Exam 1 VOCAB- psych 2, PSYCH STUDY GUIDE, Exam 2 - VOCAB, Exam 2 study guide - PSYCH, PSYCH - Exam 3 VOCAB, PSYCH Exam 4 - VOCAB, last learn smart PSYCH, Developmental Psychology, Developmental psychology, Developmental Psychology: Perception (EXAM I...
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normal beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
resistant
insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by strong separation anxiety and a tendency to show ambivalent reactions
disorganized - disoriented
insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by the infant's dazed response and confusion about whether to approach
indirect effects
instance in which the relationship between two family members is modified by behavior of a third
Episodic buffer
integrates auditory and visual information; retains chronological order
Memory processing model
memory operates much like a computer to encode, save and retrieve information - Encoding - Consolidation - Storage - Retrieval
long-term memory
memory store in which information has been examined and interpreted is stored relatively permanently
short-term memory
memory store in which limited amounts of information are temporarily held
working memory
memory store that temporarily holds information when it is being actively operated upon
reconstructive memory
memory that has been simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual's experiences and attitudes; Memory is an approximate reconstruction
implicit
memory that occurs unintentionally and without conscious awareness
repression
mental process that involves removing unacceptable thoughts or traumatic memories from consciousness
regression
mental process that involves retreating to an earlier, less traumatic stage of development
defense mechanism
mental process used to ward off anxiety caused by conflict between the impulses and social demands
fixation
mental process whereby part of the sex drive remains tied to an early stage of development
script
mental representation of a typical sequence of actions related to an event created in memory
fast mapping
method allowing children to use sentence context to help make an educated guess about word meaning
artificial insemination
method of conception involving injecting sperm from a partner or a donor into the uterus
amniocentesis
method of extracting fluid from a pregnant woman to test for genetic defects
kangaroo care
method of holding a young infant skin-to-skin on a parent's chest, often used with premature babies
neuron migration
neurons migrate to their particular locations in the brain (layers 1-6) weeks 8-15
What are mirror neurons?
neurons that fire when an individual performs an action, or when an individual observes an action. - Biological basis for Theory of Mind - Imitate others - Allows quick understanding of other's internal states based on our own past experience
reconstituted family
new family that forms after remarriage of a single parent, sometimes blending two families into one
Episodic
personal, specific experience at a particular time, in a particular space
internalizing tendencies
personality style intense fear, social inhibition, often depression
externalizing tendencies
personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively
Pencil and paper tests
personality that can be measured
shame
personally humiliated
information-processing approach
perspective on understanding cognition that divides thinking into specific steps and component processes
behaviorism
perspective that conclusions about human development should be based on controlled observations of overt actions
sociocultural perspective
perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture; role of environment; Development is shaped by culture and interactions, challenge piaget
fetal period
phase of prenatal development from the ninth prenatal week until birth during which major organs begin functioning
embryonic period
phase of prenatal development from the third through eighth prenatal week during which anatomical structures begin developing
germinal period
phase of prenatal development lasting from conception until the organism attaches to the uterine wall
active gene-environment correlation
phenomenon in which children's genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek out and therefore experience
savant syndrome
phenomenon in which extraordinary talent in one area is displayed by an intellectually challenged person
APGAR
provides a quick assessment of the newborn's heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes.
Kangaroo care
providing warmth and skin to skin for infants by resting the baby on the mother's chest
egocentrism
tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and have difficulty recognizing other viewpoints
Holophrase
term for one word language where meaning is also conveyed by context, gestures and intonation
Reminicant bulb
term for people recalling more info from their teens and twenties than from any other time except the near present
TOT phenomenon
term for the failure to retrieve a well-known word or name from memory, combined with the subjective feeling that the world is known and retrieval is imminent
Syntax
term for the type of grammar where meaning is derived from word order
In the concept of cross-modal perception, what are the "modes"? a. senses b. motor skills c. stereotypies d. phonemes
senses
Environmental information picked up and transformed by ___________
sensory receptors
family life cycle
sequence of changes in family composition and relationships that occurs from marriage until death
deviancy training
socialization of a young teenager into delinquency through conversations centred on performing antisocial acts
age norms
society's way of telling people how to act their age
kangaroo care
soothing to the infant keeps baby close to caregiver
Memory is organized by ____________, ___________, and __________
sound (phonetically), letter (visually), and meaning (semantics)
prosody
sound pattern of speech, including intonation, stress, and timing with which something is said
middle generation squeeze
phenomenon in which middle-aged adults experience heavy responsibilities for both the younger and older generations simultaneously
perceptual salience
phenomenon in which obvious features of a situation have disproportionate influence on perceptions of young children
role reversal
phenomenon in which the aging parent becomes the child and the child becomes the caregiver
vocabulary spurt
phenomenon occurring around 18 months of age when the pace of word learning quickens dramatically
imaginary audience
phenomenon that involves confusing one's own thoughts with the thoughts of a hypothesized gathering for behavior
personal fable
phenomenon that involves thinking that oneself and one's thoughts ad feeling are unique
catch-up growth
phenomenon whereby children who have experienced growth deficits grow rapidly and resume their genetically-programmed growth trajectory
Echoic
term that describes memory of sounds; auditory memory - Afterimage of sound - you still hear the sound after it has occurred
Iconic
term that describes the memory of images; visual memory - EX: see lightning across the sky and if you close your eyes in the seconds after, you will see the lightning strike
empty nest
term used to describe the family after the last child departs the household
reliability
test's accuracy repeatability with same person
validity
tests accuracy real-world quality
Prosody
the "melody" of speech, including pitch, intonation, and the stress of certain syllables in a word or words in a sentence
Gifted
the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above - IQ 130 > = gifted & talented - Part of extremes, meaning there is a +/-3 standard deviation from the mean - Any child who is naturally endowed with a high degree of general mental ability or extraordinary ability in a specific sphere of activity or knowledge
Children: 6
the WISC can be given to individuals as young as this
Figure Ground perception
the ability to discriminate properly between a figure and its background
Deferred imitation
the ability to imitate and represents an early form of explicit or declarative memory
Transitivity
the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions; logic; relationship between objects EX: If A > B and B > C then which is bigger A or C (if allen is taller than bob and bob is taller than charles who is taller allen or charles)
cross-modality matching
the ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities - Meltzoff & Borton (Pacifier experiment)
Naturalistic intelligence
the ability to observe, appreciate, and understand the natural world - EX: Horse whisperer; Minister (in tune with nature)
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions - Taking other's perspectives (perceive & express emotion accurately) - Manage emotions (control anger) - Use feelings to facilitate thought (being in a positive mood) - Understanding the role emotions play (in friendship, marriage) - Manage emotions (control anger) - Understanding the role emotions play (in friendship, marriage) - Understanding the role emotions play (in friendship, marriage)
Phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
External locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate - more pessimistic - feel everything is out of your control
Meltzoff facial expression experiment & interpretations
- Infants imitate certain reactions - Challenges Piaget's claim that infants cannot imitate actions until about 1 year
Passionate Mastery
- Intense obsessive interest and passion to master - May be domain specific
Why do intelligent people fail?
- Lack of motivation - Lack of impulse control - Lack of perseverance and perseveration - Using the wrong abilities - Inability to translate thought into action - Failure to initiate - Procrastination - Inability to see the forest for the trees - Lack of 'product orientation' - Inability to complete tasks - Wallowing in personal difficulties - Distractibility and lack of concentration - Inability to delay gratification - Too little or too much self confidence
Mr. Digit man
- Larger short term memory for numbers - Unusual ability to recall information (especially numbers)
Why do older adults have problems with speed/timed tasks?
- Learn more slowly - Need to rehearse more times - Need more time to work problems & retrieve information - Slower reaction time
What was the alpha army test ?
- Lewis Terman & Arthur Otis (student of Terman) - Too many recruits for World War I (1914 - 1918) - Used to stratify between foot soldiers v officers - Very culture based **Modified Stanford Binet Test -- No longer used for strictly school instances**
Savant
- Limited mental abilities with amazing ability in one or a few particular areas - Extraordinary talent in a particular area is displayed by a person otherwise intellectually challenged
Distinct brain areas for each intelligence
- Linguistic: Broca's Area & Wernicke's Area - Interpersonal: Cerebellum - Logical-Mathematical: Parietal lobe (angular) - Spatial: Parietal Lobe
Scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance; structuring a learning situation so learning becomes easier. Giving guidelines, organization, dividing into smaller pieces. Asking questions to keep students focused and giving corrective feedback
Placenta
An organ, formed from the chorion and the lining of the uterus, that provides for the nourishment of the unborn child and the elimination of its metabolic wastes.
A middle-aged woman who is wondering whether or not to go back to college - and whether the financial investment will be worthwhile - will likely rely on ________ thinking to make her decision. a. schematic b. dialectical c. absolutist d. transitive
dialectical
zone of proximal development
difference between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he can accomplish with help
Cultural differences in birthing practices
different cultures have different views of the desirability of having children.
divided-attention task
difficult memory challenge involving memorizing material while simultaneously monitoring something else
presbycusis
difficulty hearing especially high-pitched tones atrophy of hearing receptors in inner ear
ADL problems
difficulty in performing everyday tasks required for living independently
basic ADL problems
difficulty performing essential self-care tasks e.g. rising from chair, eating, getting to toilet
instrumental ADL problems
difficulty performing everyday household tasks
the four types of identity status
diffusion foreclosure moratorium identity achievement
effortful control
dimension of temperament involving the ability to sustain attention and regulate one's emotions and behavior
surgency/extraversion
dimension of temperament involving the tendency to actively approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way
negative affectivity
dimension of temperament involving the tendency to be sad, fearful, easily frustrated, and irritable
Which of the following aspects of Piaget's theory is resistant to challenges from current perspectives? a. social influence b. genetic influence c. directionality d. individuality
directionality
socioeconomic health gap
disparity between health of rich and poor
Down's syndrome
aka trisomy 21; associated with 3 rather than 2 21st chromosomes; children with down's appear to have distinctive eyelid folds, short stubby limbs and thick tongues
identity crisis
distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society
dynamic systems theory
development perspective that sophisticated patterns of motor behavior emerge over time through a "self-organizing" process
cross-sectional study
developmental research in which different age groups are studied at the same point in time and compared
longitudinal design
developmental research in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over months or years
insecure attachment
deviation from normally joyful response of being united with primary caregiver, signalling problems in the caregiver-child relationship
living will
document in which people state that they do not want extraordinary medical procedures if hopelessly ill
Fails conservation
doesn't understand that superficial change in appearance does not change the fundamental properties of the object
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view; kids can only think about their point of view - 3 Mountains task
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
sensorimotor stage (birth-2 y/o)
in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities - Experience world through looking, touching, mouthing - Infant develops object permanence - Start with nothing, progress through period, get object permanence by end of stage
Internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate; within you - achieve more in school - act independently - delay gratification - cope with stress
Grouping rules
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups (closure, illusory contours, similarity, proximity, etc)
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Neural crest cells
the peripheral nervous system neurons develop from these cells in the early embryo
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information; the retention of information over time
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information; the retention of information over time
sensory threshold
the point at which a stimulus is strong enough to make a conscious impact on a person's awareness increases with age, meaning it takes more to tick off senses (ex. Louder sounds bc hair cells in the ear get damaged)
semantic
memory consisting of general facts
secondary circular reactions
Piaget 4 months to 1 year exploring external world
What does BSID-III measures?
current developmental functioning
thin ideal
media-driven cultural idea that females need to be abnormally thin
explicit
memories that involves consciously recollecting the past
episodic
memory consisting of specific events that one has experienced
eyewitness memory
memory of events an individual has personally experienced
autobiographical
memory of everyday events that the individual has experienced
family day care
neighbour or relative cares for a small number of children for a fee
neuron
nerve cell
Perinatal
the single term for events surrounding the birthing process
What must infants learn to develop morality?
*Dodge* 1. encoding of cues 2. interpretation of cues 3. clarify of goals 4. response search 5. response evaluation or decision 6. behavioral enactment MUST MASTER - Moral emotions - Self control
contextual contributors
*Stresses -poverty, marital difficulties *Culture -Differences in independence
infantile amnesia
- Inability to recall events (personal, autobiographical details) before age 3 - Immature hippocampus & prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Buss & Ploman
"Emily Acts Social" Emotionality Activity Sociability
pre-conventional stage of morality
"I hope I'm doing this right. I don't want to disappoint my teacher"
conventional stage of morality
"I just want to get through this speech without having anyone ask me questions."
post-conventional stage of morality
"My new approach to distributing food could end world hunger."
cognitive abilities
"Sam Pours Concrete Floors" - sensorimotor (birth- 2 yrs) - preoperational (2-7 years) - concrete operational (7-11 yrs) - formal operational (12 on) *Concrete and formal operations can use logic, first two stages kids come to conclusions without logic *
6 substages of sensorimotor stage
"rachel posts snapchats concerning the bears" 1. simple reflexes 2. first habits and primary circular reactions 3. secondary circular reactions 4. coordination of secondary circular reactions 5. tertiary circular reactions 6. beginnings of thought
identity v. role confusion
(12-18 years) adolescents must make the transition to adulthood, establish an identity, develop a sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity; otherwise, role confusion can result - Develop a consistent sense of self (who am i) - Includes the roles we have, the groups of which we are a member Adolescent Identity crisis Identity crisis Virtue → adaptive strength: FIDELITY (being true to source)
Echoic memory
(Memory for hearing): duration up to 4 seconds, sensory memory that register specific auditory info.
Turner's Syndrome
(XO) Failure to start puberty, sterile, underdeveloped breasts, short, variable severity of problems with heart, kidney Need hormone therapy: Growth hormone and estrogen
10 Environmental Risk factors that affect IQ
*The greater number of factors, the lower the child's IQ* - Minority - Head of household unemployed or low - Skilled - Mother did not complete high school - Four or more children - Father absent from family - Family experienced many stressful life events - Parents have rigid child rearing attitudes - Mother highly anxious or distressed - Mother was diagnosed mental disorder - Mother shows little positive affection toward child
Behavioral Inhibition: Jerome Kagan - Seems to have genetic basis: what is the number associated with IDENTICAL twins?
+ 0.82
Extremes for IQ distribution
+/-3 standard deviation - IQ < 70 = intellectual disability - IQ 130 > = gifted & talented (Or 120 + special talents)
How does HOME inventory correlate to IQ score?
+0.5 correlation
Correlation of SAT & GRE to IQ
+0.86
How often do students cheat?
- 64% high school students admitted to cheating in the past year - 93% still said they were satisfied w their personal ethics & character
Normal distribution for IQ
- 68% → 85-115 → +/-1 Standard deviation - 27% → 115-130 → +/-2 standard deviation - totals to 95% of people
general (g) factor
- A general factor that underlies any & all specific mental abilities - Is measured by every task on an IQ test - Contributes to performance on many different kinds of tasks - Accounts for fact that people are consistent across range of tasks (EX: g correlates to performance on 25 different academic subjects) - May play greater role in IQ performance SPEARMAN
What was Baddeley's update of the dual-store memory model?
- Added 'working memory' which included a central executive and several types of short term memory - Thinks Prefrontal cortex does more Includes the PHONOLOGICAL LOOP (with rehearsal), VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD, & EPISODIC BUFFER
Color Milestones
- Birth: can perceive different colors but not shades - 2-3 months: cones mature so can perceive shades of color, rods mature so can detect 5% change in brightness
What did chess & Thomas conclude?
- By age 3-4, temperament (easy or difficult) did predict poor or well adjustment in adulthood (39%) - Foretells adult personality
Depth: Figure creation
- Common Motion (4 mo): cue to the 'wholeness' of an object. All parts of an object should move in the same direction. ***motion helps! --> Use this to perceive contours and to detect depth - Visual Accommodation matures (6mo- 1 year)
What kind of thoughts promote conservation?
- Decentration - Reversible thought - Transformational thought - Non egocentric
What promotes moral growth? Also values clarification.
- Discussions of moral issues with peers, especially those who challenge your ideas - Advanced schooling — exposed to diverse perspectives (also cognitive growth) - Participating in a complex, diverse, democratic society where people weigh various opinions and appreciate that laws reflect a consensus of the citizens - Clarification & awareness of your position - Parents with higher levels of moral reasoning (Breed children with higher morality) - "Other role taking" (Creates empathy) - Knowledge of alternative ways of thinking (Understand different cultures, ways of reacting) - Discussions with peers (Your opinion is as good as their) - "Education breeds tolerance" (Higher level of education, more tolerance we have for other people) - Living in a complex society (Goodness of fit model)
Visual Scanning Milestones
- Early: follows outer contours, boundaries - 2-3 months- explore interior figure. Better at disengaging attention and shifting focus
4 steps of information processing
- Encoding: getting information into our brain - Consolidation: organizing & preparing for storage - effortful - Storage: retain information over time - Retrieval: getting information back out
Terms associated with Piaget
- Epistemology - Genetic Epistemology - Structuralist Constructivism - Organization - Schema - Assimilations - Accommodation - Cognitive disequilibrium - Cognitive equilibrium - Adaptation
infant preferences
- Fantz perception box experiment; infants like... - Light or dark edges - Bold patterns and sharp contrast - Moderate complexity - Faces - Top heavy design
Central executive is responsible...
- For transferring information into long term memory (rehearsal) - Retrieval - Pulling together all of sensories to form an experience (unified version of what we are experiencing) - Phonological loop - Visual sketchpad - Episodic buffer
intelligence quotient (IQ)
- General capacity that shows up in several ways - Memory, imagery, reasoning, verbal comprehension, judgement - Used to identify school children needing special attention
Script
- General event representations (GER's) - Routine daily activities such as getting ready for bed or eating at a fast food restaurant
Why is creole a true language?
- Has tense - Has word order (syntax) - Because of this, there must be something in the brain that is using it; must have critical period EX: creole cooking; combination of natives and immigrants (Louisiana)
How did Piaget develop his theories?
- Helped develop french IQ tests but noticed similarities in wrong answers - Found a regular and consistent pattern related to age in kind of wrong answer
Schemas can influence...
- How and what we encode - How we make inferences - How we process information - Even how we retrieve information
What do twins and siblings tell us about the contributions of nature (genes) & nurture (environment) to IQ?
- Identical twins obtain more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins do even when they have been raised apart. - Observed differences in intelligence can be largely explained by the genetic differences between them. - Genes need environments for expression - High socioeconomic status during childhood is associated with better education and health care, and these factors boost intelligence as well as provide opportunity for genetic influences to be expressed
tertiary circular reactions (sensorimotor)
12-18 month
How does empathy & role taking help with morality development?
- Motivates the development of other forms of morality - Allows the individual to take the place of another and feel what they feel - The contemporary perspective on emotions and moral development is that both positive feelings (such as empathy) and negative feelings (such as guilt) contribute to adolescent's moral development
Distinctive developmental course
- Music & athletics/childhood - Creativity/artistic productivity peaks late 20s, early 50s - Logical-math/later - Scholarship not until 60
Weschler Intelligence Scales are...
- Not culturally biased - Verbal & Performance Scales - Measures "g"/IQ and have subscores
At the end of the sensorimotor stage, babies have...
- Object permanence - Symbolic capacity - Goal directed behavior - Stranger anxiety
What are some things that promote development of theory of mind?
- Observing others - Practicing emotions - Understand that different people have different emotions - Understand that people act according to what they want
What are some reasons given in your text why the performance of older workers is not hurt by some of the age-related physical & cognitive declines?
- Older workers outperform younger workers - Good citizenship Safety
Phases of object permanence
- Out of sight out of mind (0-8 mo) will not search for object - Displacements 'A not B error' searches for object in the last place they saw it (8-18 mo) - True object permanence (18-24 mo) if they see someone hide object anywhere they can find it
Five factors in HOME inventory
- Parent responds verbally to child's vocalizations - Parent does not scold, criticize or spank child - Child's play environment is safe - Parent provides toys & age appropriate items to facilitate learning - Parent talks to child while doing household chores
Patricia Bauers 4 factors
- Personal significance - Distinctiveness or uniqueness - Affective or emotional intensity - Life phrase *Help a memory STICK in your brain*
How is OCEAN measured?
- Personality inventories, peer ratings, factor analysis - Myers-Briggs (normal) (More towards college students) - MMPI (disorders) (Looking for things that are pathological)
What else should be done besides reinforcing moral behavior and punishing immoral behavior?
- Proactive parenting strategies: tactics designed to prevent misbehavior & therefore reduce the need for discipline - Teaching your child empathy
Dual Storage Model
- Proposed by William James in 1890 - Short term memory and long term memory are different
Theory of Extraversion
- Reticular Activating System (in brain stem) - If I am an introverted person, have a lot of sensory branches which stimulate cortex and thus do not need extra stimulation - Extroverted people don't have many branches going off to RAS, there is less cortical arousal and thus find extra stimulation TO TEST... - Dropped lemon juice on the individual's tongue and put cotton swabs in the sides of their mouth to measure the amount of saliva produced by putting swab on a scale - Introverted people produce more saliva than the extroverted people for the same amount of lemon juice - for incoming sensory stimuli, there is more physiological response
What does you text say about IQ and job success?
- Scientists/engineers score higher than white collar workers (bankers) and white collar score higher than blue collar (manual workers) general intelligence - People w higher intelligence have better job success
What does the beginning of moral development show?
- Show distress when breaking rules - Exhibit prosocial behavior - Helping, sharing, comforting
What three types of tasks do older adults have trouble with?
- Speed/timed tasks - Unfamiliar tasks - Unused skills
Looking Glass Self
- States that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others - We develop our self through the judgments of others - Judging their sense of self worth based on how other people respond to them - Self based on how others respond to us - We see ourselves reflected in how others respond to us
Acts = ACTIVITY
- Tempo & vigor or movement - High: walk fast, jumps or bounce a lot, like high energy games - Low: placid - Most similar to milk-toast baby
Emily = EMOTIONALITY
- Tendency to be distressed - Same as "easy" or difficult" - High in emotionality = difficult, low emotionality = easy - Sympathetic arousal - High in emotionality = high sympathetic nervous system arousal = physiological display of emotion Two forms of distress - Fearful: try to escape - Angry: protest
Social = SOCIABILITY
- Tendency to prefer the company of others to being alone - High: like being around people → Very extroverted - Low: prefer being alone → Introverted
Cross Modal Matching (Meltzoff and Borton)
- The ability to identify an object only experience in one modality by using another - Infants as young as 12 hours old can engage in cross modal matching - Infants can form mental representations *Recognize through a second sense what is learned through another sense - Ex. learn letters visually, then draw letter on back and you can recognize by touch what you learned first visually - Oral to visual at 3 mo - Other integrations at 4-7 mo
According to this video, Autistic individuals do not do what 'behavior'?
- The behavior to predict/utilize theory of mind or mentalize - Can't track what others may feel or know - Missing the invisible GPS, must instead use a map — much more tedious & challenging - Don't lie, and don't understand how others can lie
Short term memory
- The funnel through which info must pass to get into long term memory - Holds a few items briefly - Limited capacity 7(+/-2) - PFC = prefrontal cortex
Tertiary circular reactions
12-18 months;"repetition with variation"; repetition with variation in an experimenting like way, interest in novelty, new ways to solve problems or produce outcomes
Identity v Role confusion
12-20 years
Critique of Piaget's Theory
- The stage model depicts children's thinking as being more consistent than it is. - Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized. - Piaget's theory understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development. - Piaget's theory is vague about the cognitive processes that give rise to children's thinking and about the mechanisms that produce cognitive growth - Sequence is correct, but ages vary greatly, more gradual change, context specific across cultures - Overestimated abilities in adults saying once got to 12 you do it all the time and that's not true - Underestimated younger children
Older adults have problems with what types of tasks?
