcals from carbohydrate per liter oxygen consumed. b. Percentage kcals from fat per liter oxygen consumed. c. Grams of carbohydrate per liter oxygen consumed. d. All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following are open-circuit spirometry procedures? o Portable spirometry o Bag technique o Computerized instruments o All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is a factor that can contribute to differences among individuals in their capacity to generate short-term anaerobic energy? a. Training status b. Capacity to buffer acid metabolites c. Motivation d. All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following may create a rise in the respiratory exchange ratio that does not reflect actual micronutrient oxidation? a. Hyperventilation b. Buffering of lactic acid c. Increased body fat through excess carbohydrate intake d. All of the above
all of the above
which of the following factors affect total energy expenditure for an activity? a. Skill of an individual performing the activity b. Pace at which the activity is performed c. Fitness level of the person performing the activity d. All of the above
all of the above
How much more energy is required to walk in sand than to walk on a hard surface?
almost twice as much
Glycogen depletion can occur during prolonged exercise, consecutive days of intense training, inadequate energy intake, dietary elimination of carbohydrates, and what health condition?
diabetes
Which of the following terms best describes the increase in energy metabolism caused by food consumption?
diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)
All of the following are assumptions that affect the accuracy of the VO2max prediction from submaximal exercise heart rate except
different maximum heart for all subjects
which of the following does not require energy?
diffusion
work represents application of force though what?
distance
What are athletes who choose to run in a more aerodynamically desirable position directly behind a competitor doing?
drafting
Which series of chemical reactions is capable of producing the largest quantity of potential energy (ATP)?
electron transport system
Which of the following swimmers expends fewer calories to swim a given stroke at any given velocity?
elite competitive swimmer
chemical reactions that store or absorb energy are
endergonic
The tendency of potential energy to degrade to kinetic energy is known as
entropy
The general components of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) include all of the following EXCEPT resting metabolic rate. environmental factors. thermic effect of food consumed. energy expended during physical activity.
environmental factors
A "lock and key mechanism" describes which step in enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
enzyme-substrate mechanism
Which substances stimulate free fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue?
epinephrine, growth hormone, glucagon
theoretically what could happen once a steady rate of aerobic metabolism occurs
exercise could progress indefinitely
The term for any physical or chemical process that releases energy to its surroundings is
exergonic
What is the name for any physical or chemical process that results in the release of energy?
exergonic.
A 400 meter run is fueled solely by glycolysis
false
All individuals have the same metabolic capacity for exercise - some are simply better trained than others.
false
Women typically achieve VO2 scores 15 to 30% above values of their male counterparts.
false
bomb calorimeters operate on the principle of indirect calorimetry
false
muscle cells store significantly more ATP than phosphocreatine
false
the RQ equals 1.00 for fat, 0.70 for protein, and 0.82 for carbohydrate.
false
both NAD+ and FAD, which serve as electron acceptors, assist in the synthesis of 3 ATP from every pair of electrons carried to the respiratory chain
false (NAD =3 ATP & FAD= 2 ATP)
Discontinuous test are those with progressively increasing exercise increments without recovery or rest intervals
false (continuous)
oxygen consumption in recovery follows a bell curve
false (curvilinear)
Temperature describes energy transfer or exchange from one object to another?
false (heat describes energy transfer)
Based on the principle of exercise specificity, performance test do not neeed to resemble the activity that requires the specific energy capacity assessment.
false (needs to resemble the activity)
hydrolysis of ATP requires oxygen
false (oxygen not needed)
The Stair-Sprinting Power Test is best used with athletes of varying body sizes for a one-shot assessment of anaerobic capacity.
false (should be similar body mass)
What are the major energy sources for maintaining as-needed ATP resynthesis?
fat and glycogen
In the Stair-Sprinting Power Test, P = (FxD) / T, and F is
force, body mass
which competitive swimming stroke requires the least energy expenditure per stroke
front crawl or free style
Which competitive swimming stroke requires the least energy expenditure per stroke?
front crawl or free-style
the measure of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is a fundamental measure of the physiologic
functional capacity for exercise
What principle of metabolic function describes an individual with high aerobic power in one activity and also possesses above average aerobic power in other activities?