- Timed tasks - New/unfamiliar - Unexercised skills - Recall vs recognition
Examples of Savants
- Twins George & Charles - Kenneth - Leslie → No formal musical training but can play flawlessly - OPRAH OR RAINMAN VIDEO
What were the 5 questions they asked that allowed Chess & Thomas to put babies into these categories?
- Typical mood (are they typically happy?) - regularity/predictability of biological function (can we predict behaviors of peeing, pooping, sleeping, eating, etc?) - approach or withdraw from stimuli (how do they act when exposed to new scenarios?) - intensity of emotion (do they get really mad, just a little upsetter stay happy?) - adaptability to change in routine or need to try new things (how easily can they adapt to change?)
Depth: Depth Perception
- Visual Cliff - Monocular Cues - Size Constancy
Positive functions of reflexes
- automated responses - neonatal survival - adult automation
Permanent survival reflexes
- breathing - eye blink - pupillary
Concrete operational stage involves...
- conservation - classification - seriation - transitivity
Causes of Truncated Hearing
- damage or loss of hair cells in the cochlea (inner ear) - Changes in auditory canal, ear drum - Loss of neurons in auditory nerve - Presbycusis may worsen with health issues
Aspects of personality
- dispositional traits - characteristic adaptations - narrative identities
3 Jobs of perception
- distinguish one object from another - locate objects - interpret
What are some of the long-term benefits of early intervention programs like Head Start & others mentioned?
- earlier application of education - healthier - more confidence and ability in coping skills and quality of life satisfaction - decreased feelings of depression, sickness and anxiety - less likely to be charged with a crime
Tanner's stages of secondary sex characteristics: MALE
- enlargement of the testes (testosterone produced) - pubic hair growth - enlargement of the penis - prostate doubles in size
EX of diagnostic reflexes
- extensor - flexor
examples of primitive reflexes
- grasping - stepping - babinski - moro
preoperational stage involves...
- intuitive thought - symbolic capacity - egocentrism - centration - basic categorization - concreteness of thought - concept of time but issue with degree of time
Parental discipline
- love withdrawal - power assertion - induction
Negative Functions of reflexes
- may interfere with motor function if still present - the wrong reflex happens
What are some improvements seen in adolescence?
- memory strategy of elaboration is mastered - develop and refine advanced learning - perform cognitive operations faster Older teens perform better than younger teens on highly complex cognitive tasks that require them t use recalled information - better meta-memory/metacognition
What are some improvements seen in adolescence?
- memory strategy of elaboration is mastered - develop and refine advanced learning - perform cognitive operations faster Older teens perform better than younger teens on highly complex cognitive tasks that require them t use recalled information - better meta-memory/metacognition - Effortful encoding at the time - We have rehearsed them more - Significant memories
autobiographical/reminiscence memory bump
- more memories of: recall of more positive memories than negative, of teenage years and in 20s - this pattern begins in 30s or 40s Why? - first time events stand out - significant memories - we have rehearsed them more - family stories
Early survival reflexes
- rooting - sucking - swallowing
Effect of expertise
- selective formal operational thinking - Usually expertise, allow to stand back and look at everything to see relationships and be more objective - People use formal operations in familiar content domains
Lev Vtgotsky's theory included...
- sociocultural perspective - higher mental functions - memes - zone of proximal development (mediation & scaffolding)
two parts of a reflex
- stimulus trigger - motor response
Jerome Kagan Behavioral inhibition
- tendency to be extremely shy, restrained, and distressed in response to unfamiliar people and situations - 15% of toddlers have inhibited temperament whereas 10% are extremely uninhibitied, exceptionally eager to jump into new situations - Biologically rooted - Individuals with inhibited temperaments display strong brain responses and high heart rates in reaction to unfamiliar stimuli Correlated to temperament at 5 ½ , 7 ½ & 13, but only about 50% in adolescence (due to release of new hormones)
Prosody
- the melody of the language - Pitch/intonation - Duration and timing - Adds emotion to speech - Change the sound, change the meaning EX: There is a dog...raising voice at end produces a question *The intonation of words carries a feeling/emotion*
growth spurt ending at
12.5 and 13.9
Trust v Mistrust
0 - 1 year 1st stage in Erikson's model; infants must learn to view the world as a predictable, safe place or face a future of guarded skepicism - Needs met - Attachment formed - Learns about the world - Learns about themselves - Virtue → adaptive strength: HOPE
Trust v Mistrust
0-1 year
Out of sight out of mind
0-8 month
out of sight, out of mind
0-for 8 months; if you don't see something for a long time, you'll eventually stop thinking about it; infant will not search for the object
Behavioral Inhibition: Jerome Kagan - Seems to have genetic basis: what is the number associated with FRATERNAL twins?
0.47
Truer form of empathy arrises
1 - 2 years
6 year attention
1 hour, more systematic
Attention at 6 years
1 hour, more systematic
Reflexive (Sensorimotor)
1 month
growth rate in first year
1 oz a day 1 inch a month
olfactory capability
1 week
'reliably' see the pincer grasp
1 year
Categorical self: Lewis& Brooks-Gunn - when do they classify by age
1 year
When does the Truer form of morality arrises?
1-2 years
toddlerhood
1-2 ½ years old intense attachment to caregivers urgent need to be independent
primary circular reaction (sensorimotor)
1-4 month
What support is presented for Gardner's theory?
1. distinctive developmental course 2. specific brain areas 3. Each intelligence can be destroyed by specific brain damage 4. Each shows up in exaggerated fashion in gifted & 'savants' 5. Intelligence is modular 6. Savant Syndrome
Deferred Sequence evident around
13 months → helps put things in logical order
At ______ years the child can remember 6-7 digits
13 years
Surfactant
A substance that allows the alveoli to remain open, making gas exchange easier. Babies born without enough surfactant are said to have respiratory distress syndrome.
At ______ years the child can remember 6 digits
10 Years
IQ scores have increased by 3-4 points every _______ between 1990 and 2000
10 years
Developmental use of rehearsal : ______% of 5 year olds
10%
What percentage of kids are classified as having an 'difficult' temperament?
10%
Difficult Temperament
10% a child's general responsiveness marked by a more negative mood, intense responses, slow adaptation to change, and irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination Really doesn't like new experiences, react negatively, cries frequently, irregular routine, slow to accept new experiences
When do children spontaneously begin to use rehearsal?
10% of 5 yr. olds 50% of 7 yr. olds 85% of 10 yr. olds
adolescence
10-18 (puberty to relative independence)
Average IQ
100
Infant intelligence is correlated with high IQ scores up to age _____ or ______
11 or 12
formal operation
11 years and up. Released from the restrictions of tangible and concrete. May separate recall from the possible, hypothetic/deductive reasoning.
There are _______ subtests and _________ subscales in Weschler's IQ tests
11, 2
one word stage, household language, holophrase, syncretic speech
12 month
walk holding on
12 month
age of formal operational stage
12+
Mobile example (Rovee-Collier): How many days can a 6 month old remember action for?
14 days (2 weeks)
Cooperation arrises
14 months
Helping arrises
14 months
Cooperation (infant morality)
14 months infants can participate in cooperative games, understand that they and their partner had shared goal
Helping (infant morality)
14 months infants will help without being asked
vocal spurt, error
14-24 months
Sense of fairness (infant morality)
15 months
Sense of fairness arrises
15 months
What percentage of kids are classified as having an 'Slow-To-Warm-Up' temperament?
15%
slow to warm up temperament
15% a characteristic mode of response in which the individual is relatively inactive and moody and displays mild resistance to new routines and experiences but gradually adapts - Milk-toast babies - Inactive, slow to adapt to new experiences but do eventually warm up, low intensity of mood
How long does short term memory last?
15-30 seconds; As long as you think about it - Limited capacity
crayon scribble
16 month
construct a tower of blocks
16 months
scribble with crayon
16 months
The Weschler Adult intelligence scale (WAIS) is intended for what age group?
16 year & > (adult)
WAIS-IV →
16 year & > (adult)
walk up stairs
17-22 month
walks up steps
17-22 months
Categorical self: Lewis& Brooks-Gunn - when do they classify by all
18 - 24 months
Categorical self: Lewis& Brooks-Gunn - when do they classify by characteristics
18 - 24 months
MORAL DEVELOPMENT How old are they when they begin... - Show distress when breaking rules - Exhibit prosocial behavior - Helping, sharing, comforting
18 - 24 months
Moral development develops around
18 - 24 months
Positive Rouge Test apparent around
18 - 24 months
block tower
18 month
Categorical self: Lewis& Brooks-Gunn - when do they classify by gender
18 months
THEORY OF MIND PRECURSOR - Pretend play: begins around ______ to _______
18 months to 2 years
beginning thought (sensorimotor)
18-24 month
true object permeance
18-24 month
two word stage, telegraphic speech, functional grammar
18-24 month
true object permanence
18-24 months; infant is able to search and find object anywhere it is hidden
Beginning of thought
18-24 months; use symbols 'internal representation' of objects, has insight to to solve problems naturally achieves; realization of permanent existence of objects; realize that objects have a spatial relationship; realize relation between actions and their consequences; Time sequences
Jean Piaget
1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
what was the purpose of the first IQ test, where was it developed?
1905 France Identify "dull" children who might need special instruction - Predicting school achievement → identify children who might need help
Harry Harlow
1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)
Mobile example (Rovee-Collier): How many days can a 3 month old remember action for?
7 days (1 week)
When did subscales for the WAIS come around?
1949
holophrase
1st clear evidence of language babies use a single word to communicate a sentence or complete thought
social smile
1st real smile 2 months old
telegraphic speech
1st stage of combining words pares down to essential words
A 2-3 y/o can remember _ digits
2
Promoting child morality occurs
2 - 12 years
Promoting child morality occurs between...
2 - 12 years old
Mobile example (Rovee-Collier): How many days can a 2 month old remember action for?
2 days
Digit span for 2-3 years
2 digits
brightness detection of 5% change
2 month
campos (perceive depth)
2 month
Cued recall begins around
2 months
ages/times in the Rovee-Collier kicking to move mobile experiment
2 months old = 2 days 3 months old = 7 days 6 months old = 14 days 18 months = 90 days
Able to comfort someone who is sad
2 years
Before _______, altruistic rather than selfish motivations
2 years
at what age are children prosocial?
2 years
WPPSI-IV →
2 years 6 Months - 7 years 7 months
Weschler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
2 years 6 Months - 7 years 7 months
Promoting child morality occurs between ______ & ________
2-12 years
Growth rate from 2 years to puberty
2-3 inches 5-6 lbs per year
lift head while on stomach
2-3 month
Lifts head while lying on stomach
2-3 months
At ______ years the child can remember 2 digits
2-3 years
language explosion, complete sentence, modulation of meaning, overgeneralization
2-3 years
Age progression of digit span
2-3 yrs = 2 digits 5 yrs = 4 digits 7 yrs = 5 digits 10 yrs = 6 digits 13 yrs = 6 - 7 digits
preschool period
2-5 years old, "toddlers" children who have begun to walk and are age 1-3.
ages for preoperational stage
2-7 years
preoperational
2-7 years
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for information and events occurring prior to the incident that caused the amnesia.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
20 - 40 years Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families - Emotional closeness - adult attachment - Core of this stage: trust and vulnerability - If intimacy = comfortable in relationships - If isolation = hesitant to form close relationships Adaptive strength = LOVE
average length at birth
20 inches
length of newborn
20" long
Identity achievement of 18 year olds
20%
kick ball
20-24 month
kicks ball
20-24 months
Intimacy v. Isolation
20-40 years
Behavioral Inhibition: Jerome Kagan - Long to warm up, retreat and fret
21 months
how far along in gestation (how many weeks) should the pregnancy be in order for over 50% of the babies to survive -this is sometimes called the 'age of viability'?
23 weeks
grandparent and grandchild, aunt or uncle and niece or nephew and half-brothers/sisters share __% of their genes in common on average
25
brain weight newborn
25% adult
early adulthood
25-40 years (adult roles are established)
At ______ years the child can remember 5 digits
7 years
ages for concrete operational stage
7-11
weight at two years
27-30 lbs
Average weight at age 2
27-30 pounds
infantile Amnesia occurs before age ______ due to hippocampus and PFC immaturity
3
Carmen is so happy that her son Miguel will be born in May. She's looking forward to sitting in her backyard garden with him. How old will Miguel be when he can see the same rich colors in the garden that Carmen sees? a. 2 month b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 9 months
3 Months
cross modal matching oral to visual
3 month
when does hearing improve in infants
3 month
fetus
3 months to birth maturation
embryo
3 weeks - 8 weeks organogenesis heart beats (1 month) internal sexual differentiation (7-8 week) eyes, ears, nose, mouth, limb buds (2 months) teratogens
walk or run in a straight line, engage in mature skipping
3 years (kindergarten)
concrete operational
7-11 years
weight at birth
7-7.5 lbs
word segmentation
7.5 month
Internal stable - lack of ability
Low achievers believe their FAILURES are due to this.
adolescent attention
3-4 hour, multitask
roll over
3-4 months
rolls over
3-4 months
cooing (primary circular rxn)
3-5 weeks
Old age may last
30-40 years
Autobiographical memory bump/"reminiscence bump" begins around
30s and 40s
In creativity development, producing many different ideas drops off in what grade?
3rd
what is a strategy
A mental activity to improve processing of information (and therefore the remembering of it)
Recall v Recognition
4 Year old - Recall: 2-4 items - Recognize: 11-12 items 8-10 year old - Recall: 6-9 items - Recognize: 12 Adult - Recall 10-11 - Recognize: 12
Digit span for 5 years
4 digits
babble
4 month
Behavioral Inhibition: Jerome Kagan - wriggle and fret
4 months
When does the Bailey/Developmental Quotient occur?
4 weeks to 42 months
Identity achievement of 15 year olds
4%
What percent of college students have achieved a clear sense of identity?
4% of 15 year olds 20% of 18 year olds 40% of college students 58% of 24 year olds
ulnar grasp
4-6 month
ulnar grasp
4-6 months
skipping
4-6 years
cross modal matching all other senses
4-7 month
sit up with help
4-7 month
secondary circular reactions (sensorimotor)
4-8 month
Secondary circular reactions
4-8 months; "direct activity outside themselves"; repetition of interesting or rewarding acts of objects in environment (i.e. shake rattle, move mobile, produce results in environment)
About 85% of _________ passed false belief task
4-year-olds
Nearly __ percent of American high school graduates complete four years of college or more
40
Identity achievement of college students
40%
What percentage of kids are classified as having an 'easy' temperament?
40%
Easy Temperament
40% - regular, adaptable, and happy - Positive mood, regular routines, easily adapt to new experiences
Generativity vs. Stagnation
40-65 Years Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service Sense of purpose & productivity - Genes: am I producing something that lives on after me? - Generation: Have a universal sense of responsibility toward all human beings; provide strength and support to the next generation so it can come to face ultimate concerns in its own way - Stagnation: taking care of themselves is all they can manage - Generate: am I being productive or stagnating Adaptive strength = CARE
middle adulthood
40-65 years
A 7 y/o can remember _ digits
5
By __ months of age, infants realize that their sounds have an effect on their caregivers' behavior
5
Big Five
5 core psychological predispositions of personality 1. neuroticism 2. extraversion 3. openness to experience 4. conscientiousness 5. agreeableness
Digit span for 7 years
5 digits
At ______ years the child can remember 4 digits
5 years
Behavioral Inhibition: Jerome Kagan - Correlated to temperament at ______ , _______ & ________, but only about 50% in adolescence
5 ½ , 7 ½ & 13
% of people that completed high school in 1895
5%
because siblings receive half of their genes from the same mother and half from the same father, their average genetic resemblance to each other is __%
50
Developmental use of rehearsal : ______% of 7 year olds
50%
brain weight at 2 years
50% adult
2 year height
50% height
You have __% of your genes in common with your mother, __% like your father
50; 50
Identity achievement of 24 year olds
58%
WISC-IV →
6 - 16 years
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is intended for what age group?
6 - 16 years
Digit span for 10 years
6 digits
Amniocentesis
A method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects
localizes sound
6 month
THEORY OF MIND PRECURSOR Indications that infants at _________ can distinguish between people and objects
6 months
developing lens accommodation
6 months- 1 year
middle childhood
6-10 (or until the onset of puberty)
How old are you when you know conservation of liquid, mass, and number?
6-7
a 13y/o can remember __ digits
6-7
When does implantation occur?
6-7 days after fertilization (conception) zygote
Digit span for 13 years
6-7 digits
fear of drop off
6-7 month
conservation of liquid, mass, number
6-7 years
crawl
6-8 month
sit up without help
6-8 month
crawling
6-8 months
sits without support
6-8 months
Deferred imitation evident around
6-9 months
late adulthood
65 years and older
Integrity v depair
65+ years
integrity vs despair
65+ years Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives Evaluation of life: Satisfaction or failure Adaptive strength = WISDOM
In creativity development, originality drops off in what grade?
6th
Amount that can be help in short term memory
7 +/- 2
Average weight at birth
7 - 7 1/2 pounds
margining, phoneme discrimination, comprehend before production
8-10 month
coordination of second schemas (sensorimotor)
8-12 month
Coordination of secondary schemas
8-12 months; "more complete acts"; GOAL ORIENTED combination of related schema, combine actions to solve problems, put down one object to grasp another INTENTIONALITY
A not B error
8-18 month
Displacements
8-18 months; 'A not B error'; searches for object in the last place they saw it
Object permanence as A-not-B error evident at
8-9 months old
% of people that complete high school now
85%
Developmental use of rehearsal : ______% of 10 year olds
85%
pincer grasp
9 month
THEORY OF MIND PRECURSOR - Joint attention: beginning around _________, infants and caregivers both look at the same object at the same time
9 months
walks holding on
9 months
use household tools
9 years
Atkinson and Shiffrin Model
A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory (sensory, short term, long term) through which info passes in a sequential way as it is processed
How old are you when you know conservation of area?
9-10
conservation of area
9-10 years
At what age do children spontaneously use organization?
9-10 years olds
How old are you when you know conservation of volume?
9-12
conservation of volume
9-12 years
Mobile example (Rovee-Collier): How many days can a 18 month old remember action for?
90 days (3 months)
brain weight at 5 years
90% adult
Syphilis
A bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact that starts as a painless sore
ATTACHMENT
A strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion, forms a base for exploration and can affect future development.
Mutation
A change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes
Sex-linked
A characteristic is influenced by single genes located on the sex chromosomes rather than on the other 22 pairs of chromosomes. Example: Red/green color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy- duchenne's type, some forms of deafness and night blindness
Evocative gene-environment correlations
A child's genotype also evokes certain kinds of reactions from other people. The smiley, sociable baby is likely to get more smiles, hugs and social stimulation, and more opportunities to build social skills than the wary, shy baby.
Karyotype
A chromosomal portrait created by staining chromosomes, photographing them under a high-power microscope, and arranging them into a predetermined pattern. Humans have 23 total pairs, 46 in total (when not in pairs)
Language
A communication system in which a limited number of symbols can be combined according to agreed upon rules to produce an infinite number of messages
visuospatial sketchpad
A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information - visual and spatial info
glaucoma
A condition in which increased fluid pressure in the eye damages the optic nerve, leading to blindness.
infertility
A couple's inability to get pregnant after a year of trying to do so.
Rubella
A disease that has little effect on a pregnant woman but may cause several serious birth defects such as blindness, deafness, and mental retardation, in unborn children exposed in the first 3 to 4 months of gestation; German measles.
Meiosis
A form of cell division that causes genetic variation, sexual reproduction uses this, 2N parent cell, DNA duplicates, 4 daughter cells have half number of chromosomes as parent cells (1N), mechanism by which gametes (egg and sperm) are made
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A group of symptoms commonly observed in the offspring of mothers who use alcohol heavily during pregnancy, including a small head, widely spaced eyes, and mental retardation
Muscular dystrophy
A hereditary condition marked by progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles
anoxia
A lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain that may result in neurological damage or death
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated; Full complex language with grammar - Created by children exposed to pidgin - Immigrant children
Recessive characteristics
A less powerful gene whose effects can be masked by a stronger gene. The trait is expressed only if that allele is present in both copies of the gene. Example: PKU, blue eyes
mild cognitive impairment
A level of memory loss between normal loss with age and pathological loss from disease
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. - The mental process of retrieval of information about the past, generally without any clues - EX: Fill in the blank
cerebral palsy
A neurological disability caused by anoxia that is associated with difficulty controlling muscle movements
PEER
A person who functions at a level of behavioral complexity similar to yourself; your social equal.
Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive Sociable vs retiring Fun loving vs sober Affectionate vs reserved
Conscientiousness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized - awareness Organized vs disorganized Carefulness vs careless Disciplined vs impulsive
Dominant characteristics
A powerful gene that will be expressed phenotypically and masks the effect of a less powerful gene. The trait will be expressed if that allele is present in one or both of the two copies of the gene. Example: Huntington's chorea, brown eyes
define learning (caused by environmental influence)
A relatively permanent changes in thoughts, feelings or behavioral potential that results from a person's experiences or practice
structured observation
A research method in which scientists create special conditions designed to elicit the behavior of interest
correlational method
A research technique that involves determining whether two or more variables are related
What is a gene & what does it code for
A segment of DNA that tells the cell how to build a protein, it codes for synthesis of a protein
Pigdin
A simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages; Makeshift combination of two languages; Groups of people without a common language or interpreter - For practical tasks - NOT a true language
Morula
A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization.
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
A test of how infants process information, including encoding attributes of objects and seeing similarities and differences across objects.
Chromosome
A threadlike structure made up of genes; in humans, there are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell
EUTHANASIA
A true, good or painless death.
Amnion
A watertight membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, regulating its temperature and cushioning it against injuries
amnion
A watertight membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, regulating its temperature and cushioning it against injuries
developmental quotient (DQ)
A way to measure infant IQ by evaluating... - Motor, language, personal social, adaptive - NOT CORRELATED WITH LATER IQ
What is a strategy?
A way to process information in order for later recall - Examples Note-taking Underlining or highlighting - Make more deliberate use of strategies unconsciously learned in childhood - Use existing strategies more selectively
viability
Ability of the fetus to survive outside the womb
formal operational stage
Piaget 4th (final) stage age 12 teenagers' ability to reason abstractly and scientifically
What did Marcia add to Erikson's Identity stages?
Adolescent Identity Development
Causes of LBW (low birth weight) babies:
Age of mother (very young or older) Low socioeconomic status of mother, linked with poor nutrition and inadequate prenatal care Race: black women are twice as likely as white women to experience premature delivery Prior premature deliveries, which may indicate underlying and persistent health conditions Tobacco or alcohol use
Teratogens
Agents (chemical or viral) that reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
The Bailey
Ages 4 weeks to 42 months Sub scales: - Cognitive Language - Motor - Social - Emotional - Adaptive behavior
What did Dodge believe made kids aggressive?
Aggressive children aren't doing one or more of these steps
What is external memory?
Aids that help orient the client such as, Large clocks, large calendar, radio - Use external strategies to improve memory Examples: - Calendars - Written or digital notes - Establishing a set routine - Using environment itself as an aid - Always putting... Your keys on the table by the door or You're glasses on the night stand - Pill boxes
None (Me-Id)
Ain't got no justice - I should get it because I want it - Justify: I get 4 cookies, I'm 4! - Children don't have the capability of thinking of other children - limited sense of justice and morality (One child gets all 4 cookies because they are 4 years old)
pre operational thinking
Piaget ages 2-7 inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually
Changes in Girl's IQ according to SES
All start above 100 (high SES starts highest, med is in between, lowest SES starts right above 100) - High SES: gradual incline in IQ, very slight - Medium SES: gradual decline - Low SES: lot of decline but ends up higher than the lowest point
Changes in Boy's IQ according to SES
All start kind of low, below 100 - High SES: gradual incline in their IQ, but still lower than peak - Medium SES: their IQ stays the same - Low SES: gradual decline in SES
Desire
Allison Gopnick; broccoli vs cracker experiment showed that children 18-24 months old have developed this psychology stage in Theory of mind Development
Health Care Power Of Attorney
An Advanced Directive where the patient delegates the authority to make healthcare decisions to someone else.
Mediation
An adult proposes meanings and interpretations of objects and events. Include concepts knowledge skills and strategies. - Encourages children to think about event in a certain way
Undiscriminating Social responsiveness
An early stage of attachment where the baby will respond to anyone who is nice to them and taking care of their needs.
Critical period
An optimal period for development of specific physical or cognitive capabilities
apgar test
Assessment of the newborn's heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes immediately after birth
Thalidomide
Baby may be born with malformed limbs, causes birth defects, it is a mild sleeping pill for pregnant women for morning sickness during pregnancy.
Filtering Problems
Background noise interferes - PFC issue
____________ added 'working memory' to the information -processing model, which included a central executive and several types of short term memory
Baddeley
selective optimization with compensation
Balte: successful aging 1. focus on what is important 2. work harder to perform well in top ranking areas 3. relying on external aids to cope effectively
Social learning
Bandura Environment influences how you act and what you do
social cognitive theory
Bandura's hypothesis that active processing of information plays a critical role in learning, behavior, and development
What children were involved in Chess & Thomas' experiment?
Based off of the healthy, normal babies
Need
Basic requirement for survival They need it -- - Person doesn't have a place to live or clothing, we give them some simply because they need it - EX: Child's mom forgot to pack lunch so we give them some of ours
General Adaptive Composite (GAC)
Bayley Scales of Infant Development score summarizing how an infant performs compared with infants the same age
Development may be studied by multiple disciplines
Because there are so many factors affecting development, the best way to understand it is when many disciplines, each with a different perspectives/tools, come together (psychologists. Historians, neuroscientists, biologists, economists, sociologists, anthropologists, etc)
Self Control
Becoming able to inhibit ones impulses when tempted to violate internalized rules
Altruistic rather than selfish motivations (infant morality)
Before age 2 - show happiness when they share, give treats to others - find altruistic behavior intrinsically rewarding
Psychometric/Trait
Big 5 (OCEAN) Personality Traits are stable Personality is relatively enduring patterns of thought, feelings, and actions called 'traits' Pencil and paper tests
What what the first IQ test?
Binet Test
progression of memory abilities over infancy & childhood
Birth - Habituation (becoming bored, leaning not to respond) - Recognition - Classical and operant conditioning - Imitation (facial expressions)? (Meltzoff Observational learning Seen in babies as young as 2 weeks old) - Some people say this is a pre-reaching reflex/response Cued recall Begins around 2 months - (Shaking mobile/Rovee-Collier) Cued dependent: reminders improve performance - Seeing mobile move Context specific: distinctive bumper pads make a difference Context cue The bumper pads where the mobile trick was learned occurs best where originally learned, not with different colored bumper pads See evidence of memory at a very young age Recall (end of 1st year) - Object permanence (Will search las successful place (A-not-B-error): 8-9 months) - Deferred imitation 6-9 months - Deferred sequence, 13 months → helps put things in logical order Repeated exposure (Forced rehearsal), plenty of cues (cognition) in order to place things in logical order Verbal, conscious, deliberate (2 years)
Sickle cell anemia
Blood cells are sickle-shaped rather than round; stick together, make breathing difficult; and cause painful swelling of joints and blood clots; common in African americans
External luck or ease of exam, Internal changeable - I studied hard
Low achievers believe their SUCCESSES are due to this
attachment in the making
Bowlby: 2nd phase 4-7 months old babies slightly prefer their primary caregiver
Smell
Breast fed babies LEARN to recognize mother by smell at (1 week)
BREAST FEEDING
Breast milk provides the perfect balance nutrients for the developing infant
Clive Wearing
British musician with 7-second memory due to damage to amygdala and hippocampus - still has procedural/implicit memory - can still play piano but will tell you he can't ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
Research suggests that neurons in _____ _____ are activated when seeing or hearing another person speak
Broca's area
Stimulants
Caffeine, found in coffees, teas, and many sodas, is a stimulant and diuretic. It can increase blood pressure, heart rate and urination. Heavy caffeine has been linked to miscarriages, higher heart rates, growth restriction, and irritability at birth
What might be some benefits to having a Theory of Mind?
Can consciously reflect on what they think and feel
Nicotine/smoking
Can damage a developing baby's brain and lungs
The verbal section of the Wechsler IQ tests includes
General information Identifying Similarities Vocabulary Comprehension Arithmetic reasoning Digit span
neural crest cells
Cells at the tip of the neural fold created from the neural tube become the PNS
the three parts of Working memory
Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuospatial sketchpad Episodic buffer
psychosocial/socioemotional development
Changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, like motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and relationships, and in roles played in the family and in larger society
cognitive development
Changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes
What are some reasons given for improvements in memory over childhood?
Changes in basic capacities Changes in memory strategies Increased knowledge of memory Increased knowledge of the world
Which is more important: changes in long term or short-term memory?
Changes in the short term/working memory contributes more to the developmental differences in memory capacity than long term Memory encoding - Encoding of sensory information improves over first several years - Related to maturation of the PFC and medial temporal lobes Memory consolidation processes - Show improvement over infancy and childhood - Seems to correspond with developmental maturation of the hippocampus Speed of mental processes increase over time until old age where they begin to decrease
How does infant temperament relate to adult trait?
Child temperament carries over to adult temperament
Active gene-environment correlations
Children's genotype influence the kinds of environments they seek. For example, the individual with a genetic predisposition to be extraverted is likely to go to every party, invite friends over, etc.
language acquisition device (LAD)
Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation; an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language; inborn centre of language. Born with area designed to understand and produce language, but must be exposed to language in order to activate
Clive Wearing and HM
Clinical evidence Episodic memory in both these men was severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia - ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA Difficulty recalling events from the past but their semantic memories were unaffected Procedural memories were all intact Different stores are stored at in different parts of the brain
Which component of moral development is emphasized in Kohlberg's theory?
Cognition - what contributes to the development of moral thinking and moral behavior?
Why did Dodge compare in his study?
Compared normal adolescents with highly aggressive youths
spina bifida
Condition in which the spinal cord is not fully encased in the spinal column's protective covering
Jerome Kagan
Conducted longitudinal studies on temperament (infancy to adolescence) Behavioral inhibition
External organization
Connect to something outside the information - Example: Acronyms & Mnemonics - System for improving and assisting the memory
What brain area is connected with each type of long term memory?
Conscious/ declarative/ explicit = HIPPOCAMPUS Unconscious/ procedural/ implicit = in CEREBELLUM
Adolescents are typically in what stage of moral development?
Conventional - specifically "Good boy, Good girl"
Adults are typically in what stage of moral development?
Conventional - specifically "legal"
Betty Repacholi & Alison Gopnik (1997)
Crackers (goldfish)/Broccoli Experiment
How did Lewis Terman revise Binet's original tests for use with American children?
Created new age norms for American children - To predict achievement in school given curriculum (Translated, adapted, and revised the Binet Scale; created new age norms for American children; used 'IQ' = MA/CA x 100) - Extended upper age range to adults - Used test to measure inherited intelligence - Thought intelligence was fixed, innate, or inherited (genetic) & measurable
Weschler
Created what is now the most widely used individual intelligence test. The series includes an intelligence test for children, adolescents, and an intelligence test for adults. The test includes separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed.
flow
Csikszentmihalyi feeling total absorption in a challenging, goal-oriented activity
individualistic culture
Cultures that emphasize autonomy and encourage children to pursue their own goals as individuals
Natural selection
Darwin's term for the evolutionary process by which individuals of a species best adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce
Survival of the fittest
Darwin's term for the evolutionary process by which the individuals of a species best adapted to their environment will adapt and survive
List & understand Darwin's main arguments
Darwin's theory of evolution sought to explain how the characteristics of a species change over time and how new species evolve from earlier ones. Main arguments: 1. There is genetic variation in a species. 2. Some genes aid adaptation more than others do. 3. Genes that aid their bearers in adapting to their environment will be passed to future generations more frequently than genes that do not. (this is the key principle of natural selection)
Who came up with the Weschler scales?
David Weschler in 1949
What occurs during germinal period (zygote) and when does the period begin and end?
Day 1: fertilization usually occurs within 24 hours of ovulation. Day 2: The single-celled zygote begins to divide 24-36 hours after fertilization. Day 3: The mass has 12-16 cells and is called a morula; it is traveling down the fallopian tube to the uterus. Day 4-5: An inner cell mass forms; the entire mass is called a blastocyst and is the size of a pinhead. Day 6-7: The blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus. Day 8-14: During the second, the blastocyst becomes fully embedded in the wall of the uterus. It now has about 250 cells.
Visual changes with aging
Declines in vision have implications for skill performance and everyday living tasks. - Lens changes: Presbyopia, Cataracts - Glaucoma - Age related macular degeneration (AMD) - Pupillary Miosis - Ptosis - Reduced ability to produce tears when aging - Cornea increases curvature (Older adults need more light in dim environments) - Declining depth perception
Hemophilia
Deficiency in blood's ability to clot; more common in males than in females
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the double helix molecule whose chemical code makes up chromosomes and serves as our genetic endowment; it is made up of sequences of the chemicals adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine
Postpartum
Depression that occurs after childbirth
Identity Diffusion
Describes a person with no sense of identity or motivation to engage in identity exploration. Associated with an external locus of control - postponement of identity crisis - No exploration or questioning - No decision - No commitment - Life may be chaotic, disorganized - Low levels of intimacy - Essentially drifting, directionless EX: homeless man living under bridge or at a house
Huntington's disease
Deterioration of the nervous system in middle age; associated with dementia, jerky movements, personality changes
Susan Harter's self-perception of mid-elementary school children focused on which 5 aspects of self-worth?
Developed self-perception scales for use with different age groups and has found that self-esteem becomes more differentiated or multidimensional with age 5 aspects of self worth: - Scholastic competence (feeling smart) - Social acceptance (being popular) - Behavioral conduct (staying out of trouble) - Athletic competence (being good at sports) - Physical appearance (feeling good looking)
What are the 7 key assumptions of the life-span perspectives?
Development is a life-long process Development is multidirectional Development involves both gain and loss Development is characterized by lifelong plasticity Development is shaped by its historical-cultural context Development is multiply influenced Development may be studied by multiple disciplines
Development is a life-long process
Development is not just "kid stuff", we can change throughout the life-span Development in any period of life is best seen in the context of the whole life span
how do developmental changes relate to the nature/nurture issue?
Developmental changes are the products of a complex interplay between nature and nurture. It is nature affecting nurture and nurture affecting nature. For example: biology (nature) provides us with the beginnings of a brain that allows us to learn from our experiences (nurture), experiences that in turn change our genes by activating or deactivating them
William Stern
Devised single number or score for IQ IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100 - EX: MA 6/ CA 6 = 100 MA 6 / CA 8 = 75 MA 6/ CA 5 = 120 100 = average (regardless of chronological age)
Spaced practice
Distributed study time - Better than massed practice
Age grade
Dividing life span into age groups, age group is given different roles, statuses, privileges and responsibilities
TIMING
Does it make a difference when you do something? Marry, graduate, have children, earn your Ph.D. S.O.D.s (start over dads) Older men who are having children Age grade, age norms
Maternal blood sampling
Has been used for a number of years to test the mother's blood for various chemicals that can indicate abnormalities in the fetus.
Antiepileptic drugs
Drugs such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine, used to treat seizures, increase the incidence of cleft lip and palate, and even birth defect.
tertiary circular reaction
During Piaget's sensorimotor period, the infant's experimenting with actions to find new ways to solve problems
secondary circular reaction
During Piaget's sensorimotor period, the infant's repetition of interesting actions on objects
Carrier
Has only one copy of the gene allele for a recessive trait. Does not express trait, but can pass it on to offspring. Example: hemophilia, blue eyes
What happens in the nervous system during the third trimester
EMBRYO -neural plate -neural tube -neural crest cells tube folds as it grows to create brain NEURONS -proliferate -migrate -aggregate -differentiate -form synapses: synaptogenesis -become myelinated: myelination -'pruning'
Inter Modal Matching
EX: Mother's voice matching female voice; Words lining up with movements of mouth
What are the three cell layers the embryo has?
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Self regulation
Effortful control Can they soothe themselves? Can they regulate their own emotions? EX: find attachment object, retreat, find parents, hug themselves, etc High or low
personal fable
Elkind tendency for teens to believe that their lives are heroic/special adolescent egocentrism
imaginary audience
Elkind tendency for young teens to feel everyone is watching their every action component of adolescent egocentrism
adolescent egocentrism
Elkind tendency of young teens to feel their actions are the centre of everyone else's consciousness
Dodge's six steps
Encoding of Cues Interpretation of cues Clarify goals Response search Response evaluation or decision Behavioral enactment
The brain is responsive to what kind of change?
Environmental change - EX: improving SES can improve IQ
What did Binet and Simon believe IQ was?
General capacity that show up in several ways Memory, imagery, reasoning, verbal comprehension, judgement Recruited Piaget to help with logic questions - Looked at various grade levels and formulated questions that could evaluate school success in school kids
Despair
Erickson; if you are ot happy with the way you have lived your life, in later years you will experience this
Mistrust
Erickson; stage achieved in infancy Trust vs this, where you learn about the world by having your needs met
Psychosocial Theory
Erikson proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands
role confusion
Erikson failure in identity formation lack of sense of future path
identity
Erikson life task of deciding who to be as a person in the transition to ad
psychosocial stages
Erikson's set of eight phases of development, emphasizing social influences more than biological urges
autonomy
Erikson: 2nd psychosocial task toddlers confront the challenge of understanding that they are separate individuals
generativity
Erikson: 7th psychosocial midlife when people find meaning from nurturing the next generation, enriching lives outside of work
integrity
Erikson: 8th stage elderly persons decide that their life missions have been fulfilled and therefore accept impending death
industry vs. inferiority
Erikson: middle childhood managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work
initiative vs. guilt
Erikson: preschool actively taking on life tasks
Strict Equality
Everyone gets same amount. Problems if it can't be divided. (EQUAL SHARE) - 12 cookies & 12 children - each get one cookie
2 key factors of Marcia's addition to Erikson's identity stages
Exploration: the need to explore/ consider options Commitment: the ability to choose/ commit to a particular option
anenchephaly
Failure of anterior tube closure, fatal
spina bifida/ pilonidal cyst
Failure of posterior tube closure
Affective (emotional) moral development
Feelings of pride or guild based off of the actions carried out by cognitive moral development
FASD
Fetal alcohol syndrome, physical and mental damage in a child due to alcohol exposure while in the womb.
What is selective optimization with compensation?
Focusing on central tasks, maintaining abilities and overcoming obstacles - 60 year old lawyer will avoid spreading herself too thin by focusing on area she is best at and delegate other types of assignments to younger workers (selection); - Put a lot of time into staying up to date in her main area of specialization (optimization) - And make up for her failing memory by taking more notes at meetings (compensation)
What is selective optimization with compensation?
Focusing on central tasks, maintaining abilities and overcoming obstacles SOC Framework to understand how older adults may cope with and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources
What should parents do to promote the development of infant morality?
Form secure parent-infant attachment Establish mutually responsive orientation - Close, emotional positive, cooperative relationship in which child & caregiver care about each other & are sensitive to each other's need - Parents who are responsive to kid will have responsive kids Discuss emotional consequences of child's behavior Promote between the age of 2 and 12
Baumrind
Found that parents who use consistent parenting styles are most likely to have children who have the best social skills in elementary school.
Psychoanalytic/Psychosexual Theory
Freud attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Who were stage theorists?
Freud and Erikson
psychosexual stages
Freud's set of five phases of development, associated with biological maturation and shifts in erotic desires
unconscious motivation
Freud's term for feelings and experiences that influence someone's thinking even though they cannot be recalled
libido
Freud's term for the biological energy of the sex drive
Causes of genetic variability
Genetic variation exists within a species Some genes confer traits that are more beneficial than others Individuals with those genes are more likely to survive and pass their genes onto the next generation Genes that help the person survive will get passed on more frequently than those that do not. The environment selects for those Genetic make-up of the species slowly changes. Variability due to sexual reproduction and natural selection
What does Goodness of Fit suggest that parents should do?
Get to know their babies as a person, and allow for their personality quirks
Encoding
Getting information in
Development is shaped by its historical-cultural context
Glen Elder researched the effects on the great depression affected later life courses/ development of the era's children Our development is shaped by how our lives play out over time in the social context of historical times in which we develop
Wisdom
Good judgement and advice about important but uncertain matters of life - Having lots of experiences & reflect on one's own decisions - Look at handling conflicts - Contextual (life, family, work) - Tolerance of differences - Recognition & management of uncertainty Promoted by knowledge base/life experiences Able to discuss & reflect on discussions
Immigrant testing was formed by who?
H. H. Goddard in 1913
HIV
HIV can infect the baby in the womb during delivery or while breastfeeding.
Because he was born when his village was under a wartime siege, Musa spent the first few months of his life hiding with his family in a dark cave. Now at age two he has less visual acuity compared to his peers. Why does Musa have problems with his vision? a. He has limited fine motor skills. b. He is habituated to darkness. c. He missed a sensitive period. d. He has developed cataracts.
He missed a sensitive period
The life-span development of health
Health is a life-long process Health is determined both by genetic and environmental influences Health - in its study- is multidimensional (physical, mental, and social functioning are intertwined) Changes in health involve both gains and losses Health occurs in a sociohistorical context and can be enhanced or constrained by them (lower socioeconomic status linked with poorer health and shorter life)
Who was Clive Wearing? What does he have in common with HM (the person learned to drive the car but couldn't remember doing so)?
Henry miller had much of the hippocampus removed from both sides of his brain as part of an effort to control his severe seizures. Henry would suffer from catastrophic memory loss for the remaining 55 years of his life. Henry experienced anterograde amnesia: he was no longer able to form new memories. Clive wearing suffered from chronic anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Internal, stable - ability
High achievers believe their success are due to this.
What did Dodge conclude?
Highly aggressive youth have deficits or biased Information in the processing at each step
Kangaroo care
Holding a young infant skin to skin on a parent's chest; often used with premature babies to help maintain body temperature, heart rate, and oxygen levels in the blood.
HOME Inventory
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment a measure of the amount and type of intellectual stimulation provided by a child's home environment
Response evaluation or decision according to Dodge
How effective is your plan of action? Will it make a difference? Is it socially acceptable? How is the environment you're in going to interpret your action?
Longevity
How long a particular person lives
theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner (1963)/L.L. Thurstone - Multiple intelligences - Interest in that area seen early on - 8 areas that have separate underlying neural areas in the brain
Which part of an infant will respond most quickly to being touched? a. foot b. neck c. waist d. elbow
Neck
conservation tasks
Piaget changing the shape of a substance to see if the child can go beyond the way the substance visually appears to understand that the amount is still the same
Memory Abilities at 4 years
Recall: 2-4 items Recognize: 11-12 items
intellectual disability
IQ < 70
intellectual disability
IQ < 70 = intellectual disability Part of extremes, meaning there is a +/-3 standard deviation from the mean - Problems with everyday functioning - First seen before 18 year (Not result of traumatic brain injury)
What is the formula for calculating IQ?
IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100
Average
IQ around 100 = average 68% → 85-115 → +/-1 Standard deviation 27% → 115-130 → +/-2 standard deviation 95% = total of average
WISC
IQ for children
Flynn Effect
IQ scores have increased by 3-4 points every 10 years from 1900 - 2000
Recognition
Identifying an object or events as one that has been experienced before, such as when a person must select the correct answer from several options
Marcia's 4 states of adolescent identity
Identity Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Identity Achievement
What is Uta Frith's Example of 'John's' behavior that is her example of Theory of Mind?
If John leaves the house with an umbrella, reason is not that it is raining, but that he believes it will rain
Rat pup study
If mother rats are nurturant and if they regularly lick and groom their pups and nurse them with an arched back in the first week of life, the pups grow up able to handle stress well. If rat moms are neglectful and do not provide this tender tactile care, rat pups become timid and easily stressed adults. The differences in pups' reactivity to stress were not due to heredity. Raising the pups of nurturant mothers with neglectful mothers and the pups of neglectful mothers with nurturant mothers demonstrated that it was rearing that mattered, not heredity
Encoding of cues according to Dodge
If someone knocks into you, you Inhibit motor behavior and see who it is
Who was Goddard?
Immigrant Testing (1913) - research psychologist at school for mentally retarded - used test to limit immigrants - Large percentage from many countries declared "mentally retarded" - very culture based *second example of using IQ testing outside of school*
What is the false-belief task?
Imortant indicator of the development of belief-desire psychology - shows child understands that people can hold incorrect beliefs and that these beliefs, even though incorrect, can influence their behavior - about 85% of 4-year-olds passed false belief task Assesses the understanding that people can hold incorrect beliefs and that these will influence their behaviors, even though they are false
What is the life-span perspective?
In 1960s/70s, Paul Baltes listed 7 key assumptions of the life-span perspective A perspective that views development as a lifelong, multidirectional process that involves gain and loss, is characterized by considerable plasticity, is shaped by its historical-culture context, has many causes/influences, and is best viewed from a multidisciplinary perspective.
microsystems
In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, immediate setting in which a person functions
macrosystem
In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, larger cultural or subcultural context of development
mesosystem
In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, set of interrelationships between microsystems or immediate environments
exosystem
In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, settings not experienced directly by individuals that still influence their development
zone of proximal development
In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction; what a learner can do with the help and this is the teachable area; Challenging, but not impossible tasks, promote cognitive growth - mediation - scaffolding
cognitive equilibrium
In cognitive theory, a state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas; can comfortably respond to new info with existing cognitive framework
implantation
In embryology, implantation refers specifically to the attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine lining, which occurs approximately 6 or 7 days after conception (fertilization). Many medical devices or materials may be implanted (embedded).
In creativity development, what happens to elaborating on ideas?
Increases through adolescence
What did Dodge believe?
Individuals mentally have to go through/process each of these steps before you can come up with social/accepted behavior
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Involves inserting a catheter through the mother's vagina and cervix into the membrane called the chorion that surrounds the fetus, and then extracting tiny hair cells from the chorion that contain genetic material from the fetus
Memory Ability at 8-10 years
Recall: 6-9 items Recognize: 12 items
Which type of parental discipline is best?
Induction
Moro reflex
Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement
insecure attachment
Infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation
secure attachment
Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened
What infant trait(s) or attribute(s) relate(s) to later high IQ?
Infants who are able to process new information and move on to the next 'new' thing may grow up to be more intelligent than their peers who needed more time to process new information - Maturational forces/processes - 7 month olds preference for novelty - Rapid information processing- Fagan test - Rapid habituation - Fast motor reaction times
Short term memory is _________, meaning unless you are actively thinking about it, you can recall it, however if you are asked to recall something from long term memory you will not because you need to make space
Inference prone
Age norms
Informal rules that specify age-appropriate roles and behaviors of each age group
Elaboration
Infusing with meaning - Look up unfamiliar words - Rephrase in your own words - Form associations between parts of the material - Emerges during adolescence
Understand
Interpret, perceive or view (something) in a particular way and give meaning
Spatial intelligence
Involves the potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas - EX: Michelangelo (artist); sculptor, architect
which is better, recognition or recall?