generality
what is the most important direct function of the citric acid cycle
generate electrons
chemical energy expended that does not contribute to external work is lost as
heat
short term high intensity exercise lasting 10 seconds or less relies predominantly upon
high energy phosphates
Most physical fitness characteristics (i.e. physical working capacity) demonstrate
high heritability
Short-term high intensity exercise lasting 10 seconds or less relies predominantly upon:
high-energy phosphates
In the trained state, an individual's blood lactate threshold occurs at a _____ when compared to their untrained state.
higher relative workload
When compared to their untrained state, several weeks of training would likely result in an individual's blood lactate threshold occurring at a
higher relative workload.
the average heat of combustion for lipid is greater than carbohydrate an protein due to increased
hydrogen atoms
The process that catabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into simpler forms that the body absorbs and assimilates is known as
hydrolysis
the measurement of oxygen consumption to provide an estimate of energy metabolism at rest and during exercise forms the basis of
indirect calorimetry
What term is used to describe the fact that the capacity for each form of energy transfer varies considerably among individuals?
individual differences
Which of the following factors affects total energy expenditure for an activity?
- skill of an individual performing the activity - pace at which the activity is performed - fitness level of the person performing the activity
the RQ for fat equals
.70
The carbon dioxide content of ambient air is approximately
0.03%
The RQ of protein is
0.82
the RQ for protein equals
0.82
One calorie expresses the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water how many degrees?
1 degrees Celsius
the short term energy system generates most of the energy during maximum exercise that lasts
1 to 2 minutes
Normal adult men and women usually experience what sort of change in BMR as they get older?
2-3% reduction per decade
The efficiency of the human body for mechanical work is approximately
20-25%
the oxygen content of ambient air is apex
20.93%
The average female aged 19-50 years has a daily energy expenditure rate of approximately how many calories a day?
2200
The average man aged 19-50 years has a daily energy expenditure rate of approximately how many calories a day?
2900
The traditional criteria for achieving true VO2 Max is the demonstration of?
A leveling off or peaking in oxygen consumption with increasing intensity
The three specific energy sources for fat catabolism include triacylglycerols stored within the muscle fiber, circulating tri in lipoprotein complexes, and circulating free fatty acids mobilized from tri in what type of tissues?
Adipose
Which product has the greatest influence on regulating cellular energy metabolism?
ADP concentration
What is the energy-rich molecule that powers all biologic work?
ATP
Which substance serves as an enzyme inhibitor in regulating energy metabolism (its presence in relatively high quantities slows energy metabolism)?
ATP
The added energy cost of exercise for pregnant women can be attributed mainly to the
Additional weight transported during weight bearing activities
How does running speed mainly get increased?
By lengthening the stride
What term is given to a person's minimum level of energy to sustain vital functions in the waking state?
BMR
The corresponding unit of the calorie using Fahrenheit degrees is called a
BTU
What provides the most common indicator of activation of the short-term energy system?
Blood lactate level
Two factors that might contribute to gender differences in VO2max values are differences in
Body composition and hemoglobin concentration
Compared to carbohydrate or protein molecules, lipid molecules contain more
Carbon atoms.
Why must cells continually resynthesize ATP at its rate of use?
Cells only store ATP in small quantities.
When walking or running, how does energy cost per mile relate to body mass?
It increases proportionately with body mass.
Under calm winds and a similar temperature,
It takes about the same energy to run on a track for a given distance as it does to run on a treadmill
The flat portion of the oxygen consumption curve is usually called
Steady state
On average where does the work performed in most industrial jobs and household tasks fall in relation to the resting metabolism?
Less than 3 time resting energy expenditure
On average, where does the work performed in most industrial jobs and household tasks fall in relation to the resting metabolism?
Less than 3 times resting energy expenditure
Vitamins contain chemical energy for necessary for biologic work.
False
The measurement of oxygen consumption to provide an estimate of energy metabolism at rest and during exercise forms the basis of
Indirect calorimetry
Which of the following provides the most direct estimate of the immediate energy system?
Depletion rates of ATP and PCR in all-out, short-duration exercise
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
During aerobic exercise, the endurance trained individual does not utilize the ATP -PCr system.