Recognition is better than recall Easier, more efficient, remember the most
What is meant by gene expression
It is the activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times; only if a gene is turned on is it influential; influences our traits
What is meant by short term memory being both a funnel and a filter?
It is the funnel through which information must pass to get into long term memory, limits what can go into long term memory. Finite size (shown by digit span, smaller in children, max about 7 items in adults. It is a filter because it selects what information we process, what we attend to (attention) and what we ignore (filtering), can work on or transform information, processes info to enable transfer to long term, decreases in old age.
Development is multidirectional
It was widely thought that development led in one direction: "mature" functioning Different aspects of human functioning have different trajectories of change
Mead & Cooley
Looking-glass self - self based on how others respond to us - we are reflected in other's responses
miscarriage
Loss of a pregnancy before survival of the baby outside the womb is possible.
truncated hearing
Loss of high and low frequencies. Problems with children's voices, and ch/z/s sounds; associated with presbycusis
The learning perspective developed by such pioneers as
Ivan Pavlov John Watson B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura
The cognitive developmental viewpoint is associated with
Jean Piaget
IMPRINTING
Joe Hutto would make noises to incubating turkey eggs and when the turkeys hatched they would follow him around. This is an example of_____?
Development is characterized by lifelong plasticity
Just like child development can be damaged in a deprived environment and optimized by an enriched one, this same plasticity continues on later in life, depending on environment and experiences Later-life cognitive benefits in maintaining/regaining cognitive skills is all thanks to neuroplasticity (the brain's ability to change in response to experience)
post conventional level of morality
Kohlberg highest level respond to ethical issues by applying their own moral guidelines apart from society's rules
conventional level of morality
Kohlberg intermediate level of moral reasoning people respond to ethical issues by considering the need to uphold social norms
pre conventional level of morality
Kohlberg lowest level of moral reasoning approach ethical issues by considering personal punishments/rewards of taking a particular action
IMPRINTING
Konrad Lorenz made sure he was the first thing geese heard and saw when they hatched. The geese would then follow him around. This is an example of_____?
Who believed that 'We can (most likely) teach children to reason at a higher level'
Lev Vygotsky
Who came up with Alpha Army Test?
Lewis Terman & Arthur Otis (student of Terman)
Who came up with the Stanford-Binet Test?
Lewis Terman (Stanford University) in 1916
Your 'life course is made up of what factors (lecture)?
Life Events timing of life events sequencing of life events duration of life events transitions caused by life events
What does Issac indicate for neuroticism?
Limbic system has a higher level of baseline activity if you score lower within the dimension
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Spatial Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic
What are some reasons given for improvements in memory over childhood?
Major hypotheses - Changes in basic capacities (Older children have higher functioning abilities) - Changes in memory strategies (Older children can better use memory storage methods & recall when needed) - Increased knowledge of memory (Older children know more about memory; EX: how long they must study, what works best) - Increased knowledge of the world (Older children know more in general — makes material more familiar & easier to remember)
identity statuses
Marcia's 4 categories of identity formation: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium and achievement
2 Processes of how Development occurs
Maturation & learning
March to their own Drum
May learn differently, usually on their own. May resist explicit instruction. Solve problems in unique ways
redemption sequence
McAdam theme of highly generative adults autobiographies describe tragic events that turned out for the best
commitment script
McAdam type of autobiography produced by highly generative adults involving childhood memories of feeling special unusually sensitive to others' misfortunes strong and generative mission from adolescence redemption sequences
central executive
Mechanism that directs attention and controls the flow of information in the working memory system
What is the autobiographical/reminiscence memory bump?
Memory bump: event is recalled at a later point in time due to some influences
What is her made up word for Theory of mind?
Mentalizing
Ultrasound
Method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves
Tanner's stages of maturation
Model used in the assessment of sexual development of preadolescent and adolescent males
What is MAMA?
Moratorium → identity achievement → moratorium → identity achievement
With the Flynn Effect, why might we be better at visual and spatial skills and slightly poorer verbal skills?
More video games and tv shows and less reading
Patricia Bauer's 4 factors (autobiographical/reminiscnece memory bump)
Most people believe that the personal significance of an event affects our memory for the event, that events of great importance to the self will be remembered better than less important events. The distinctiveness or uniqueness of an event has been consistently associated with better recall. The more unique an event is, the more likely it is to be recalled later on. The affective or emotional intensity of an event also influences later recall. Finally, research on autobiographical memory has revealed that people recall information from the life phase of their teens and 20s than from any other time except the near present.
Visual Scanning
Moving the eyes to focus attention on different locations on objects or in scenes.
What is the effect of expertise or knowledge in a domain (the Motzart example!)?
Mozart example - Doesn't think about it note by note; thinks of symphony as one
Poly-genetic
Multiple pairs of genes interacting with multiple environmental factors, rather than by a single pair of genes. Example: hypertension, diabetes
Tobacco
Name of drug listed in table 4.5 that can affect the fetus causing neural tube of heart defects
High cognitive functioning
Name one of the 'protective factors' listed in lecture and covered in the video that seem to prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease.
ANGER
Name the stage of the Kuebler-Ross five stages of loss/grief where you are mad at God for letting this happen to you.
DENIAL
Name the stage of the Kuebler-Ross five stages of loss/grief where you cannot believe this is happening to you.
BARGAINING
Name the stage of the Kuebler-Ross five stages of loss/grief where you try to make a deal with God to let you live longer.
neural tube
Neural plate forms neural tube at 25 days The back of the neural tube is the spinal cord becomes the CNS
rooting reflex
Newborns' automatic response to a touch on the cheek turns and begins to suck
Damon's Levels
None Strict Equality Merit Need Multiple Claims
Mitosis
Normal cell division which involves no genetic variation, body/somatic cells undergo mitosis, create 2 daughter cells genetically identical to parent cell, parent cell has 2N, DNA duplicates, 2 daughter cells have 2N (same number of chromosomes as parent cells and are exact replicas of parent cells)
primary circular reactions
Piaget 1st infant habits during sensorimotor stage centered on body
sensorimotor stage
Piaget 1st stage of cognitive development ages 0-2 pin down the basics of physical reality
Categorical Self
Occurs once babies realize they are separate. - It is becoming aware that even though we're separate, we exist in the world with others. - Babies first learn AGE and GENDER, then SKILLS and SIZE. - They learn concepts like traits, comparisons, and careers last Classify by age: 1 year Classify by gender: 18 months Classify by characteristics: 18-24 months Classify by all: 18-24 months
Locomotion helps to promote a child's development because it ________. a. builds selective attention b. supports form perception c. offers greater engagement d. refines gross motor skills
Offers greater engagement
INTIMACY
One of the basic three cornerstones, Sternberg's term for the friendship component of his triangular theory, characterized by closeness, warmth and a genuine concern for the other person, with trust and open communication. Know all 3 (+ passion & commitment).
SEPARATION ANXIETY
One of the specific indicators that this 'affectionate tie' has formed; peaks at about 14-18 months of age when the baby shows distress upon the departure of his significant person.
Big 5 (OCEAN)
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
chorion
Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; it forms the fetal part of the placenta.
Hearing Impairment occurs in what percentage of adult of 60 and over 85?
Over 60: 33% Over 85: 50%
What is the difference between PMS & PDD?
PDD differs from PMS in that it includes affective symptoms in addition to physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle, and it can be disabling—disrupting work and relationships
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
PRECONVENTIONAL - avoid punishment - Gain rewards (instrumental hedonism) CONVENTIONAL - Good boy, Good girl - Legal POSTCONVENTIONAL - social contract - individual principles
ambivalent attachment
Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.
The image of a dark, swirling column of air enters Dorothy's optic nerves. She realizes that the shape is a tornado and she runs for the storm cellar. This act of realization refers to which of the following? a. locomotion b. intuition c. perception d. sensation
Perception
Performance on which scale declines first in old age?
Performance - Because it is timed and they need more time to process and carry out - Fluid intelligence declines earlier and more steeply (Adults lose ability to grapple w new ideas/problems in middle age) - Performance on timed tests declines more - Unfamiliar tasks - Unused skills
Adolescent Crisis
Personality - Externally imposed morality → turns ito personal ethics - What kind of person do I want to be How do I want others to perceive me? (Is there a discrepancy between how we feel on the inside, and how we are perceived by others?) Career - Choosing a path - What is the nature of the work, training required, job opportunity, salary? - How will doing this work makes me feel? How is this work perceived by others?
Bandura's idea of reciprocal determinism
Personality is influenced by the situation/social context
neonatal
Pertaining to events or developments in the first month after birth
Perinatal period
Pertaining to the period immediately after birth. It starts at the 20th to 28th week of gestation and ends 1-4 weeks after birth
PKU
Phenylketonuria; lack of enzyme needed to metabolize phenylalanine in milk results in conversion of phenylalanine into an acid that attacks the nervous system and causes intellectual disability
A-not-B error
Piaget classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage (babies approaching 1) go back to original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place
decentering
Piaget conservation task concrete operational child's ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance
centering
Piaget conservation task pre operational child's tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and no take other dimensions into account
tertiary circular reactions
Piaget little scientist
means-end behaviour
Piaget performing a different action to get to a goal ability emerges age 1
artificialism
Piaget pre operational belief that humans make everything in nature
animism
Piaget pre operational belief that inanimate objects are alive
egocentrism
Piaget pre operational child's inability to understand that other people have different points of view from his own
circular reactions
Piaget repetitive action-oriented habits of babies during sensorimotor stage
concrete operational thinking
Piaget type of cognition characteristic of children 8-11 ability to reason about eh world in a more logical, adult way
sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first phase of cognitive development in which infants rely on their senses and actions
formal operations stage
Piaget's fourth phase of cognitive development, when the individual begins to think more rationally
preoperational stage
Piaget's second phase of cognitive development, when children think at a symbolic level but not logically
Accommodation
Piaget's term for changing your cognitive framework to fit new info
cognitive disequilibrium
Piaget's term for when a new experience or idea does not fit a person's existing understanding
concrete operations stage
Piaget's third phase of cognitive development, when children can reason effectively about real objects and experiences
reversibility
Piaget: conservation task concrete operational child's knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks is reversible
Conservation
Piaget; children demonstrate this when they recognize that a ball of clay that has been flattened still contains equal amount of caly as before
the performance section on the Weschler IQ tests includes...
Picture completion Picture arrangement Block design Object assembly Digit symbol substitution - Motor reaction time
Interactionists
Pinker and Chomsky - Gennie - "The machinery is there, just need to flip a couple switches" - Seems to be something in head that knows some super rules that contribute to the development and understanding of language
recall
Recollecting or actively retrieving objects, events, and experiences when examples or cues are not provided
Monozygotic/identical twins
Single fertilized egg (zygote), identical genetics, raised together or apart.
What are some characteristics of children who are gifted?
Precocious March to their own drum Passionate mastery Positive outlook Willingness to take risks
Young children are typically in what stage of moral development?
Preconventional
What part of the brain is heavily involved in the development of attention?
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
What brain areas/functions are necessary for moral behavior?
Prefrontal Cortex in frontal lobe Limbic system
What part of the brain is the major portion involved in short term memory?
Prefrontal cortex
PGD
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis; involves fertilizing a mother's eggs with a father's sperm in the laboratory using in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques, conducting tests on the first cells that result from mitosis of each fertilized egg, and implanting in the mother's uterus only eggs that do not have chromosomal abnormalities that associate with disorders.
In creativity development, which group is highly creative?
Preschoolers
Rooming-in
Procedure in certain hospitals which allows a newborn to stay in the same room as the mother following birth, giving the mother and child bonding time as soon as is practical after birth
fetal programming
Processes through which the prenatal environment affects the genetic unfolding of the embryo/fetus
What taxes their working memory?
Processing - complex information - large amounts of information - elaborate strategies used to process info Interference conditions - Processing requires two functions during interference - Ignore interfering stimuli - Focus on target stimuli Single channel, thus interference worse
Erik Erikson
Psychoanalytic psychologist, re-envisioned the psychosexual stages as eight psychosocial stages.
Stability
Psychometric trait theory = O C E A N - The Big 5 - Five dimensions of Personality
Stable theory basics
Psychometric/trait Big 5 (OCEAN)
Types of changes according to Piaget
Quantitative: number, more Qualitative: change in type, the way you think - Piaget emphasized this which was a new idea
3 major encoding strategies
REHEARSAL - Conscious repetition 10% 5yr - 50% of 7yr - 85% of 10 yr CHUNKING - organizing into meaninful parts. 7 chunks in short term memory ELABORATION - creating meaningful links beteen bits of information a person is trying to retain
Rosenzweig and Krech Experiment
Raised rats. Those in the enriched environment developed significantly more cerebral cortex.
memory ability as an adult
Recall: 10-11 items Recognize: 12 items
Source Memory
Refers to recalling the source of learned information Knowledge of when or where something was learned
Babinski reflex
Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched
meaningful learning
Relate new info to what you already know
Elaboration. What are ways you can 'elaborate' or add meaning?
Relate new info to what you already know = meaningful learning Some Ideas for Making Meaning: - Look up unfamiliar words - Rephrase in your own words - Form associations between parts of the material - Make up a story: each part leads to the next - Put materials in a logical order - Place the ideas on a path (method of loci) - Organize info, build retrieval cues - Visualize an image to help you remember the words or ideas ('Call Joe' example: Visualize a GI.Joe doll saying 'call me')
Can you give an example of a working memory task?
Remembering 7 digits
Prospective memory
Remembering to do something in the future, declines in prospective memory with age Selective optimization with compensation: To understand how older adults may cope with and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources 3 processes involved: selection, optimization, compensation
Prospective memory
Remembering to do things in the future - Stronger when there are cues EX:. an older person may require to write down to take pills three times/day
triangular theory of love
Robert Sternberg's model describing types of love in terms of passion, intimacy, and commitment
TRANSITIONS
Role changes frequently brought about by an event (ex) graduating from college, student → employee Getting married, single → spouse Having a baby, freedom → parent
Intelligence
Routinely measured with IQ tests Multiply defined High score on IQ test Adaptability Ability to solve problems (fluid intelligence) Success in school Job success Life success Others - what about... - Creativity - Emotional intelligence
How does socioeconomic status relate to IQ?
SES plays a role in IQ and what they are able to learn/ take away from their environment
Chumpship
Same sex friendship that develops in childhood with a person of the same ex - your 'best friend'.
How often does Levison say MAMA occurs?
Says adults go through this questioning phase every so often ("EVERY SO OFTEN" = 7 years)
Know the three components of & be able to draw the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory
Sensory register: which ever so briefly holds the abundant sensory information-sights, sounds, smells and more. | A (attention) | v Short-term memory: holds limited amount of information, perhaps only 4 chunks, for a short period of time | E (effort) | v Long-term memory: believed to be a relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of information
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Several symptoms experienced shortly before each menstrual period; a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)
Severe form of premenstrual syndrome that includes affective symptoms in addition to physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle and that can be disabling or disruptive to work and relationships
myelination
Sheath formed on neurons in fetal period - third trimester (month 7-9) Continues through early adulthood (early 20s)
What does 'dual-store' memory mean?
Short term and long term memory are different (there are two places to store memory)
Which is more important: changes in long term or short-term memory?
Short term memory because you can improve it. Long term memory do not change much with age. Changes correspond to maturational changes in the brain. Maturation of the frontal lobes continues throughout childhood and adolescence, bringing further improvements in working memory and consolidation of memories.
Fantz perception box
Showed infants images and watched their levels of interaction via eye movement, blinking, tracing, scanning, avoiding, etc.
What does modern research show relating to Erickson's theory?
Shows stage occurring in emerging adulthood
The psychoanalytic viewpoint developed by __________ _________ and revised by _________ _________
Sigmund Freud ; Erik Erikson
Development involves both gain and loss
Similar to being multidirectional It is believed that childhood is all gain and old age is all loss, but Baltes says both gain and loss are evident in each phase of the life span He also believed that gain brought loss of some kind and loss brought gain- they occur jointly
Social learning is a part of which big theory?
Situational
Small for date infants
Small for gestational age is a term used to describe a baby who is smaller than the usual amount for the number of weeks of pregnancy
Which of the following best reflects Gibson's concept of affordances for an apple on a table? a. something to taste b. something red c. something round d. something to see
Something to taste
Reasons for loss of early memories:
Space in working memory. Lack of language. Level of sociocultural support. Sense of self Verbatim versus gist storage Neurogenesis
Special abilities "s"
Specific to a particular task SPEARMAN
How do these other terms match up to the nature/nurture issue: heredity, environment, genes, experience biological basis, cultural influence? stability/change, continuity vs discontinuity
Stability implies personality traits present during present and infancy endures throughout the lifespan. Change is the "changes" in one's personality modified by interactions with family and/or experiences. All of these are related to nature/nurture because individual genetic makeup, experiences, cultural influence, heredity, environmental factors all influence a person's development.
Psychometric/Trait theory is a part of which big theory of personality?
Stable
Kohlberg's Conventional Stage
Stage 3 - Interpersonal acceptance orientation prevails; maintaining good relations, approval of others - MOST ADOLESCENTS Stage 4 - A law and order orientation exists; conformity to legitimate authorities - MOST ADULTS (some don't move past)
Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage
Stage 5 - Social contracts and utilitarian orientation exists; most values and rules are relative - maximizes social good Stage 6 - A self-chosen principled orientation prevails; universal ethical principals apply. - consider all points of view
"storm and stress"
Stanley Hall intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity and risk-taking tendencies in adolescence
triangular theory of love
Sternberg 3 facets: passion, intimacy, commitment
practical intelligence
Sternberg knowing how to act competently in real-world situations
creative intelligence
Sternberg producing novel ideas or innovative work
analytic intelligence
Sternberg successful intelligence involves performing well on academic-type problems
consummate love
Sternberg triangular theory of love ideal form of love couple's relationship involves all 3: passion, commitment and intimacy
investment theory
Sternberg's view that creativity emerges from a confluence of several ingredients
Costa & McRae & the maturity principle
Studied personality change - Extraverted as child = most likely extraverted as an adult
What are precursors and contributors to Theory of Mind?
Studies show that other animals have some beginnings of this same ability - Birds Primary form of empathy, but not the same
Who is Sue 2.0 & what is retrograde amnesia?
Su Meck started over at the age of 22 when a freak accident wiped out eery memory up to that point. Su 2.0, as her husband dubbed her, completed a college degree 23 years after her brain "rebooted". She has not recovered any memories from the first 22 years of her life. Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memory for information and events occurring prior to the incident that caused the amnesia.
SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome, aka cot death or crib death, sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age, usually occurs during sleep
attention in adolescence
Sustains and executive attention are very important aspects of adolescent cognitive development - 3-4 hours, filter, and multitask
3 mountains task
a child could say what they saw but couldn't explain what the adult saw on the other side, even after sitting over there because it isn't what they see so they explain what they see until a certain age
development
Systematic (orderly, patterned, relatively enduring) changes and continuities (ways we remain the same or reflect on our past selves) in the individual that occur between conception and death "from womb to tomb"
Dynamic assessment
Systematic examination of how easily a student can acquire new knowledge or skills, perhaps with an adult's assistance. - Vygotsky measures the skills that a kid has and its correlation to their learning potential
T/F: A striving for mastery or competence appears to be inborn and universal and will be displayed without prompting from parents
T
the Weschler IQ tests are _______
TIMED - Score is based off of how many you complete and how successful you are
P. Salovey & J Mayer 1990
Taking other's perspectives (perceive & express emotion accurately) EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
What tasks did the Binet Test look at?
Tasks that measured skills necessary for classroom learning, attention, perception, memory, reasoning, verbal comprehension etc.
Chess & Thomas
Temperament studies easy, difficult, slow to warm up
Prenatal
Term (other than pregnancy) representing the 9-month period of gestation
What did the Binet test look at and what did they aim to find?
Tested potential items and determined the age at which a typical child answered them correctly
Prenatal diagnostic tests
Tests that determine if the developing fetus has a certain genetic condition or birth defect.
List two instances of an 'IQ' test being used on adults
The Alpha Army Test Immigrant Testing
Ectoderm
The Ectoderm is the exterior of the first 3 primary germs layers of an embryo, which is the earliest stage of development for an organism
Chromosomal abnormalities
a child receives too many or few chromosomes (or abnormal chromosomes) at conception. (Most abnormalities are caused by errors in chromosome division during meiosis. Example: Down syndrome
Divergent thinking
The ability to generate new ideas, new actions, and multiple options and answers - Creative thinking
proportional thinking
The ability to obtain an answer to a proportion without solving an equation; fractions, decimals, ratios
Creativity
The ability to produce ideas that are novel and valuable Creative intelligence involves using those ideas to adapt to novel situations - Uses divergent thinking - Novel, but appropriate responses - Ideational fluency Talent & Motivation & supportive environment - Prolonged training...every day for 10 years (olympic athletes) - October Sky (movie) → Movie with kid who wants to be rocket scientist
Parturition
The action of giving birth/ child birth
SEQUENCING
The actual order of life events. Is there overlap, is the life course orderly? Do you have children before or after you marry? Is there an overlap between two events? Is the life course orderly (job, marry, school, kids, etc)
DNA methylation
The addition of a methyl group to the DNA's cytosine base. It may affect gene transcription through several different mechanisms, usually repression of transcription. The methylation pattern is heritable after cell division. Therefore, DNA methylation plays an important role in cell differentiation during development
Molecular genetics
The analysis of particular genes and their effects. It involves identification of specific variants of genes that influence particular traits and comparisons of animals or humans who have these genes with those who do not.
Phenotype
The characteristic or trait the person eventually has (example: height)
Mastery (growth)
The child who studies because he is interested in the material and wants to know it well is using _________ goal.
Performance (fixed)
The child who studies because he needs an A and wants to prove he can do it is using _____ goals
Sex determination
The determination of the development of sexual characteristics in an organism.
Gottleib's Epigenetic Theory
a theory relating to how genes and their products interact with the environment to guide development (as seen on last slide of epigenetics powerpoint)
Desire-Psychology
The earliest theory of mind - an understanding that desires guide behavior (for example, that people seek things they like and avoid things they hate). - Contrast with belief-desire psychology. Develops around age 2 - Explains situations in terms of desire ("I want _____")
Define natural selection
The evolutionary principle that individuals who have characteristics advantageous for survival in a particular environment are most likely to survive and reproduce. Over many generations, this process of "survival of the fittest" will lead to changes in a species and the development of new species
sensory register
The first memory store in information processing in which stimuli are noticed and are briefly available for further processing
What are the 4 steps in 'information processing'? What does 'dual-store' memory mean? Who first proposed it?
The first step is to encode the information: get it into the system. Second, information undergoes consolidation, processes that stabilize and organize the information to facilitate long-term storage. (facilitated by sleep) Third step is storage. The fourth step is retrieval: the process of getting info out when it is needed. Dual-store memory means: Proposed by William James in 1890. Short term memory and long term memory are different
What is meant by short term memory being both a funnel and a filter?