Recovery oxygen consumption is also called:
EPOC
Chemical reactions that store or absorb energy are
Endergonic
An elite athlete, at his/her peak of training, is almost 95% efficient in terms of energy expended verses work produced during the mechanical work of his/her activity.
False
As the nonprotein RQ increases and approaches 1.00, the percentage of kcals derived from fat increases.
False
Differences in body composition (i.e. fat-free mass) completely explain differences in measures of anaerobic capacity between men and women.
False
Muscle cells store significantly more ATP than phosphocreatine.
False
Physical activity has no effect on diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT).
False
The depletion of which of the following substrates within active muscle fibers is the best indicator of an anaerobic challenge?
Glycogen
Which protocol has the treadmill grade increase by a constant amount (between 1 and 4%) each minute for up to 10 minutes, depending on the person's fitness?
Harbor protocol
Which tissues are primarily responsible for oxidizing lactate?
Heart and liver
What ultimately results from all of the body's metabolic processes?
Heat production
There are two primary subdivisions of fast twitch fiber, Type
IIa and IIb
Which factor stimulates glycogen phosphorylase activity?
Increase in epinephrine and intense physical activity
Which of the following classifications is not part of the physical activity ratio?
Medium work
which of the following nutrients has the lowest digestive efficiency
Protein 92%
During exercise of increasing intensity, when oxygen supply is limited, pyruvate gains 2 hydrogen atoms and becomes _______ to lactate.
Reduced
Which of the following factors is least likely to affect the air resistance on running speed?
Runner's gender
Examples of activities that rely heavily on ATP generated by rapid glycolysis include all of the following EXCEPT
Running A Marathon
Which of the following statements best describe how an individual should optimize their running economy?
Self-select the combination of stride length and frequency that is comfortable for their style
Which of the following can evaluate the energy-generating capacity of the immediate energy system?
Size of the intramuscular ATP-PCr pool
Which of the following is true concerning the relative oxygen use of the brain and skeletal muscles?
The brain uses the same amount of oxygen as the skeletal muscles at rest despite the large size difference
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of running into a headwind?
The energy cost of cutting through a headwind significantly exceeds the reduced oxygen consumption of an equivalent tailwind as one returns.
What is the unique property that enzymes possess?
They can be in chemical reactions without being consumed or changed in them.
Why do jump tests probably fail when it comes to measuring ATP-PCr capacity?
The muscle activation period is too brief
In the Katch test, what did peak cycling power represents?
The subject's anaerobic power
Which of the following is a 30 second, all-out cycle ergometer test commonly used to evaluate anaerobic capacity?
Wingate Test
when does the thermic effect of food generally reach maximum?
Within 1 hour following a meal
Variation in the energy cost of an activity due to body mass can be eliminated when the energy cost is expressed as?
a. Kcal. Kg-1. Min-1
What is required for more accurate estimates of total energy expenditure for activities with considerable variation in pace such as tennis, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, or basketball?
a. More-frequent measurements of oxygen consumption
While running, the impact force on the legs averages ___________ the body mass.
about 3 times
how much do ankle weights increase the energy expenditure of walking?
about the same as running
what term is given to the percentage decline in power output during the wingate test?
anaerobic fatigue
When does lactate begin to form in active muscle?
as soon as exercise begins
When does lactate production begin to increase in active muscle?
as soon as exercise begins
when does lactate production begin to increase in active muscle
as soon as exercise begins
For healthy, untrained persons, at what percentage of the individual's maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism does blood lactate begin to accumulate and rise in an exponential fashion?
at about 55%
What is the term for the values that indicate the net metabolizable energy available to the body from ingested foods?
atwater general factors
Which statement is false concerning metabolism? a) surplus dietary protein converts to fat b) excessive fatty acid levels can contribute to glucose synthesis c) excess carb intake converts to fat, d) carbs or fats can be used to synthesize nonessential AA
b) Excessive fatty acid levels can contribute to glucose synthesis.