The funnel through which info must pass to get into long term memory It goes through this to get to long term, it also filters out info that is not necessary
Genotype
The genetic makeup a person inherits
physical development
The growth of the body and its organs, functioning of psychological systems including the brain, physical signs of aging, and changes in motor abilities
physical development
The growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of physiological systems including the brain, physical signs of aging, and changes in motor abilities
Anterograde amnesia
The inability to form new memories of recent experiences
moratorium status
The individual is exploring various choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them; Those who are unable to make decisions and commitments - Exploring and questioning, but no decision - Sense of urgency, anxious, but open to new experience - They may have trouble making up their mind / commitment EX: opera major looking at what is involved in being a top opera singer - finds she doesn't want that, so she needs to explore - Open to new experiences, but might begin to become anxious and have a sense of urgency to make up mind (EX: what is your job after your senior year of college?) - Doing things in order to find themselves - Questioning - Trying new things/experimenting Posting things on social media
HARRY HARLOW
The individual who studied the effects of 'contact comfort' by raising baby monkeys with a wire mother and a cloth mother.
CLINICAL
The kind of death that occurs at the moment the heart stops beating and respiration stops.
BIOLOGICAL
The kind of death that occurs when cells, tissues and organs die. Is irreversible.
Passive gene-environment correlations
The kind of home environment that parents provide for their children is influenced partly by the parents' genotypes. Because parents provide children with both their genes and a home environment compatible with those genes, the home environments to which children are exposed are correlated with their genotypes.
X chromosome
The longer of the two sex chromosomes; normal females have two X chromosomes, whereas normal males have only one
Depth
The measurement associated with an object's front-to-back dimension or extent of something from side to side.
conception
The moment of fertilization, when a sperm penetrates an ovum, forming a zygote. occurs in the fallopian tubes
TRANSCENDENCE
The name for Maslow's 6th stage where we are 'other centered' and have an 'inclusive consciousness' seeing ourselves as a small part of something much bigger such as humanity, nature, or the cosmos. Brings joy, peace & serenity.
Migration
The neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain where they will become part of specialized functioning units.
Digit span
The number of digits a person can remember. Digit span is used as a measure of the capacity of short-term memory.
DURATION
The number of years you spent in each life phase
Classification
The process of grouping things based on their similarities; includes class inclusion. Ex. fact families. (4+2=6, 6-4=2 but 4+6 does not equal 2)
Periods of development:
The psychoanalytic viewpoint developed by Sigmund Freud and revised by Erik Erikson The learning perspective developed by such pioneers as Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura The cognitive developmental viewpoint associated with Jean Piaget The systems theory approach, exemplified by Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model
Ideational fluency
The sheer number of different (including novel) ideas that a person can generate; a measure of creativity or divergent thinking Ability to rapidly produce a series of ideas, words, or phrases related to a specific condition or object. - Quantity not quality is emphasized.
Y chromosome
The shorter of the two sex chromosomes; normal males have one Y chromosome, whereas females have none
andropause
The slower and less-dramatic male counterpart of menopause, characterized by decreasing levels of testosterone and symptoms that include low libido, fatigue and lack of energy, erection problems, memory problems, and loss of pubic hair
emerging aduthood
The stages between 18 and 25 (even to 29) in which people often feel like they have matured past their teenage years but still don't feel like a fully committed adult
Life expectancy
The term for the average number of years a person will live
EMPTY NEST
The term for the family home after all the children have grow up and gone, now occupied by only mom & dad.
CROWDED NEST
The term for the family home when the children move back in with mom & dad after graduating from college - sort of a second adolescence
Lifespan
The term for the upper limit / max # of years a person can live
DNAR
The term/abbreviation for doctor's orders NOT to start CPR
belief-desire psychology
The theory of mind reflecting an understanding that people's desires and beliefs guide their behavior and that their beliefs are not always an accurate reflection of reality Develops between ages 3 & 4 Appreciate that people do what they do because they desire certain things and because they believe that certain actions will help them fulfill their desires Now pass false-belief tasks (Beliefs, true or false, guide people's behavior, just as desires do) - EX: "I thought the bus was a taxi, but I now know it is a bus"
Incomplete Dominance
The trait is expressed sometimes, but not others. Example: sickle cell anemia
Strategy
The use of mental activities to improve the processing of information and therefore the remembering of it.
Ultrasound
The use of sound waves to scan the womb and create a visual image of the fetus on a monitor screen.
George likes that many words in French have accent marks, so he knows which syllable should be stressed when he says the word. These symbols help George with ________. a. prosody b. syntax c. semantics d. pragmatics
a. prosody
Stage theory
Theory that depicts development as a series of relatively discrete periods (stages) - Individual is not the same as an adult as an infant
Iconic and echoic memory last for how long?
These memories are just traces so they last for a very short amount of time
consummate love
according to Robert Sternberg, love with high levels of all three components of love
colic
baby's frantic, continual crying for first 3 months cause: immature nervous system
Why do older adults have problems with unfamiliar tasks?
They are new and therefore harder to encode or are meaningless to them
Merit
They earned it What is fair is based on what person did/earned
Can you give an example of a working memory task?
Trying to memorize 7 numbers
Which of the following children is exhibiting a fine motor skill? a. Robin, who is marching in a circle b. Nathan, who is rolling down a hill c. Lisette, who is clapping to a beat d. Tuan, who is tying his sneakers
Tuan, who is tying his sneakers
Social Cognition
Thinking about perceptions, thoughts, emotions, motives, and behaviors of self, other people, groups, and even whole social systems
Neurocognitive disorders
This is a general term for a long-term problem with cognition that always includes a memory deficit and may include problems with executive functioning and mood control. Alzheimer's disease is one type.
Self Esteem
Your evaluation of yourself based on all the positive and negative self concepts
Self Concept
Your perception (positive or negative) of your unique traits and attributes
MAMA
according to marcia the way individuals proceed through his stages of identity development in their adult life is represented by this abbreviation
What did Dodge believe at the end of his study?
Those with aggressive thoughts, don't have as much PFC action and don't inhibit their thoughts/actions may not feel remorse for bad actions (issues with limbic system - lack of empathy: serial killer = psychopaths) Maybe don't see many options when they do the response search
intuitive thought
Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions; based on experience not logic
Critical period
Time in development that is especially sensitive and environmental influence occurs
What is TOT?
Tip of the tongue phenomenon A subjective feeling of knowing
What is TOT?
Tip-Of-The-Toungue phenomenon. The subjective feeling of knowing
Histone acetylation
To form the chromosome, DNA strands roll over nucleosomes which are a cluster of nine proteins. Acetyl groups attached to the histones can affect the accessibility of the DNA. Histone acetylation enhances transcription.
Development is multiply influenced
Today psychologists believe that development is a result of nature and nurture- it is both biological and environmental
tests for glaucoma
Tonometry Ophthalmoscopy Perimetry
Antidepressants
Treating pregnant women with antidepressant drugs such as Prozac or Zoloft may place their infants at greater risk for heart malformations, low birth weight and respiratory distress.
Massage therapy
Treatment to manipulate the soft tissues of body using varying degrees of pressure and movement
What explains memory declines in old age?
Trouble recalling the source of information > May remember what they learned, but not when they learned it or who they learned it from > Due to weakening of neural connections, working memory Left out many details, repeated same details.
Who came up with the ecological systems theory?
Urie Bronfenbrenner
The systems theory approach, exemplified by _________ ________ bioecological model
Urie Bronfenbrenner's
Rouge Test
Used Rouge Powder and placed on baby's nose - Positive: baby tries to wipe off red spot on their nose (18 - 24 months) - Negative: baby kind of just laughs at "other" baby - recognition of self - 18 months and social experiences - trust/secure attachment
Is CHILD morality variable or constant across situations?
Variable - You can claim to be one thing then act differently
Allele
Variant forms of the gene on a chromosome that determine the hereditary characteristics (may be several), phenotype options, example: eye color
Organization/Chunking not seen until around
age 9-10
median age
age at which 50% old and 50% younger
zone of proximal development
Vygotsky gap between child's ability to solve problem alone and his potential knowledge if taught by more accomplished person
inner speech
Vygotsky the way by which humans learn to regulate their behaviour and master cognitive challenges through silently repeating information or talking to themselves
sociocultural perspective
Vygotsky's theory that cognitive development grows out of children's interactions with members of their society
Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage
WHERE MOST YOUNG CHILDREN ARE Stage 1 - punishment and obedience exists Stage 2 - An instrumental and hedonistic orientation prevails (obtaining rewards for doing something good)
Baby Sandra just came home from the nursery this week and is feeling cranky and fussy. What will help calm her down and put a smile on her little face? a. water with garlic b. water with lemon c. water with sugar d. water with quinine
Water with sugar
Epigenetics
Ways in which environmental influences alter the expression of genes; altering the expression of genes without any change in the actual dna sequence
Infant morality
We think that they are amoral, but they are not - Learn important moral lessons during first 2 yrs of life - Newborns display empathy (distressed by cries of other babies) - Helping - Cooperation - Altruistic rather than selfish motivations - Sense of fairness - Moral Judgement
Response search according to Dodge
What are some things you can do to get to the goal you came up with?
Clarifying goals according to Dodge
What was the person's intention? What are you going to do as a response
Father's state
age can influence development
intergenerational equity
balancing the needs for young and old government entitlements elderly over-benefit at the expense of another group
Crossing over
When chromosomes exchange material among themselves (during meiosis), humans average 2 or 3 events per chromosome pair.
What are the ages/times in the Rovee-Collier kicking to move mobile experiment?
When given two 9 minute training sessions: 2 month olds remember how to make the mobile move for up to 2 days 3 month olds for about 1 week and 6 month olds for about 2 weeks 18 months olds can remember for at least 3 months
Interpretation of cues according to Dodge
Who knocked into you? A stranger? Your friend? A bully?
Life Events
Will you attend/graduate college, marry... even more than once?, have children, work/change jobs/careers, serve in the military, travel places, be a grandparent, win the lottery, become disabled
Who first proposed idea of 'dual-store' memory?
William James in 1890
Who developed idea of post formal thought?
William Perry
Who created the formula for calculating IQ?
William Stern
intelligence quotient (IQ) first defined by _______
William Stern from Germany
Folic Acid
Women who are pregnant or considering pregnancy need to consume a healthy diet that includes foods rich in naturally occurring folate or food that have been enriched with folic acid.
Which of the following reflects the underlying logic of a child's intuitive theories about the world? a. X is not like Y. b. X and Y are similar. c. X is different from Y. d. X causes Y.
X causes Y
Klinefelter's
XXY male, tall, develop female characteristic @ puberty, need hormone therapy, sterile, normal overall IQ, may have poor language skills and poor school performance.
Do adults reason at more than one stage of moral thinking?
Yes
if kids act prosocial, will that carry on as they age?
Yes, carries on with age
Do other animals besides humans pass the rouge test?
Yes, elephants
Meltzoff facial expression experiment & interpretations
Young infants can imitate certain actions such as sticking out the tongue or opening the mouth
Timing of college graduation
Young vs. old
phoneme
a basic unit of sound; the sound system of the language Roughly correspond to letters of the alphabet EX: cat → K A T - Over 100 - Any language has about 40 - 80 (English probably has 40-60) & some languages contain sounds not found in other languages - Babies are born with the ability to determine which sounds are in their alphabet - Use it or lose it
low birth weight (LBW)
a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500 grans), associated with an increased risk of developmental problems
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
foreclosure status
a category of identity status in which the individual is not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others - Identity chosen in early adolescence Has made a decision without exploration or questioning Factors: - Family goals or traditions, external locus of control (Everyone in my family is a ______) - This is what my family expects me to do Truly limited options - No reason to explore - Family cannot afford college tuition so no reason to explore different colleges
identity-achievement status
a category of identity status in which, after a period of exploration, the individual has achieved a coherent and consolidated identity based on personal decisions regarding occupation, ideology, and the like. The individual believes that these decisions were made autonomously and is committed to them - discovered through exploration - created/constructed by persona; commitments - most mature
Alzheimer's disease
age-related dementia characterized by neural atrophy and abnormal by-products of that atrophy (senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles)
A not B error
a child will search in the last successful place an object was found, even when he observes it being hidden in a new pace
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; mental framework that organizes existing knowledge into concepts; creates a template for evaluating new experiences
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; mental framework that organizes information and concepts
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
a condition in which the macula degenerates, gradually causing central vision loss - Loss of central vision due to retina issues.
Umbilical Cord
a cord-like structure housing two arteries and a vein in a cylindrical membrane which links the fetus to the placenta during a pregnancy
nature-nurture issue
a debate over the relative influence of genetics and the environment on development
Thalidomide
a drug used to treat nausea of morning sickness that caused babies to be born with missing limbs
Induction discipline
a form of discipline in which the adult gives the child a reason for why behavior must change or a rule must be complied with - React to rule breaking - Explain why it is wrong - Increase empathy - Point out acceptable alternatives
Service Learning
a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community - Course based, credit bearing educational experience that allows students to participate in organized service activity and reflect on service activity in way that furthers their understanding of the course content - Cycle of action & reflection as students achieve real objectives for the community & deeper understanding & skills for themselves
teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Blastula/blastocyst
a hollow ball of about 150 cells that is the size of the head of a pin.
Visual Cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals - Campos: perceives a difference, interest at (2 mo) - Gibson and Walk: fear of drop off at (6-7 mo) *Helps bc this is about the age a baby will begin crawling
Convergent thinking
a left-brain activity involving zeroing in on a single correct answer - NOT creative - Used in multiple choice exams
semenarche
a male's first ejaculation
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance MA: Mental age - Chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance - Average 9 year old has 'mental age' of 9 - Level of age-graded problems that child is not able to solve - Child who passes all items at level of a 5 yr old, but does poorly on more advanced items has an MA of 5 (even if she is 4 or 6 yrs old) - How far child has come along on "normal" developmental pathway
Sensory Register
a memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information
Sensory register
a memory system that momentarily preserves extremely accurate images of sensory information - Environmental information picked up and transformed by sensory receptors - Iconic - visual memory - Echoic - auditory memory
Mnemonic
a mental strategy, system for improving and assisting the memory, a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas or associations that assists in remembering something
early childhood
ages 3-5
Working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory; proposed by Baddeley - The active form of the short term memory - Makes decisions, solve problems - Manipulates, changes information into another form EX: given a set of numbers and asked to memorize, arrange in descending order, add together, subtract from each other, etc.
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
social clock
a person's sense of when things should be done and when he or she is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms
Myers-Briggs
a personality test that taps 4 characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types - A personality indicator that is an introspective self-report questionnaire indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions - Determines "normal" - Used to evaluate OCEAN (the Big 5)
Co-dominance
a phenotype in which instructions of both genes are expressed. Example: AB blood type or any other blood type
aging
a range of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes, positive and negative, in the mature organism
learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience; caused by interaction with environment
Preferential looking
a research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at - indicates they can tell a difference between objects
rite of passage
a ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
gender role
a set of expected behaviors for males and females.
Echo
a sound that remains after a stimulus is removed
autism spectrum disorder
a spectral disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
Discriminating social responsiveness
a stage of attachment from 3-6 months where the baby will respond to anyone who is nice to them and taking care of their needs but is MOST responsive to his caregivers.
nucleus accumbens
a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction
Behavioral inhibition
a temperamentally based style of responding characterized by the tendency to be particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations 4 months: wriggle and fret 21 months: long to warm up, retreat and fret
Who is Sue 2.0?
a woman who had a freak accident and did not remember anything prior to the accident. She had to go to school and relearn everything
middle childhood
ages 6-11
young-old
ages 60-79
old-old
ages 80+
karyotype
chromosomal portrait created by staining and photographing chromosomes, and arranging them into a predetermined pattern
Which of the following terms describes the changes that occur in adults' language capacity as they age? a. minimal b. moderate c. substantial d. debilitating
a. minimal
prenatal period
conception to birth
reserve capacity
ability of many organ systems to respond to demands for extraordinary output
fluid intelligence
ability to actively think and reason to solve novel problems
perspective-taking skills
ability to assume other people's viewpoints and understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
moral disengagement
ability to avoid self-condemnation when engaged in immoral behavior by justifying or minimizing one's actions
parallel processing
ability to carry out multiple cognitive operations simultaneously rather than in a sequence
transformational thought
ability to conceptualize processes of change from one state to another
morality
ability to distinguish right from wrong, act accordingly, and experience pride when doing something right
decentration
ability to focus on two or more dimensions of a problem at one time
ulnar grasp
ability to hold objects by clamping them between the palm of hand and the fingers
pincer grasp
ability to hold objects by sing the thumb in opposition to the fingers
self-recognition
ability to identify oneself in a mirror or photograph; usually around 18 months of age
reversibility
ability to negate an action by mentally performing the opposite action
self-awareness
ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state
visual acuity
ability to perceive detail in a visual stimulus
decontextualize
ability to separate the demands of a task at hand from prior beliefs and knowledge
cross-modal perception
ability to use one sensory method to identify a stimulus already familiar through another method
literacy
ability to use printed information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop potential
symbolic capacity
ability to use words, images, or actions to represent or stand for objects and experiences
The Weschler Intelligence Scale is set so that...
about 2% of the population is above 130 and about 2% of the population is below 70
In short term memory as an adult, you can fit ________ things
about 7 +/- 2
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
companionate love
according to Robert Sternberg, affectionate love characterized by high intimacy and commitment but low passion
latent learning
acquisition of knowledge that occurs but is not evident in behavior
observational learning
acquisition of knowledge that results from studying the behavior of other people
attention
act of focusing perception and cognition on something in particular
joint attention
act of looking at the same object at the same time with someone else
Behavioral moral development
acting in line with morals - actions based off of cognition (from cognitive moral development)
proximity-seeking behaviour
acting to maintain contact or be close to an attachment figure
antisocial behavior
action that violates norms, rules, or laws and harms others
Short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
cognition
activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired
When walking briskly along a sidewalk you suddenly realize it is icy, so you slow down and take smaller steps to avoid falling. This illustrates what aspect of dynamic systems theory in the context of motor skills? a. somaesthetics b. conditioning c. habituation d. adaptation
adaptation
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
Accomodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information; new thing encountered does not fit into existing schema (cognitive disequilibrium). Either modify schema or create a new one to fit new information
According to dynamic systems theory, which of the following best reflects the development of motor skills? a. adaptive and individual b. individual and proactive c. proactive and universal d. universal and sequential
adaptive and individual
What was Baddeley's update of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model?
added working memory which included a central executive and several types of short-term memory
Duration
additional factor that determines our life road map
Over learning
additional rehearsal after you learn the material Increases retention, improves recall
Elaboration is perfected in ____
adolescence
when is elaboration perfected?
adolescence
WAIS
adult IQ
parent care
adult children's care for their disabled elderly parents
dialectal thinking
advanced form of thought involving detecting paradoxes and inconsistencies among ideas and trying to reconcile them
emerging adulthood
after high school tapers off late 20s constructing adult life
little-scientist phase
age 1 using tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects
Desire-Psychology
age 2
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Artificial insemination
also called intrauterine insemination, involves injecting sperm, either from a woman's partner or from a donor, into her uterus
babbling
alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of intonation and pitch precede first words
acculturation
among immigrants tendency to become more similar in attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society
heritability
amount of variability in a population on some trait attributable to genetic differences among those individuals
senile plaques
amyloid-laden structures replacing neurons Alzheimer's
Cultural bias
an aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group - IQ tests may be more appropriate for children from white middle class background than for kids in other subgroups
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
Pragmatics
aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language; language is social context - talking to and with someone - Turn taking - Acknowledging the audience EX: rescue situation with walkie talkies
After-image
an image that remains after a stimulus is removed, especially one in which the colors are reversed
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories of recent experiences
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting - Organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors unique to each individual Enduring... - Personal character (dispositional traits) - Characteristic adaptations to roles and environments - Narrative identities (our unique life story) Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior Self concept & Self esteem
critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
Habituation
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it - learning to be bored - stimulus discrimination
Contours
an outline, especially one representing or bounding the shape or form of something
Survival reflexes
an unlearned & involuntary response to a stimulus that have clear adaptive value
Medications
analgesics and anesthetics to reduce the mother's pain, sedatives to relax them and stimulants to induce or intensify uterine contractions. Sedative drugs that act on the entire body cross the placenta and can affect the baby.
functional grammar
analysis of the semantic relations that children express in their earliest sentences
bottum-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
adolescence-limited turmoil
antisocial behaviour that is specific to adolescence and does not usually persist into adult life
life-course difficulties
antisocial behaviour, that for a fraction of teens persists into adult life
child maltreatment
any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being
teratogen
any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
executive functions
any frontal lobe ability that allows us to inhibit our responses and to plan and direct our thinking
aggression
any hostile or destructive act
diagnostic functions of reflexes
appears on time, disappears on time
self-stereotyping
application of commonly held beliefs of one's group to oneself
social-interactionist view
approach on language development emphasizing social function specifically that babies and adults have mutual passion to communicate
positive youth development (PYD)
approach that emphasizes developing the strengths of children rather than reducing their problem behaviors
When does moral development begin?
around 18 - 24 months
What age to children usually pass the false-belief task?
around 3-4 years
rewiring
as the brain adapts to drug it gets a new brain; reward and areas of learning and memory synaptic connections change and rework itself
Vocational identiy
aspect of identity with implications for adult career development
semantics
aspect of language centering on meanings
age grade
assigned different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities
Which of Piaget's developmental processes is analogous to trying to fit a square peg into a round hole? a. acculturation b. adaptation c. accommodation d. assimilation
assimilation
Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory
assumes three different memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).
goal-corrected partnership
attachment in which parent and child accommodate each other's needs and the child becomes more independent
Attention of Newborn
attention captured by movement and sound
focusing system
attentional procedure that deliberately seeks out and maintains attention to events
orienting system
attentional procedure that reacts to events in the environment
scientific method
attitude dictating that investigators must be objective and allow data to decide merits of their theorizing
Children with what disorder have trouble with Theory of Mind?
autism
Patricia Bauer
autobiographical memory
sucking reflex
automatic and spontaneous sucking movements newborns produce, especially with a touch on the lips
Declarative
available to our awareness
2-3 years attention
average 18 min
attention at 2-3 years?
average attention 18 min
pupillary miosis
average diameter of pupil decreases - pupil doesn't widen as much as it should, so the amount of light entering eye decreases
Metacognition
awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
day-care centre
day-care arrangement for a large number of children at a licensed facility
Compared to third graders talking on the school bus, eighth graders on the bus will spend more time talking about ________. a. emotions b. behaviors c. concepts d. objects
concepts
Although she's not thinking it in exactly these words, Samira has just come to realize "Gee, when I make noises, these people who are always taking care of my needs seem to pay more attention to me."How old is Samira? a. 3 months old b. 5 months old c. 8 months old d. 11 months old
b. 5 months old (infant)
Which theorist minimizes the active role of an infant's parents in the development of language? a. Vygotsky b. Chomsky c. Bruner d. Piaget
b. Chomsky
Based on the findings of fMRI research on the brain, the right hemisphere is strongly involved in which of the following aspects of language? a. codifying semantics b. deciphering prosody c. directing attention d. producing phonemes
b. deciphering prosody
Baby Wendell learned four new words today. Now he is saying them over and over again to his favorite stuffed doggie, almost as if he doesn't want to forget them. What is underlying Wendell's behavior with the toy? a. telegraphic speech b. mastery motivation c. universal language d. joint attention
b. mastery motivation
Caitlyn's reading teacher is explaining that, in words, a "long e" sounds like "eee" and a "short e" sounds like "eh." What concept is her teacher describing? a. semantics b. phonemes c. morphemes d. prosody
b. phonemes
Parents who seek the best outcome for their children should register them at a preschool that offers a blend of ________. a. language and math b. play and academics c. solo and social time d. learning and rest
b. play and academics
Rovee-Collier experiment
babies learned to associate kicking of their feet with the movements of the mobile/bell that they would hear. implicit memory: "cued recall" the older they are, the longer period of memory span that they would have to remind themselves of how the mobile works 2 mo. 2 days 3 mo. 7 days 6 mo. 14 days 18 mo. 90 days
Temperament
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin Genetically based but also environmentally influenced tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events that serve as the basis for later personality
fluid intelligence
basic facet of intelligence ability to quickly master new intellectual activities
crystallized intelligence
basic facet of intelligence knowledge base storehouse of accumulated information
family watchdogs
basic role of grandparents monitors younger family members intervening in crisis
morpheme
basic unit of meaning in a word
phoneme
basic unit of sound
homogamy
basis for mate selection centered on similarity between partners in demographic and personal characteristics
Prenatal period
before birth ZEF (Zygote, embryo, fetus)
stranger anxiety
begins 7 months old
fixed mindset
belief that intelligence and other traits are static
growth mindset
belief that intelligence is malleable and can therefore be improved through hard work and effort
self-efficacy
belief that one can effectively produce desired outcomes in a particular area of life
enthocentrism
belief that one's own cultural group is superior to others
Which of the following T-shirts would a teenager wear to support Piaget's concept of formal operational thinking? a. Think, act, repeat. b. Believe in yourself. c. Act, then think. d. Be part of the crowd.