No food in previous 12 hours, no physical activity in previous 12 hours, and supine rest for at least 30 minutes before data collection begins are important control conditions under which oxygen consumption is measured to estimate
basal metabolic rate.
which process is responsible for breaking down fatty acids?
beta oxidation
which process is responsible for breaking down fatty acids
beta-oxidation
Which of the following reactions occur within the mitochondria?
beta-oxidation Krebs cycle respiratory chain
Individuals who train for short-term, all-out exercise exhibit: a. Higher levels of muscle and blood lactate b. Greater glycogen depletion c. An enhanced capability to generate energy from anaerobic sources d. All of the above
d. All of the above
During recovery from aerobic exercise, oxygen consumption remains elevated due to all of the following except a. Replenishment of O2 in blood. b. Replenishment of O2 in muscle Myoglobin. c. Decreased levels of certain hormones. d. Elevated temperature.
decreased levels of certain hormones
As the average man and woman get older, the overall trend of total daily energy expenditure
decreases
The difference in work production at two different exercise levels divided by the difference in energy expenditure between the two exercise levels multiplied by 100 is called
delta economy
The most direct assessment of an individual's capacity to generate energy from the immediate energy system comes from estimating the
depletion rates of ATP-PCr using a muscle biopsy technique.
What substrate possesses the most plentiful source of potential energy?
fatty acids
An individual's increased capacity for aerobic exercise may be due to all of the following adaptations except a. Increased capillary density. b. More rapid lactate clearance. c. Decreased lactate production. d. Fewer mitochondrial enzymes.
fewer mitochondrial enzymes
What is the type of exercise test consists of progressive increments of increasing intensity until the subject is exhausted?
graded exercise test
Which of the following is not a test of the immediate (ATP and PCr) energy system? a. Graded exercise test to maximal effort b. Sargent Jump-and-Reach Test c. 40-yard dash score d. Broad Jump Test
graded exercise test to maximal effort
The RER measured during maximal exercise is _____ the resting RER value.
greater than
The term used to describe all energy expended during an activity is:
gross energy expenditure
as a result of training, the rate of recovery following aerobic exercise
increased
as result of training, the rate of recovery following aerobic exercise is
increased
What training approach applies various work-to-rest intervals using supermaximal exercise to overload the energy transfer systems?
interval training
The oxidation of this fuel allows slow twitch fibers to contract for extended periods of time.
intramuscular glycogen
The most common indicator of the activation of the short-term energy system is the level of blood
lactate
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
lactate
what is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis
lactate
All of the following are factors that influence energy expenditure during walking EXCEPT body mass. terrain and walking surface. footwear. handheld and ankle weights. leg length.
leg length.
The oxygen content of exhaled air measured during open-circuit spirometry is ______ ambient air.
less than
Phosphocreatine, under maximal effort, can produce an energy yield for
less than 10 seconds
Which enzyme is used to catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides?
lipoprotein lipase
Which of the following factors does not contribute to differences among individuals in their capacity to generate short term anaerobic energy
nutrition
When expressed in terms of milliliters of oxygen consumed per kg of body weight per minute, what does 1 MET equal?
o 3.5 mL . kg-1 . min-1
What constitutes the total energy of a system?
potential and kinetic energy
Which of the following is not another name for maximal oxygen consumption?
pulmonary oxygen uptake (correct terms are maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic capacity, maximal aerobic power, VO2 max)
What is the end product of aerobic glycolysis?
pyruvate
Which of the following prevents blood from flowing back into the heart between contractions?
semilunar valves
A study of cyclists found that those exhibiting greater economy possessed a larger percentage of
slow-twitch (type I) muscle fibers in their vastus lateralis muscle.
Calories represent heat energy regardless of the food
source
Intracellular and extracellular lipid molecules usually supply between 30 and 80% of the energy for biologic work depending on all of the following EXCEPT a. The age of the individual. b. The level of training. c. A person's nutritional status. d. The intensity and duration of physical activity
the age of the individual
The process of the liver converting lactate to glycogen is called
the cori cycle
what is rate of fatigue
the decline in power in relation to the peak value
what does obligatory thermogenesis result from?
the energy required to digest, absorb, and assimilate food nutrients
what is anaerobic capacity as defined by the wingate test?
total work accomplished over the test's duration
For a person of average fitness, with no specialized activity, which test protocol will produce the highest VO2 Max value?
treadmill run test
A highly trained athlete is able to generate high blood lactate levels during maximal exercise?
true
A linear relationship exists between walking speed and oxygen consumption only at normal walking speeds (between 3 - 5 kph).
true