believe in yourself
Chomsky
believed that the brain has an innate language acquisition device, and that the external stimuli to actively assist in language development are quite limited
Long-term memory
believed to be a relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of information
responses to death
bereavement grief mourning anticipatory grief
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience; causes by genes - Biological maturation drives development. Have to wait for brain changes to proceed to the next level of thinking (creates cutoffs and limits) - Causes qualitative changes in the way we think
bonding
biologically-based process in which parent and infant form a connection through contact hours after the birth
cries, some melody, can't make all sounds
birth
ages for sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 years
sensorimotor
birth to 2 years
Preterm
born or occurring after a pregnancy significantly shorter than normal, especially after no more than 37 weeks of pregnancy
semenarche
boys' first ejaculation
neuroplasticity
brain's ability to change in response to experience throughout the life span
Dispositional traits
broad dimensions of personality that are internal, global and stable personal character; relatively enduring - Extraversion v introversion - Independence v Dependence
temperament (easy or difficult) did predict poor or well adjustment in adulthood (39%) by what age
by age 3-4
How was the Binet test graded?
by mental age
family systems theory
conceptualization of the family as a whole consisting of interrelated parts
endometriosis
condition arising when bits of tissue lining the uterus grow outside the uterus
tinnitus
condition caused by exposure to high noise levels involving ringing sounds in one or both ears
Behavioral enactment according to Dodge
carry out your goal
down syndrome
chromosomal abnormality where the child inherits an extra 21st chromosome and is therefore intellectually disabled
anencephaly
condition which the main portion of the brain above the brain stem develops improperly
First graders demonstrate further capability for logic as they gain the ability to understand which of the following? a. telegraphic phrasing b. contextual rhythms c. conditional sentences d. functional grammar
c. conditional sentences School age children can interpret conditional sentences such as "If Goofy had come, Donald would have been delighted" (cause-and-effect logic)
Malik's parents always laugh and call him their little dummy. When Malik takes tests at school, he thinks, "I know I'm dumb, so why even try?" When he gets poor grades, his self-belief is further confirmed.What is keeping Malik from performing well in school? a. growth mindset b. shame cycle c. fixed mindset d. failure cycle
c. fixed mindset
Which of the following is a key factor underlying the decline in academic performance during adolescence? a. synaptic pruning b. economic status c. social comparison d. unattainable goals
c. social comparison Adolescents become more concerned about achievement outcomes over intrinsic satisfaction, and are also highly influenced by peer pressure
External memory
calendars, written/digital notes, establishing a set routine, using environment itself as an act, always putting your keys on the table by the door, pill box
Alcohol
can cause baby to be born with birth defects, lead to FASD
basic categorization
can group things according to similarities but has issues with class inclusion Ex. yellow and pink beads. Can say more yellow beads but when asked is there more beads or yellow beads they cant understand that yellow and pink are included under 'beads'
attention at 4 years
can ignore intermittent but not constant distraction
4 year attention
can ignore random but not constant distraction
Central executive
can manipulate information, can send and retrieve information from long term directs attention and controls the flow of information
Static Thought
cannot mentally transform from one state to another - Experience is like a series of snapshots, not a video movie
Lack of reversible thought
cannot mentally undo or reverse an action
plastic
capable of being changed
autonomy
capacity to make decisions independently and otherwise manage life tasks without being overdependent on others
newborn attention
captured by movement and sound
experience-sampling technique
captures moment-by-moment experiences by having people carry pagers and take notes describing their activities whenever the signal sounds
age-related changes in the visual system
cataract presbyopia age-related macular degeneration retinitis pigmentosa (RP) glaucoma
Low birth weight
caused by being born too early, normal weight is 5 pounds 8 ounces to 9 pounds 4 ounces
maximum life span
ceiling on the number of years that any member of a species lives; 120 years for humans
secular trend in puberty
century long decline in average age at which children reach puberty
unconscious memory is in the
cerebellum
EX of negative reflex
cerebral palsy
cultural evolution
change in species through learning and passing on to the next generation new ways of adapting
mutation
change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype
psychosocial development
changes and carryover in personal and interpersonal aspects of development, such as motives, emotions, personality traits, interpersonal skills and relationships, and roles played in the family and in the larger society
cognitive development
changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving, and other mental processes
Post formal thought
changes in the way you think about things after you've reached the formal operational stage (william perry) - Dualism Stage - Multiplicity - Commitment in Relativism
Accommodation
changing the shape of the lens to focus an image on the retina
role
characteristic behaviour that is expected of a person in a particular social position
adolescent egocentrism
characteristic involving difficulty for teenagers to differentiate between the person's own thoughts and those of others
easy temperament
characteristic mode of response in which the individual is content and open to new experiences
difficult temperament
characteristic mode of response in which the individual is irregular in habits and adapts slowly
slow-to-warm-up temperament
characteristic mode of response in which the individual is moody and mildly resistant to new experiences
affordance
characteristic of an object that reveals what it has to offer humans
free radical
chemically-unstable byproduct of metabolism that reacts with other molecules to produce toxic substances that damage cells
co-sleeping
child and parent sleeping in same bed
underextension
child's tendency to use general words to refer to a smaller set of objects than adults
overextension
child's tendency to use words to refer to a wider set of objects than adults
industry v. inferiority
children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel as if the task is beyond their abilities
Time sequences
children realize that one thing comes after the another
resilient children
children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives
Rashid got a job mowing lawns for a landscaping company. Which of the following sounds would be less damaging to Rashid's hearing than the lawnmower he'll be riding all summer? a. jet plane takeoff b. gunfire c. city traffic d. rock concert
city traffic
Chunking/organization
classifying items into meaningful groups. This is mastered later in childhood than rehearsal. 10 year olds use chunking recall more than 6 year olds, the younger children still demonstrate effective use of chunking. Under conditions where chunking could be used, 6 year olds showed as much improvement in recall as 10 year olds: both groups recalled more than without chunking.
primary attachment figure
closest person in a child's or adult's life
Cocaine
cocaine use can damage the fetus. It can cause spontaneous abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy and premature detachment of the placenta or fetal strokes later in pregnancy. Contributes to fetal malnourishment, retarded growth, and birth.
what are the three components of morality?
cognitive behavioral affective (emotional)
scheme (or schema; plural: schemes or schemata)
cognitive structure or organized pattern of action or thought used to deal with experiences
metabolic syndrome (MeTS)
combination of risk factors that can lead to heart disease
puberty rite
coming of age ritual usually first menstruation celebrate transition to adulthood
child-directed speech
communication adults use with young people involving simple sentences spoken slowly and in a high-pitched voice
telegraphic speech
communication using simple sentences that consist primarily of content words and omit less meaningful words
Although some of her senses aren't as sharp as when she was a girl, Helen hasn't noticed any significant impact to her enjoyment of life. This is likely due to Helen's ________. a. habituation b. intuition c. perception d. compensation
compensation
triarchic theory of intelligence
concept emphasizing that three components jointly contribute to intelligent behavior: practical, creative, and analytic
socioemotional selectivity theory
concept that aging adults actively seek social partners who can best meet their emotional needs
attachment theory
concept that close emotional bonds are biologically based and contribute to species survival
linked lives
concept that development of the individual is intertwined with the development of other family members
orthogenetic principle
concept that development proceeds from global and undifferentiated states toward differentiated and integrated patterns of response
proximodistal principle
concept that growth proceeds from the center of the body to the extremities
cephalocaudal principle
concept that growth proceeds from the head to the tail
neuro-constructivism theory
concept that new knowledge is created through changes in neural structures in response to experience
selective optimization with compensation (SOC)
concept that older people cope with aging through strategy that focuses on skills most needed
successful intelligence
concept that one's aptitude is based on extent they can thrive in their sociocultural context
developmental range
concept that people's abilities vary depending on context
differential susceptibility hypothesis
concept that some people's genetic makeup makes them more reactive to environmental influences
Two Long-Term Memory Systems
conscious/declarative Explicit HIPPOCAMPUS Semantic, Episodic, Infantile amnesia unconscious/procedural Implicit Motor, 'Muscle memory', Skills Balance and equilibrium CEREBELLUM
Making memory is _________
constructive
Most adolescents are in which stage of morality?
conventional stage 3: Good boy, Good girl - mutual interpersonal expectations - relationships - interpersonal conformity
Most adults are at which level?
conventional stage 4: Legal/law
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
loss-oriented coping
coping focused on dealing with one's emotions and reconciling oneself to the loss
restoration-oriented coping
coping focused on managing daily living, rethinking one's life, and mastering new roles and challenges
Charles Spearman
creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept
clear-cut attachment
critical human attachment phase 7 months to toddlerhood separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, needing a primary caregiver to be close
sexual double standard
cultural code giving men more sexual freedom
age norms
cultural ideas about the appropriate ages for engaging in particular activities or life tasks
mourning
culturally prescribed way of displaying reactions to a loss
Collectivistic culture
cultures that emphasize relatedness to others and subordinating individual goals to the goals of the group
egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
death of a sleeping baby because of respiratory system failure; linked to maternal smoking
temperament
inborn style of dealing with the world
When Carmen knocked a mug off the counter and broke it, her infant son Jake said "Cup go boom!" Carmen replied, "Yes, mama knocked the cup on the floor and it made a loud noise. That's right!"What has Carmen reinforced for Jake? a. the grammar of his statement b. the pronunciation of his statement c. the segmentation of his statement d. the accuracy of his statement
d. the accuracy of his statement
age-related macular degeneration
damage to cells in the retina responsible for central vision
The Cedar Junction High School Class of 1976 recently celebrated its 40th reunion with an "America's Bicentennial" theme. Of the 100 class members reminiscing among the red, white, and blue decorations, how many attained a bachelor's degree? a. 73 b. 64 c. 52 d. 39
d. 39
As a language learner, the value of watching someone else speak is demonstrated by the activation of mirror neurons in which of the following brain regions? a. central sulcus b. Wernicke's area c. basal ganglia d. Broca's area
d. Broca's area
AMD
damage to cells in the retina responsible for central vision cause vision to be blurry and finally fade to a dark spot in the center of the image
Wayne is one of the nearly 15 percent of American adults who ranks below a basic literary rate. Where would Wayne's deficiency definitely be apparent? a. a first grade reading group b. a second grade reading group c. a third grade reading group d. a fourth grade reading group
d. a fourth grade reading group
Which of the following terms best reflects fast mapping? a. vocalizing b. telegraphing c. mastering d. connecting
d. connecting
Which of the following school activities would likely be difficult for Amir, a fifth grader, but not difficult for his sister Sasha, an eighth grader? a. tennis club b. cooking club c. glee club d. debate club
debate club
identity achievement
decides adult life path after searching out various options
identity foreclosure
decides adult life path without any thought or active search
deinstitutionalization of marriage
decline in marriage and the emergence of alternate family forms last ⅓ of the 20th century
pruning
decrease in number of connection and number of neurons - programmed cell death those that don't get used fall away - you keep what you use- customized to your environment
Hearing Changes
decreased ability to hear high-frequency sounds; tympanic membrane thinning, loss of resiliency; hearing impairment in 33% adults over 60 and 50% of adults over 85 - Presbycusis - Truncated Hearing - Tinnitus **PFC ISSUE** - Filtering problems- background noise interferes
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
congenital malformation
defect present at birth that is caused by genetic factors, prenatal events, or both
denial
defense mechanism in which anxiety-provoking thoughts are kept out of conscious awareness
critical period
defined stage in an organism's development when it is particularly sensitive to certain environmental influences
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
degenerative brain disease with symptoms of memory loss, poor impulse control, depression, and eventually dementia
Neuroticism
degree of emotional instability or stability Calm vs anxious Secure vs insecure Self satisfied vs self pitying
sleeper effect
delayed consequence of an earlier experience
Higher mental functions
deliberate and focused cognitive processes. Learning memory and local reasoning
static thought
deliberation fixed on end states rather than on changes that transform one state into another
breech presentation
delivery in which the fetus emerges feet first or buttocks first rather than head first
myelination
depositing of fatty sheath around neural axons that insulates them and speeds transmission of neural impulses
Monocular Cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone only need one eye: change in the size of an image on the retina is a cue to depth. - Larger size takes up more space on retina=near
What did the cracker/broccoli experiment test?
desire-psychology
Yolanda has been an accomplished painter for 25 years and teaches classes in art history at the local college. Yet on a recent cognitive test, she performed poorly on questions related to math and science. Yolanda's low cognition on these questions is likely related to which factor? a. reasoning b. education c. conservation d. domain
domain
DNA
double helix molecule whose chemical code makes up chromosomes and serves as our genetic endowment
terminal drop
dramatic decline in an older person's scores on crystallized intelligence tests predicts terminal disease
growth spurt
dramatic increase in height and weight that occurs during puberty
intrinsic motivation
drive to act based on pleasure of taking that action in itself, no external reinforcer or reward
extrinsic motivation
drive to take action because it offers external reinforcers e.g. praise, money, grades
Ptosis
drooping of the eyelid; usually caused by paralysis
Lens Changes
due to changes in lens proteins - Presbyopia - Cataracts
SIDS
during first year
Single Gene
each of thousands of human characteristics are influenced by only one pair of genes; one from the mother and one from the father. Example: huntington's disease, muscular dystrophy, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis
desire psychology
earliest theory of mind stating that people's wants guide their behavior
babbling
early form of vocalization that involves repeating consonant-vowel combinations
cooing
early form of vocalization that involves repeating vowel-like sounds
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder at least biweekly cycles of binging and purging obsessive attempt to lose weight
Seattle Longitudinal Study
effect of aging on intelligence cross-sectional and longitudinal
evoked potential
electrical activity in the brain measured in response to various stimuli
age for concrete operational stage
elementary years; 7-11 years
widowhood mortality effect
elevated risk of death among surviving spouses especially men
Term given to college students
emerging adulthood
Rothbart & Bates
emotional regulation 3 broad dimensions characterize the structure of temperament - extraversion/surgency - negative affectivity - effortful control
disenfranchised grief
emotional response to a death that is not fully recognized or appreciated by other people
complicated grief
emotional response to a death that is unusually prolonged or intense and that impairs functioning
grief
emotional response to loss
anticipatory grief
emotional response to loss before death for what is happening and for what lies ahead
Moral emotions
emotions that have moral implications because of our instant judgement of the situation that evokes them - Learning to associate negative emotions like guilt with violating rules - Learning to empathize with people who are in distress
Dodge's Information Processing Theory
emphasizes the crucial role of cognitive processes in social behavior - analytic processes - 6 steps - Dodge investigated what happens in one's thinking when a negative social event (being tripped) occurs
Recall occurs around...
end of first year
menopause
ending of a woman's menstrual periods and reproductive capacity around age 51
The testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information 'Retrieval practice effect' = if you test yourself on the material you will actually do better ✬Testing yourself on the material enhances learning ✬Recalling the answer boosts memory
Social learning / reciprocal determinism
environment <----> persons - reciprocal influences between people and their situations... influenced by perceptions of control - assessed by observations of people's behaviors in particular situations & questionnaires about feeling of control
Why might the Flynn Effect be accurate?
environmental changes, technology, research, more education, values, nutrition. - Better nutrition & healthcare - Smaller families give more focused attention and increased resources per child - Better educated (85% complete high school v 5% in 1895) - Differences seen between areas
postpardum depression
episode of extreme sadness and exhaustion lasting months in a woman who has just given birth
Autobiographical memory
episodic memories of personal events and are essential ingredients of present and future experiences as well as our understanding of who we are. Su meck lost all autobiographical memories from before her accident and with them, she lost herself
overregularization
error in early language apply rules to plurals and past tenses even to exceptions
overextension
error in early language apply verbal labels too broadly
underextension
error in early language apply verbal labels too narrowly
hayflick limit
estimate that humans cells can double only 50 times, pus/minus 10, and then will die
self-esteem
evaluating oneself as either good or bad after comparing to others
natural selection
evolutionary principle that individuals with characteristics advantageous for survival are most likely to survive and reproduce
Pill box
example of external memory
stunting
excessively short stature in a child chronic lack of adequate nutrition
gender schema theory
explanation for gender-stereotyped behaviour emphasizing role of cognitions once children know their gender label, they selectively watch and model their own sex
child effects model
explanation of family influence in which children influence their parents rather than vice versa
transactional model
explanation of family influence in which parent and child influence each other reciprocally over time
parent effects model
explanation of family influence in which parents influence their children rather than vice versa
interactional model
explanation of family influence in which the combination of child and parent determines developmental outcomes
family stress model
explanation of how economic hardship effects families that centers on negative effects of financial difficulties
2 types of long term memory
explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious)
conscious/explicit (declarative, semantic, episodic) memory
explicit/declarative, available to our awareness, semantic(meaning, facts without reference to time or place of learning, episodic (personal, specific experience at a particular time, in a particular space, un effortful automatic processing (space, time and frequency)
acceptance-responsiveness
extent to which parents are sensitive to children's needs and provide affection and praise
demandingness-control
extent to which parents, not children, exert authority over decisions and set and enforce rules
goodness of fit
extent to which the child's temperament and the demands of their social environment are compatible
immigrant paradox
fact that despite living in poverty, going to substandard schools, not having parents who speak the language, many immigrant children do far better than expected in school
marital equity
fairness in the work of a couple's life together
extended family household
family unit composed of parents and children living with a combination of other kin
nuclear family
family unit consisting of husband-father, wife-mother, and at least one child
Presbyopia
farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age. - problems with near vision due to stiffness of lens. Loss of 'accommodation' - Need corrective lenses
Through _______ _________, children use sentence context to help them makes educated guesses about the meanings of unfamiliar words
fast mapping
stereotype threat
fear of being judged to have the qualities associated with negative ideas of one's social group
Power assertion discipline
less effective, the parents asserts his or her power through threat or punishment
empathy
feeling the exact emotion that another is experiencing
guilt
feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behaviour
estrogen
female hormone responsible for the development of the breasts, female sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics
menarche
female's first menstrual period
still birth
fetal death that occurs late in pregnancy when survival outside womb would normally have been possible
symptoms of glaucoma
few early signs, but late signs include seeing halos around lights and blurred vision, gradual loss of peripheral vision, develops into tunnel vision (open angle) or pain, halos around lights, blurred vision hazy cornea, headache
Develop a conscious during
first 2 years
Lean important moral lessons during
first 2 years
Reflexive
first month of life; infants exercise reflexes (i.e. sucking and rooting, moro, babinski, grasping); Steady coordination of arm, eye, hand, mouth develops; Accommodates sucking to fit shapes of different objects
joint attention
first sign of getting human intentions when a baby looks at something the caregiver points to
Simon & Binet (1904)
first test of intelligence Which children are going to perform poorly in school "Mental Age" -- most 5 yr olds should be able to do the task, if they can't, or they only can at an older age: Mental age ≠ Chronological age
infancy
first two years of life
authoritative parenting
flexible parenting in which adults provide clear rules but take children's views into account
Compared to Piaget's stage model, Fischer's view of cognitive development is more ________. a. universal b. segmented c. fluid d. chronological
fluid
Centration
focus on one dimension at a time. The most salient (obvious) not more important - Static Thought - Lack of reversible thought- cannot mentally undo or reverse an action - Fails Conservation
moratorium in depth
focused real-world look at one's chosen career to confirm decision
Continuity vs discontinuity
focuses in part on whether the changes people undergo over the life span are gradual or abrupt
Active/passive
focuses on the extent to which human beings are active in creating and influencing their own environments and in the process in producing their own development, or are passively shaped by forces beyond their control
induction
form of discipline that involves explaining why behavior is wrong and emphasizes its effects on others
power assertion
form of discipline that involves the use of authority to administer spankings and withhold privileges
love withdrawal
form of discipline that involves withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves
Organogenesis
formation of organs during period of embryo
synaptogenesis
formation of synapses/ functional connections increases rapidly after birth; young children have more synapses than adults
old-age dependency ratio
fraction of people over 60 to younger working adults (15-59) ratio expected to rise dramatically as baby boomers retire
memory-systems perspective
framework that divides memory into: procedural, semantic and episodic
imaginary companion
friend invented by a child in the preoperational stage who has developed capacity for symbolic thought
mirror neuron
neural cell activated when we perform an action or observe someone else performing it
Conservation
fundamental properties of an object do not change just because there is a change in appearance Conservation of... - Liquid, mass, number (6-7 years) - Area (9-10 years) - Volume (9-12 years) Thinking that promotes conservation: - Decentration - Reversible thought - Transformational thought - Non egocentric
Bodily kinesthetic
gardeners name for the type of intelligence represented by the ability to use the body skillfully to perform or fix things
Meltzoff and borton
gave 1 month old babies 2 pacifiers to suck on without letting them see the objects ( the infants looked at ONLY the one they think they felt in their mouth- that seemed unusual)
Gestalts
general impressions of people, either positive or negative - Allows interpretation of stimuli without knowing everything about it
dementia
general term for any illness that produces serious, progressive, usually irreversible cognitive decline
Teratogen
general term for any substance that can cross the placental barrier and be harmful to fetus
genotype
genetic endowment that an individual inherits
stable theory
genetically endowed traits
temperament
genetically-based pattern of tendencies to respond in predictable ways
zygote
germinal period 0 (conception) - 2 weeks when implantation occurs
First adolescent growth spurt
girls
Animism 'anthropomorphism'
give non living things animal or human qualities like life or consciousness. (teddy bear read story etc)
ideal self
glorified belief of what one's attributes and personality should be like
Human Genome Project
government-sponsored effort to decipher the sequence of chemical units that make up strands of deoxyribonucleic acid
extinction
gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned response when it is no longer reinforced
Bronfenbrenner
graduated from Cornell University, co founder of head start
caregiving grandparents
grandparents who have take full responsibility for raising their grandchildren
retinitis pigmentosa (RP)
group of hereditary disorders that involve gradual deterioration of the light-sensitive cells of the retina
cohort
group of people born at the same time
presbycusis
group of problems of the aging ear commonly involving loss of sensitivity to high-frequency sounds
what becomes the PNS
neural crest
Social Clock
grouping age norms creates a clock that orders life events (we should be married by 22, have children by 30, get a job by 18, etc.), a person's sense of when things should be done and when he or she is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms
Moral Development
growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically The process through which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws
synaptogenesis
growth of connections between neurons
synchronized routine
harmonious, dancelike interaction between infant and caregiver where they alternate responding to each other's needs
euthanasia
hastening, either actively or passively, the death of someone suffering from an incurable condition
Which of the following utilizes the concept of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development? a. dividing a classroom into performance-based seating pods b. grouping first graders into ability-based reading groups c. asking a low-performing third grader to read aloud to a dog d. having a fourth grade student tutor a third grader in math
having a fourth grade student tutor a third grader in math
Meaning in life
having a purpose and putting time and energy into attaining important goals - Further enforces classical learning theories by applying a deeper meaning to them based off of service learning - Used for mostly for older students
presbycusis
hearing loss that is part of the normal aging process - truncated hearing
chunking/organization
helps with encoding; makes the material more manageable - Grouping into meaningful categories Internal Organization External organization
concreteness of thought
high level of causality; very concrete - EX: its 11:05 and mom rounds to 11. Kid says no it's 11:05 - Chocolate mousse at a restaurant, thinks of a chocolate moose - Hyper responsibility due to causality - Parents say we're getting a divorce. May internalize this
age for formal operational stage
high school years; 12 years and on
Pitch/intonation
highness/lowness of sound intonation is being in tune or in pitch stress or accentuation
Conscious memory is in the
hippocampus
Short term/ working memory (the active part of short term memory)
holds limited amount of information, perhaps only 4 chunks, for a short period of time, a FUNNEL through which info must pass through to get to long term memory Limited capacity (7 things) prefrontal cortex
puberty
hormonal and physical changes sexual maturity reach adult height
oxytocin
hormone important in facilitating parent-infant attachment and reducing anxiety and encouraging affiliation in other social relationships
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
growth hormone
hormone that stimulates childhood physical growth and the adolescent growth spurt
Now that Jake is in high school, his sense of smell has started to play a role in how he selects romantic partners. What plays a key role in this new olfactory function? a. enzymes b. attention c. hormones d. affordance
hormones
relational aggression
hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships
reactive aggression
hostile or destructive act in response to being frustrated or hurt
instrumental aggression
hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal
coercive family environment
household in which members engage in power struggles, trying to control others through aggressive tactics
assisted-living facility
housing option providing care for the elderly who have instrumental ADL impairments and can no longer live independently but do not require a nursing home
Situational theory
how one behaves in different situations
Agreeableness
how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is Soft hearted vs ruthless Trusting vs suspicious Helpful vs uncooperative
23
humans have this number pairs of chromosomes
46
humans have this total number of chromosomes
systems theories
idea that changes over the life span arise from ongoing transactions between changing organism and environment
constructivism
idea that children create their own understandings of the world based on their interactions with it
psychoanalytic theory
idea that emphasizes unconscious motivations for behavior, conflicts within the personality, and stages of psychosexual development
psychometric approach
idea that intelligence is a trait that is measurable and varies from person to person
alphabetic principle
idea that the letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words
secure attachment
ideal attachment response joyful when reunited with primary caregiver
induction
ideal discipline for socializing prosocial behaviour getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to emphasize with the pain he has caused the other person
goodness to fit
ideal parenting strategy involving arranging children's environments to suit their temperaments, minimizing vulnerabilities and accentuating their strengths
recognition memory
identification of an object or event as one that has been experienced before
Which of the following tasks would be most difficult for an older adult to perform successfully? a. finding a favorite shirt hanging in the closet b. picking a peach out of a mound of apples c. spotting a red umbrella on an empty beach d. identifying a person in a mall food court
identifying a person in a mall food court
moratorium
identity position characterizing individuals actively exploring identity issues but who have not yet achieved an identity
foreclosure
identity position characterizing individuals who appear to have committed themselves to a life direction but without much thought
identity achievement
identity position characterizing individuals who have carefully thought through identity issues and resolved their identity issues
diffusion
identity position characterizing individuals who haven't questioned who they are and haven't committed to an identity
moratorium
identity status person actively searches various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path mature style of constructing an identity
Class inclusion
if a child recognizes that fire trucks and dolls are both types of toys they demonstrate this
trust v. mistrust
if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic reliability
age discrimination
illegally laying off workers or failing to hire or promote them on the basis of age
Visualspatial sketchpad
imagery, spatial info holds visual information such as colors and shapes
Apraxia
impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function
Does implicit or explicit memory develop first?
implicit
which develops first, implicit or explicit?
implicit memory develops earlier in infancy than explicit memory. Explicit memory improves as the hippocampus becomes more mature during the second half of the first year
unconscious/implicit (procedural, skills memory)
implicit, procedural, motor, muscle memory, skills, balance and equilibrium
The tasty water
in Gargia's bright-noisy tasty water experiment, this group of rats showed classical conditioning and did not drink the water the next day
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts; Abstract logic - Deductive reasoning from general to specific - Theory to hypothesis - Systematic manipulate variables, test systematically (mental actions on ideas) - Metacognition- can think about their thinking - Proportional Thinking- fractions, decimals, ratios
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events; Reasoning based on logic, but mental action based on real objects not hypothetical. Real world problems. But thinking systematically remains difficult
practical component
in Sternberg's theory, aspect of intelligence that varies from one sociocultural context to another
creative component
in Sternberg's theory, aspect of intelligence that varies with experience on a task
analytic component
in Sternberg's theory, set of information processing skills such as thinking critically
Where would an older adult likely have the most difficulty reading a magazine? a. in a public library b. in a basement wine bar c. in a doctor's waiting room d. out in a sunny garden
in a basement wine bar
Grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others; mental set of rules; A code to translate between orders of words and combinations of thoughts; Enables us to get the correct information from the words: who did what to whom includes syntax and semantics
Morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix); smallest unit of language that carries meaning EX: Undesireables → Un desire able s
mastery (learning) goal
in achievement situations, striving for competence in order to gain knowledge or improve ability
case study
in depth examination of an individual, analyzing information from various sources
Anterograde amnesia
in front of, after the injury occurred - Difficulty remembering new memories, but can recall stories of childhood
consolidation
in information processing, processing and organizing of information into a form suitable for long-term storage
storage
in information processing, the holding of information in the long term memory store
gender
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.
Exosystem
in the bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly; external social settings that have indirect effects EX: Dad losing job so now can't go to favorite restaurant
Chronosystem
in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems; time
Microsystem
in the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences; what child individually experiences EX: Home life, family dynamic, live in city or country, daycare
Mesosystem
in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings; interrelationships of Microsystems EX: Transfer unrest in home life to daycare
Macrosystem
in the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded; society, world events, planet, historical era EX: After 9/11 cant go beyond security, takes more time to travel due to security
Retrograde Amnesia
in the past, directed backwards, before the injury occurred Trouble recalling old memories
IVF
in vitro fertilization, in which several eggs are removed from a woman's ovary and manually combined with sperm in a laboratory dish before being returned to a woman's uterus in hopes that one egg will implant on the wall of the uterus.
utilization deficiency
inability for children to benefit from a memory strategy they are able to produce
mediation deficiency
inability for children to spontaneously use memory strategies even if taught to use them
infantile amnesia
inability to recall events before age 3 immature hippocampus and PFC (Prefrontal cortex)
dysrationalia
inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence
child maltreatment
inadequate care or harmful treatment of a child
instinct
inborn biological force assumed to motivate a particular response or class of responses
How would you characterize the adolescent brain
increase in dopamine neurotransmitter due to hormonal influence reward oriented - nucleus accumbens Myelination & maturation of PFC not complete until early adulthood Lack of impulse control and planning
What happens in the nervous system during the first 1-2 yrs. of life
increase in size, increase in number of synaptic connections myelination continues development of PFC: planning and inhibition
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision damage to the optic nerve due to pressure created by buildup of fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye - Symptoms: gradual loss of peripheral vision, develops into tunnel vision (open angle) or pain, halos around lights, blurred vision hazy cornea, headache
Cornea _______ curvature as we age, which results in scattering of intraocular light. This means that there is a glare and it takes the eyes longer to recover from the glare
increases
nativist
individual believing that infants are equipped with knowledge allowing them to perceive a meaningful world immediately
constuctivist
individual who believes that humans create their own understandings of the world from their experiences
kinkeeper
individual who keeps family members in touch with each other and handles any family problems
centrenarian
individual who lives to be 100 years of age
carrier
individual with a recessive gene associated with a disease who can transmit the gene to offspring
amoral
individual without standards of right and wrong
prodigy
individual, especially a child, endowed with one or more extraordinary abilities
power assertion
ineffective socialization strategy yelling, screaming, hitting out of frustration at a child
secure
infant-caregiver bond in which the infant welcomes close contact and can manage separations
Moral Judgement (infant morality)
infants prefer to work with helper v hinderer
social referencing
infants' monitoring of companions' emotional reactions and using this information to decide how they should behave
Organization
information is organized into schemas, combine schemas into new more complex ones; children do this naturally
Internal Organization
inherent in the material - Example: Hierarchy
celiac disease
inherited digestive problem in which gluten triggers an immune response that damages a person's small intestine
What does the PFC do according to Dodge?
inhibition of motor behavior evaluating actions
imprinting
innate learning where the young of certain species become attached to moving objects early in life
avoidant attachment
insecure attachment child's indifference to primary caregiver at reuniting after separation
anxious-ambivalent attachment
insecure attachment child's intense distress when reunited with primary caregiver after separation
disorganized attachment
insecure attachment responses such as freezing/fear when reunited with primary caregiver in the Strange Situation
avoidant
insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by little separation anxiety and ignoring the caregiver upon reunion
perception
interpretation of sensory input
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas; process of bringing new objects or experiences into existing schema
mastery motivation
intrinsic rationale to become proficient in and control the environment evident early in infancy
Elaboration
involves actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered. Children who can elaborate on the relationship between two items have improved retention of these items.
total brain death
irreversible loss of functioning in the cerebral cortex and centers that control basic life processes
Endoderm
is the inner most layer of all three layers
Mesoderm
is the middle of three primary unique layers of an animal embryo found between the ectoderm and the endoderm.
What do we now know about intelligence?
it is not fixed individuals are not born dumb environment plays a role
recessive gene
less powerful unit of heredity not expressed phenotypically when paired with a more powerful heredity unit
Since he's gotten older, Malcolm feels like his wife's cooking doesn't have as much flavor as it used to. Perhaps his wife has lost her touch in the kitchen, or the problem might be that Malcolm has ________. a. less testosterone b. less saliva c. more enzymes d. more plaque
less saliva
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices - System for improving and assisting the memory - EX: Sam Pours Concrete Floors
Jargoning
kind of language used by a 10 month old that includes consonant and vowel sounds and is spoken and pauses and intonations that resemble adult speech
metamemory/metacognition
knowledge about memory, cognition, and memory and mental processes Thinking about thinking/thinking about memory - Girls use it more than boys
metalinguistic awareness
knowledge of language as a system
Metacognition
knowledge of the human mind and of the range of cognitive processes. (knowing which subject you are better at)
metacognition
knowledge of the human mind and the range of learning processes
gifted
label for superior intellectual functioning IQ = 130+ child top 2% of age group
how would you characterize the adolescent brain?
lack of impulse control and planning reward oriented myelination and maturation of PFC not complete until early adulthood
childhood amnesia
lack of memory for the early years of a person's life
food insecurity
lack of money causing: unbalanced meals, worrying about not having enough food, having to go hungry
Folic acid
lack of this nutrient found in leafy green vegetables; during prenatal development can cause spina bifida, cleft lip, miscarriages or blood clots in the mother
Amoral
lacking a sense of right and wrong
Chomsky
language acquisition device
LAD
language acquisition device Chomsky hypothetical brain structure enabling our species to learn and produce language
aphasia
language disorder
permissive parenting
lax parenting in which adults love their children and rarely attempt to control their behavior
positive reinforcement
learning in which a response is strengthened when its consequence is a pleasant event
negative reinforcement
learning in which a response is strengthened when its consequence is removal of an unpleasant stimulus
classical conditioning
learning in which a stimulus can elicit a response by association with a stimulus already eliciting the response
operant conditioning
learning in which freely emitted acts become more or less probable depending on consequences they produce
vicarious reinforcement
learning in which observing consequences experienced by models affects learner's likelihood of imitating the behavior
selective attention
learning strategy manage their awareness to attend to only relevant stimuli
Older people have problems with _____ and ______ _______
learninig; memory tasks
7
levinson claimed that all adults go through building life structure, then question and altering every this many years
anorexia nervosa
life-threatening eating disorder pathological dieting (severe weight loss) distorted body image
social referencing
linked to clearcut attachment checking back and monitoring caregiver for cues
seriation
logical operation allowing a person to mentally order a set of stimuli along a quantifiable dimension
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for information and events occurring before the incident that caused memory loss
presbyopia
loss of near vision related to decreased ability of the lens to accommodate to close objects
HPG axis
main hormonal system programming puberty triggering hypothalamic hormone causing the pituitary to secrete its hormones causing ovaries and testes to develop
continuing bond
maintenance of attachment to a loved one after death through reminiscence and use of their possessions
assisted suicide
making available to individuals who wish to die the means by which they may do so
androgens
male hormone that helps trigger the adolescent growth spurt and development of male sex organs
Mother's state
malnutrition leads to cognitive deficits in fetus, too old or too young, obesity lead to diabetes and fetus obesity. Hormones temporarily increase the fetus's motor activity. Falling or being scared does not damage fetus. Only when prolong and severe emotional stress and anxiety during her pregnancy, that long-lasting damage may be done.
Systematic manipulation
manipulation of antecedent or consequent variables to determine effects on behavior
coparenting
manner in which mother and father coordinate rearing their children together and function as a team
pituitary gland
master gland at the base of the brain that regulates other glands and produces growth hormone
emotional competence
mastery of emotions in terms of appropriate expression of, understanding of, and ability to regulate emotions
MLU
mean length of utterance average # of morphemes per sentence
Semantics
meaning, facts without reference to time or place of learning
Strange Situation
measure attachment at age 1
mental age (MA)
measure of intellectual development reflecting the level of age-graded problems a child can solve
Recognition
measure of memory in which the person identifies items that match information previously learned - Better for accessing memory than recall - Easier, more efficient, remember the most - The ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus - Selecting from a number of choices the correct response EX: Multiple choice
standard deviation
measure of the dispersion or spread around the mean of a distribution of scores
achievement tests
measures to evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas
generativity v stagnation
middle adulthood: 40 - 65 years
generativity v. stagnation
middle aged adults discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
"Sandwich generation"
middle aged people who have aging parents and young children (taking care of both)
presbyopia
midlife difficulty with near vision inability for lens to bend
perseveration error
mistake made when using a strategy that was previously successful despite its current lack of success
child abuse
mistreating or harming a child physically, emotionally, or sexually
Information-Processing Model
model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages - Proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 - Duration of the memory - Added sensory register - Three memory states organized by duration
conception
moment of fertilization, when a sperm penetrates an ovum, forming a zygote
Primary circular reactions
months 1-4; "first habits"; repeating interesting or rewarding acts centered on body (i.e. Thumb suck, kick, blowing saliva bubbles)
Carol Gilligan
moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
postcoventional morality
moral reasoning in which moral judgments are based on an abstract understanding of democratic social contracts
conventional morality
moral reasoning in which societal values are internalized and judgments are based on desire for approval
preconventional morality
moral reasoning in which society's rules are not yet interalized and judgements are based on consequences
Characteristic Adaptations
more situation-specific and changeable ways in which people adapt to their roles in the environment - Motives, goals, plans, schemas, self-conceptions, developmental issues & concerns, and coping mechanisms
what becomes the CNS
neural tube
boundaryless career
most common career path change jobs periodically during their working lives
ADHD
most common childhood learning disorder in the US mostly boys excessive restlessness and distractibility at home and school
U-shaped curve of marital satisfaction
most common pathway of marital happiness satisfactions highest at honeymoon, declines during child-rearing years, rises after children grow up
vascular dementia
multiple small strokes
procedural, skills memory
muscle memory, motor, skills
reciprocity
mutual give and take by both parties in a human relationship
Nature vs. Nurture
name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
Rouge test
name for the exercise where a spot of red is placed on an infants nose and he is held up in front of a mirror.
Sexual reproduction
name for the type of reproduction that produces genetic variability and includes steps of meiosis and fertilization
Myelin
name of substance created by glial cells that surrounds an axon
Multiple Claims
need, merit and equality considered for 'fair share' - Need, merit, and equality considered for "fair share" - All aspects considered to do what is fair
maternal blood sampling
noninvasive method of prenatal diagnosis involving testing for substances in the mother's blood
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
Does actual performance in college relate to IQ?
not really
cumulative-deficit hypothesis
notion that impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and that these inhibiting effects accumulate over time
poverty of the stimulus (POTS)
notion that language input to young children is so limited that they couldn't possibly acquire language
Which of the following terms best describes adult thought? a. concrete b. social c. nuanced d. goal-oriented
nuanced
intelligence quotient (IQ)
numerical measure of a person's performance on a problem-solving test
home health services
nursing-oriented and housekeeping help provided in the home of an impaired older adult
performance goal
objective adopted by learners in which they attempt to prove their ability rather than improve it
couvade
occurrence of fathers experiencing some of the same physiological symptoms their pregnant partners experience
Extinction
occurs when UCS is no longer paired with the CS and the organism quits demonstrating the CR
on time/off time
on time: being on target for cultures timetable in achieving adult tasks off time: being too late or too early for adult tasks
adaptation
person's inborn tendency to adjust to the demands of the environment
organization
person's inborn tendency to combine and integrate available schemes into more coherent and complex bodies of knowledge
Immigrant testing
one example given in class where IQ testing was used on adults
phoneme
one of the basic units of sound used in a particular spoken language
21, 14 & 1 for early onset/ 19 for late onset
one of the chromosomes associated with risk of alzimers
Openness
one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences - Imaginative vs practical - Preference for variety vs routine - Independent vs conforming
self-concept
one's perception of their unique attributes or traits
Approximately _________ of the adult population attains the postconventional level of morality
only 20 to 25%
plasticity
openness of brain cells or of the organism as a whole to positive and negative environmental influence
Seriation
order; arranging items according to increasing or decreasing dimension EX: height and birthday
placenta
organ that provides for nourishment of the unborn child and elimination of its metabolic wastes
personality
organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors that is unique to each individual
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood - Using one's mind in new & flexible ways - Actively solving new problems - Ability to learn new information - Reasoning, seeing relationships among stimuli, drawing inferences - Not 'taught', free of cultural influence Capacity to adapt - Declines earlier & quicker - Ability to deal with new problems - Cross-sectional studies found fairly steep decline beginning around age 35
Define memory
our ability to store and later retrieve information about past events, develops and changes over the life span.
cystalized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age - Using what one has already learned through schooling - Accumulated wisdom, knowledge, & expertise - What you already know - Theoretically can continually increase intelligence throughout life Capacity to adapt - Can continue to increase - Steady improvement through 60s, then decline
gender identity
our sense of being male or female.
Identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles the fact of being who or what a person or thing is
self-concept
our understanding and evaluation of who we are.
life-span perspective
outlook that development is a long-term, multidirectional process that is best viewed from a multidisciplinary approach
Encoding sensory information improves
over first several years
self-esteem
overall evaluation of one's worth as a person based on all the positive and negative self-perceptions
Anoxia
oxygen shortage aka asphyxia
false belief task
paradigm assessing the understanding that people can hold incorrect beliefs and be influenced by them
Parkes/Bowlby attachment model of bereavement
paradigm of grieving describing reactions to losing someone with whom you have a strong emotional tie
helicopter parenting
parenting characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of control of late adolescent and emerging adult children
neglectful parenting
parenting in which parents are relatively uninvolved in their children's upbringing
authoritative parents
parenting style best high nurturing and discipline love clear family rules
authoritarian parents
parenting style parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness stress unquestionable obedience
rejecting-neglecting parents
parenting style worst parents provide little discipline little nurturing or love
What are parenting recommendations for increasing child morality?
parents who adopt the following strategies are more likely have children who behave morally: - are warm and supportive - are not punitive and do not use love withdrawal as disciplinary strategies - provide opportunities for their children - model moral behavior and thinking THOSE WHO ARE PROACTIVE
Why do older adults have problems with unused skills tasks?
particular skills and abilities begin to decrease, but they can improve with training and practice
intergenerational transmission of parenting
passing down from generation to generation of parenting styles, abusive or otherwise
Tense
past present, future (language can express time)
cataract
pathologic condition of the eye involving pacification of the lens that can impair vision
demand-withdrawal interaction
pathological type of communication 1 partner (usually woman) presses for more intimacy other partner (usually man) backs off
schema theory
people mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds; people mold memories to fit information already in their minds
Ethnicity
people's affiliation with a group based on common heritage or traditions
Theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states — about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict - People have mental states such as desires, beliefs, and intentions - These mental states guide (and help explain) their behavior - We all rely on this to predict and explain human behavior based off of how they feel & think - Didn't know it existed until they studied autism
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Multitasking is difficult because it requires people to ________. a. switch from one task to another b. perform two or more tasks at once c. use selective attention for tasks d. quickly master unfamiliar tasks
perform 2 or more tasks at once
developmental stage
period characterized by a set of abilities, motives, or emotions that form a coherent pattern
puberty
period of biological change that results in an individual's attaining sexual maturity
conduct disorder
persistent pattern of behavior in which a child violates the rights of others or age-appropriate norms
Father
person who determines the gametes of the baby
peer
person who functions at a level of behavioral complexity similar to oneself
Extraversion
person who is social, fun loving and likes to be around people would be high in this Big 5 personality trait
knowledge base
person's existing information about a content area
Melody of the language
phrasing, timing, and emphasis
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.
growth
physical changes that occur from conception to maturity
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
what are the 3 domains of development?
physical, cognitive, psychosocial/socioemotional
neural plate
plate of cells that are changing and will become nervous system cells ectodermal cells differentiate into neural plate (16 days)
age of viability
point (around the 24th prenatal week) when a fetus may survive outside the uterus
sensory threshold
point at which low levels of stimulation can be detected
synapse
point at which the axon or dendrite of one neuron makes a connection with another neuron
safe haven
point of security to which an infant can return for comfort if frightened
prosocial behavior
positive action toward other people such as helping and cooperating
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological change resulting from highly challenging experiences such as losing a loved one
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. - The opposite of antisocial behavior Positive social acts, such as helping or sharing, that reflect concern for the welfare of others
giftedness
possession of unusually high general intellectual potential or special abilities in creativity, mathematics, or the arts
relativistic thinking
postformal operational thought in which knowledge depends on context and the subjective perspective of the knower
The old saying "There's more than one way to skin a cat" reflects which level of cognition? a. transformational thinking b. formal operations c. postformal thinking d. transitive operations
postformal thinking
logical-mathematical intelligence
potential for deductive reasoning, problem analysis, and mathematical calculation - EX: Einstein (math - parietal lobe)
Musical intelligence
potential to appreciate, compose, and perform music - EX: Stravinsky (Concert Violinist)
intrapersonal intelligence
potential to understand and regulate oneself - EX: Freud (knowing how individuals work together)
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement - EX: Martha Graham (modern dancer; introduced modern dance to the US); A surgeon
attachment
powerful bond between any 2 individuals
Kohlerg's stages of moral development
preconventional morality conventional moral postconventional morality
habituation
predictable loss of interest that develops once a stimulus is familiar explore infant sensory capacities and thinking
PFC
prefrontal cortex - seat of individual personality
ageism
prejudice and discrimination against elderly people
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
prenatal testing in which a catheter is inserted through the cervix to withdraw fetal cells
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
prenatal testing to determine if chromosomal disorders are present in embryos produced through in vitro fertilization
Sex determination process
prenatal: Sex hormones alter brain structure: in males hypothalamus goes form cyclic to noncyclic Genes on Y chromosome cause undifferentiated tissue to develop into testicular tissue, which secrete testosterone [ 7th prenatal week ] secrete testosterone causing internal male reproductive organs to form (another hormone inhibits female reproductive organs) [ 9-12th prenatal week ] A second surge of testosterone (converted by 5 alpha reductase to dihydrotestosterone which causes genetalia to develop externally Puberty: surge of hormones promote secondary sex characteristics & sexual feelings
Suggestibility and false memories are typically associated with what age group?
preschooler
initiative v. guilt
preschoolers learn to be self-starters and carry out plans, or they feel down about efforts to be independent
Why do students cheat?
pressure to get high grades, time constraints, poor teaching, and lack of interest - College students do it because "anything goes" in the pursuit of achieving goals
Tactile Senses
pressure, temperature (warm and cold), pain Touch, heat, cold, pain all present at birth and before birth
self-conscious emotions
pride, shame, guilt first emerge age 2
Jasmine wants her peach cobbler to come out perfect for the bridal shower. She watched her mother make it several times but had never done it on her own. As she goes through the recipe, Jasmine says things like, "Okay, now I cream the butter and sugar. Don't forget the vanilla." What is Jasmine demonstrating? a. dynamic learning b. proximal narration c. imaginary friend d. private speech
private speech
concordance rate
probability that if one member of a pair displays a trait, the other does too
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
problem solving in which a person starts with general ideas and traces to their specific implications
Declining Depth perception causes...
problems with steps or curbs, or parking
Unconscious (implicit) memory
procedural, skills memory
Amniocentesis
procedure to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities; needle inserted into the mother's abdomen and fluid filled sac
Ultrasound
procedure used to detect abnormalities where sound waves are used to scan the uterus
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
procedure whereby eggs are combined with sperm in a petri dish, then returned to the uterus
Static thought in a preschool-age child ignores which of the following? a. results b. sensation c. process d. dualities
process
assimilation
process by which children interpret new experiences in terms of their existing cognitive stucture
sensation
process by which information is detected by the sensory receptors and transmitted to the brain
automatization
process by which information processing becomes effortless and highly efficient due to continued practice
proliferation
process in early brain development in which neurons multiply at a staggering rate
mitosis
process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
migration
process in which neurons move to locations throughout the brain to become part of specialized functioning units
organogenesis
process occuring during the period of the embryo in which major organs take shape
equilibrium
process of achieving mental stability in which our thoughts are consistent with information we receive
social comparison
process of defining and evaluating the self through analyzing similarities with other people
overregularization
process of extending observed grammatical rules to abnormal cases where the rules do not apply
neurogenesis
process of generating new neurons across the life span
accomodation
process of modifying existing schemes to incorporate or adjust to new experiences
scaffolding
process of providing structure to a less skilled learner to encourage advancement
retrieval
process of recovering information from long-term memory when it is needed
syntactic bootstrapping
process of using where a word appears in a sentence to determine meaning of the word
epigenesis
process through which mature jointly bring forth development in ways difficult to predict
meiosis
process whereby cells divide, producing sperm or ova containing half the parent cell's original chromosomes
divergent thinking
producing a variety of solutions to a problem when there is no one right answer
convergent thinking
producing the one correct answer to problem
hospice
program that supports dying persons and their families through a philosophy of caring rather than curing
error (damage) theories of aging
proposal that haphazard processes cause destruction in cells to accumulate and organ systems to deteriorate
Raymond Cattell & John Horn
proposed fluid and crystallized intelligence
lev vygotsky (1896-1934) sociocultural theory
proposed that at the center of a child's cognitive development is shared system of surrounding social, cultural, and historical influences. language is an essential aspect of this development and that cognitive growth and language are socially based. children's cognitive growth is a shared process with adults, adults help children master their skills development is driven by learning. thinking changing by interacting with adults (aka school)
superego
psychoanalytic term for the component of the personality that consists of the individual's internalized moral standards
id
psychoanalytic term for the inborn component of the personality that is driven by selfish urges
ego
psychoanalytic term for the rational component of the personality
caregiver burden
psychological distress associated with providing care for someone with physical and/or cognitive impairment
identity versus role confusion
psychosocial conflict in which adolescents must form a coherent self-definition or remain uncertain about life direction
integrity versus despair
psychosocial conflict in which elderly adults accepts their identity and the inevitability of death
trust versus mistrust
psychosocial conflict in which infants must learn to rely on others to meet their needs
generativity versus stagnation
psychosocial conflict in which middle-aged adults must gain the capacity to about future generations
initiative versus guilt
psychosocial conflict in which preschool children develop a sense of purpose by devising bold plans
industry versus inferiority
psychosocial conflict in which school-aged children must master important cognitive and social skills or feel incompetent
autonomy versus shame and doubt
psychosocial conflict in which toddlers attempt to demonstrate their independence from and control over others
intimacy versus isolation
psychosocial conflict in which young adults must commit themselves to a shared identity or remain unconnected
Episodic buffer
pulls all together to make personal episodic memory specific experiences, links auditory and visual information
peer selection versus socialization issue
question whether crowds shape adolescent's future characteristics or if crowd membership reflects existing characteristics
terminal drop
rapid decline in intellectual abilities that people within a few years of dying often experience
moral disengagement
rationalizing immoral behavior as legitimate, as a way of justifying one's own bad acts we avoid condemning ourselves when we engage in immoral behavior by justifying what we did even though we know its wrong
Object Permanence (Piaget)
realization of permanent existence of objects
Sense of space
realize that objects have a spatial relationship
deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
Source memory
recalling the source of learned information such as knowledge of when or where something was learned. Often memories are triggered by contextual information (time and place)
synchrony
reciprocal aspect of the attachment relationship caregiver and baby attuned emotionally
conservation
recognition that certain properties of an object do not change when its appearance is superficially altered
perceived popularity
recognized status, power, and visibility in the peer group
Recalling the memory is _________
reconstructive
pretend play
recreational activity in which one actor, object, or action symbolizes or stands for another
social pretend play
recreational activity that involves both cooperation with companions and symbolic activity
Metamemory
refers to knowledge of memory and to monitoring and regulating memory processes. It is knowing what your memory limits are, which memory strategies are more or less effective for you
surgency/extraversion
refers to the extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal, and regularly seeks interesting stimulation confidently approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way
Primitive reflexes
reflexes that have no clear adaptive value
What are the the 3 major encoding strategies?
rehearsal chunking (organization) elaboration
Shaping
reinforcing successive approximations of the behavior
crowd
relatively large teenage peer group
dominant gene
relatively powerful unit of heredity that is expressed phenotypically and masks less powerful unit of heredity
love withdrawal discipline
relies on child's fear they will lose parent's support, affection, and approval "cold shoulder" response
Flynn effect
remarkable and steady rise in IQ around the world over the last century
synaptic pruning
removal of unnecessary connections between neurons in response to experience
bullying
repeatedly inflicting harm through words or actions on weaker peers who cannot defend themselves
Conscious repetition
repeating the information
neurofibrillary tangles
replace normal neurons characteristic of Alzheimer's
What is a script?
represent the typical sequence of actions related to an event and guide future behaviors in similar settings
evidence-based practice
research ensuring that the curricula and treatments provided have been demonstrated to be effective
experiment
research in which the investigator manipulates part of a person's environment to measure its effect on the individual
naturalistic observation
research method in which scientists study subjects in common everyday activities in their natural habitats
olfaction
sense of smell
identity
sense of who one is, where one is going, and how one fits into society
long-term-care facility/nursing home
residential institution that provides shelter and intensive caregiving for people with basic ADLs
reflex
response or action that is automatic and processed by non-cortical brain centres
authoritarian parenting
restrictive parenting in which adults impose rules, expect obedience, and use power tactics to elicit compliance
recall memory
retrieval of objects, events, and experiences when examples or cues are not provided
Dualism stage
right OR wrong
The ___________ ____________ of the brain shows more activity when processing the melody or rhythm of speech
right hemisphere
tinnitus
ringing or buzzing in the ears
Flynn effect
rise in average IQ scores over the 20th century
Order of life events
schooling, job, marriage, children How many years were you in college/work/lived at home? Transition from getting married, becoming parents, etc.
self-conscious emotion
secondary feeling such as embarrassment or pride that requires awareness of one's own essential identity
types of attachment
secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized/disoriented
A child who begins to understand the concept of object permanence is decreasing reliance on ________. a. perception b. adaptation c. sensation d. centration
sensation
Ethnic Identity
sense of personal identification with an ethnic group and its values and cultural traditions
ethnic identity
sense of personal identification with the individual's native group and its values and cultural traditions
continuing-care retirement community
series of levels of care for elderly residents
dyslexia
serious difficulty learning to read in children who have normal intellectual ability and no sensory impairments
day-care program
service for impaired older adults who live with relatives
alternative to instiutionalization
services and settings designed to keep older people who are experiencing age-related disabilities that don't merit 24h care out of nursing homes
somaesthetic senses
set of body sensations, including touch, temperature, and pain
theory
set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain a set of observations
programmed theories of aging
set of concepts that emphasize the systematic genetic control of aging processes
environment
set of conditions outside the person that are presumed to influence and be influenced by the individual
emotional display rules
set of cultural guidelines specifying what feelings should be expressed under what circumstances
maturation
set of developmental changes biologically programmed by hereditary material rather than caused primarily by life experience
emergent literacy
set of developmental precursors of reading skills that will facilitate the acquisition of reading competence
big five
set of dimensions used to characterize personalities: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
language acquisition device (LAD)
set of linguistic processing skills that nativists believe to be innate
research ethics
set of moral principles that investigators are bound to honor to protect research participants from harm
executive control processes
set of operations that direct and monitor selection, organization, manipulation, and interpretation of information
intuitive theories
set of organized systems of knowledge that allows children to make sense of the world
emotion regulation
set of processes involved in initiating, maintaining, and altering emotional responses
postformal thought
set of proposed stages of cognitive development that lie beyond formal operations
proximal processes
set of recurring, reciprocal interactions between an individual and others that move development forward
dispositional traits
set of relatively enduring dimensions or qualities of personality along which people differ
rhythmic stereotypies
set of repetitive movement observed in infants shortly before a new motor skill emerges
transformational grammar
set of rules of syntax allowing individuals to change basic underlying thoughts into various sentence forms
pragmatics
set of rules specifying how to use language appropriately in different social contexts to achieve goals
syntax
set of rules specifying how words can be combined to form meaningful sentences in a language
fine motor skills
set of skills involving precise movement of the hands and fingers or feet and toes
gross motor skills
set of skills that involve large muscles and whole body or limb movements
social-conventional rules
set of standards of conduct determined by consensus indicating what is appropriate within a community
moral rules
set of standards of conduct that focus on the basic rights and privileges of individuals
proactive parenting strategies
set of tactics that prevent misbehavior and therefore reduce the need for discipline
Wechsler Scales
set of widely used, individually-administered intelligence tests that yield verbal, performance, and overall IQ scores
Which of the following is more easily performed by a second grader than a kindergartener due to cognitive developmental changes? a. sharing b. pretending c. reasoning d. speaking
sharing
cohabitation
sharing a household in an unmarried romantic relationship
religiousness
sharing the beliefs and participating in practices of an organized system of faith and worship
prosocial behaviour
sharing, helping and caring actions
ideational fluency
sheer number of different proposals that a person can generate
maturity principle
shift toward greater emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness in personality from adolescence to middle adulthood
Goldfish/Broccoli Experiment
showed that children that were 18 months old could understand what someone else liked in contrast to the 14 month olds being egocentric Experimenter expressed delight in either crackers or broccoli and disgust in the other - At 14 months, toddlers would give experimenter the crackers because it is what they liked - At 18 months, toddlers would give experimenter broccoli because they didn't like crackers and the child wanted the crackers
intellectual disability
significantly below-average cognitive functioning with limitations in adaptive behaviors such as self-care and social skills
habituation
simple form of learning that involves learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus
IDS
simplified, exaggerated, high-pitched tones that adults and children use to speak to infants that function to help teach language
holophrase
single-word utterance used by an infant that represents an entire sentence's worth of meaning
culture bias
situation where one societal group is more familiar with test items than another, gaining an advantage
Some athletes who always win their events in regular competitions seem to have difficulty winning medals at the Olympics. Fischer would attribute this problem to which of the following? a. circular reactions b. skills regression c. lack of abstraction d. situational context
situational context
linguistic intelligence
skills involved in the production and use of language - EX: T.S. Elliot (a poet)
clique
small friendship group that interacts frequently
clique
small peer group (6 people) similar attitudes and activities
Morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning in a language
Compared to the sense of sight, the sense of hearing is more ________. a. social b. chemical c. technical d. individual
social
Dr. Lopez finds great value in Piaget's thinking about cognitive development in her work with children. However, based on her experience, she believes that the process is much more ________ than Piaget believed. a. social b. reactionary c. stratified d. sequential
social
lateralization
specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex of the brain
neuron differentiation
specialize structurally and functionally (which neurotransmitter will neuron produce? What type of glial cell?)
hypothesis
specific prediction about what will hold true if we observe a phenomenon
Phonological loop
speech information, rehearsal briefly holds auditory information such as words and music
blastocyst
sphere of cells the zygote forms by rapid cell division while moving through the fallopian tube
sibling rivalry
spirit of competition, jealousy, or resentment that may arise between two or more brothers or sisters
confidant
spouse, relative, or friend a person feels emotionally close to and can share thoughts and feelings
sensitive period
stage of life during which developing individuals are especially susceptible to the effects of experience
test norm
standard of performance based on average scores obtained by a representative sample of test takers
Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)
standardized test to measure the mental, motor, and behavioral progress of children
Social-Conventional Rules
standards determined by social consensus that tells us what is appropriate in particular social settings - What you do in a social setting - Rules of etiquette (not eating in class, asking to go to the bathroom, saying please and thank you)
Moral rules
standards that focus on the welfare and basic rights of others - Rules against hitting, stealing, lying, harming others
socioeconomic status (SES)
standing in society based on such indicators as occupational prestige, education, and income
self-soothing
starts about 6 months put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night
learned helplessness
state developed when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events gives up without trying
sympathy
state necessary for prosocial behaviour feeling upset for someone needing help
sociometric popularity
state of being liked by many peers and disliked by few
Multiplicity
state of being various or manifold; a great number; many views, and relativism (contextual right and wrong)
Identity Crisis (Erikson)
state of emotional turmoil that arises when and adolescent's sense of self becomes 'unglued' to achieve a new, more mature sense of self; the stage also involves more identification with peers Honesty in expressing your values, attitudes, and beliefs may be difficult when... - They are different from those around you - family, colleagues/co-workers, friends, loved one - They are likely to create conflict if you do so (Religion, politics, career choice, sexual orientation; Moving out, marriage or pregnancy)
bereavement
state of loss
cohabitation
state of two single adults living together as an unmarried couple
identity diffusion
status where person feels aimless or totally blocked, no adult path
traditional stable career
stay with same organization from 20s to retirement
negative affectivity
tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, feel distressed, and be critical of oneself and others tendency to be sad, fearful and difficult to soothe
centration
tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem when multiple aspects are relevant
adult height
stop at 16 girls stop at 18-20 boys
elaboration
strategy for remembering that involves adding something to the information one is trying to retain
rehearsal
strategy for remembering that involves repeating the items the person is trying to retain
telomere
stretch of DNA forming the tip of a chromosome after each cell division
attachment
strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion
hippocampus
structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain centrally involved in formation of memories
behavioral genetics
study of how much genetic and environmental differences are responsible for differences in individual's traits
Epistemology
study of knowledge
elderspeak
style of communication directed to an older person who seems to be impaired speaking loudly slow exaggerated pronunciation
surfacant
substance that aids breathing by preventing the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together
relational aggression
subtle and indirect hostile behavior that involves gossiping about and ignoring or excluding others
cesarean section
surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
cochlear implant
surgically-inserted amplification device that stimulates the auditory nerve to provide sensation of hearing to deaf individuals
The Sunnyside Day Care Center is abuzz with children babbling away and creating colorful chaos with the center's ample stock of toys. Which of the following terms best reflects the children's experience in the center's playroom? a. abstract b. circular c. imaginary d. symbolic
symbolic
Baby Tuan loves to stand at the window and watch cars drive past. When he wants to play with his toy cars, Tuan will make engine noises until his mother gets them out of the toy box. Piaget would say that Tuan has acquired the cognitive concept of ________. a. skills b. reactions c. fables d. symbols
symbols
normal distribution
symmetrical (bell-shaped) curve that describes the variability of a characteristic within a population
size constancy
tendency to perceive an object as the same magnitude despite changes in distance from the eyes
mind-mindedness
tendency to think and talk in elaborated ways about mental states
development
systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death
visual cliff
table appears to end test for infant depth perception
expansion
tactic where adults respond to a child's utterance with a grammatically complete expression of the same thought
precocious
talented beyond one's age Master an area sooner, requires less effort, have high inborn ability
Reduced ability to produce _______ when aging
tears
factor analysis
technique to identify meaningful groupings of test items correlated with each other but not other groupings
Priming
technique whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus without conscious guidance or intention. For example: nurse is recognized more quickly following the word doctor other than bread
identity v. role confusion
teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become lost in their perception of self
positivity effect
tendency for older people to focus on positive experiences and screen out negative events
hostile attribution bias
tendency of aggressive individuals to assign malicious intentions to others
hostile attributional bias
tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are usually benign
A-not-B error
tendency of infants to search for an object where they last found it versus its new hiding place
positivity effect
tendency of older adults to pay more attention to and better remember favorable information
interpersonal intelligence
the ability to read, empathize, and understand others - EX: Gandhi (able to interact with other people; get people on your side; get people to work together)
Effortful control
the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination ability to focus and shift attention when desired, and appreciate low intensity activities
deferred imitation
the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present - Infants as young as 6 months have the ability to imitate a novel act after a delay - Clearly requires memory ability and represents an early form of explicit or declarative memory
depth perception
the ability to see and fear heights
vision acuity
the ability to see fine detail; sharpness of vision - babies do not have this when they are born because cones are not fully developed - Newborn: 20/400 - 1 mo: 20/120
Empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another A reaction to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's feelings
symbolic capacity
the ability to use images, words, or gestures to represent or stand for objects and experiences; representational thought - Mental code or image that represents what we know Language, object permanence - Can think about past and anticipate future - Fantasy and Pretend Play - Animism 'anthropomorphism'- give non living things animal or human qualities like life or consciousness. (teddy bear read story etc)
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response Activating an association to an idea. Promotes a specific recall. - See candy around one red bench. Will start looking for candy around other red benches.
plasticity
the adaptability of an organism to changes in its environment or differences between its various habitats
life expectancy
the average number of years a person is expected to live
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
Define maturation (caused by genes)
the biological unfolding of the individual as sketched out in the genes; developmental changes that are biologically programmed by genes rather than caused primarily by learning, injury, illness or some other life experience
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
emotion regulation
the capacity to manage one's emotional state
Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage - conscious repetition - overlearning - spaced practice
biological aging
the deterioration of organisms that leads inevitably to their death
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
Menopause
the ending of a woman's menstrual periods and reproductive capacity around age 51
Nurture
the environments, both physical and social, that influence our development; learned, environmental view; Some exposure to spoken language seems necessary - Parents speaking in higher-pitched voices
genetic epistemology
the experimental study of the development of knowledge, developed by Piaget; the study of development of knowledge of thinking
Universal vs context specific
the extent to which developmental changes are common to all humans (universal) or are different across cultures, subcultures, task contexts, and individuals (context specific)
Who determines the sex of the baby - the mother (egg cells) or the father (sperm cells)?
the father
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
menarche
the first menstrual period
Values
the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live - Mental processes that are both cognitive and emotional - Combine cognitive representations such as concepts, goals w beliefs/attitudes - Importance and individual places on item/idea/person
Agnosia
the inability to recognize familiar objects
Nature
the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions; inborn, nativist view; Similar stages, brain structures for language, relatively few errors
corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Goodness of fit
the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with the extent to which the child's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of the social world to which they must adapt
autobiographical memory
the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story - 1st time events stand out - Effortful encoding at the time - We have rehearsed them more - Significant memories
Conscious (explicit) memory
the memory of experiencing the actual emotion - declarative, semantic, episodic
Structuralist constructivism
the mind imposes order upon our thoughts and knowledge, we constantly construct our knowledge of the world
testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
Savant
the name for an individual who has an average or low IQ in most areas, but who is extremely brilliant on one area
Causality
the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another; notion of cause and effect; realize relation between actions and their consequences
Ideational fluency
the number of new ideas you can come up with
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
Consolidation
the process by which memories become stable in the brain; organizing and preparing for storage - effortful
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment - bottom up processing (sensory to motor) - involves transduction, or the changing of energy source
Sensory Integration
the process by which the brain combines information taken in through the senses to make a whole - Cross Modal Matching - Inter Modal Matching
accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina - At birth, babies have no lens accommodation (which develops ~ 6 mo- 1 year), thus objects only in focus when they are 8-12 inches away
Retrieval
the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored; getting information back out
Cognitive Moral development
the process of moving through stages of maturity with regard to making ethical decisions - what is right or wrong
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events - Top down processing (recognition of objects or events) - Gestalts
Storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time; retain information over time
Puberty
the processes of biological change that result in an individual's attaining sexual maturity and becoming capable of producing a child
encoding
the processing of getting information into the memory system
neuron proliferation
the rapid formation of neurons in the developing organism's brain weeks 6-17
Rehearsal
the repeating of items they are trying to learn and remember. 10% of 5 y/o repeated the names of pictures they were asked to recall. 50% of 7 y/o 85 % of 10 y/o conscious over-learning spaced practice
parental imperative
the requirement that mothers and fathers adopt different roles to raise children successfully
Testing effect
the retrieval practice effect, testing yourself on the material enhances learning, recalling the answer boosts memory, repeated self-testing and rehearsal, test yourself on the material (blank page test)
Lewis & Brookes-Gunn
the rouge test and the categorical self
Syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language; How to arrange words into sentences and phrases - Order of adjectives and nouns - May still need context to determine meaning
Taste
the sensation of flavor perceived in the mouth and throat on contact with a substance Has taste capabilities at birth, prefer sweet, responsive to early experience sour/bitter exposure from (2 weeks thru 7 mo) leads to sour preference at (4-5 years)
Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning; make meaning; The relationship between words and things - Modulating morphemes - Adding suffixes and prefixes (Ed on laugh = laughed, indicates it happened in the past) - Children will follow this general principle and overgeneralize to make a regularly conjugated verb when its irregular - Tense
X chromosome
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.
Y chromosome
the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
culture
the shared understandings and way of life of a people, including beliefs, values, and practices system of meanings shared by a certain population that's transmitted from one generation to the next
Darrell is an accomplished rock climber with many awards. Yet on a TV obstacle course competition, he slipped and fell on the first climbing segment. Fischer would say that Darrell failed because ________. a. the task didn't fit the context b. the skill didn't fit the task c. the context didn't fit the potential d. the schemata didn't fit the skill
the skill didn't fit the task
Phonology
the sound system of a language
gerontology
the study of aging and old age
Central executive
the supervisor; controls attention and flow of information
size constancy
the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance perceiving the object as the same size as the distance from our eyes changes, so retina space doesn't mean object is changing size, just changing depth (also works for shape constancy)
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
Gravida
the total number of confirmed pregnancies that a woman has had, regardless of the outcome
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
top-down processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
Hearing
the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain - Can hear before birth. Hearing acuity good at birth. - Orient to soft sounds (via brain trapezoid body) , startle and retreat from loud ones. - Recognize and prefer mother's voice. - Biologically prepared for speech (recognize ALL phonemes at birth)
Stanford-Binet Test
the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
Interactionists Perspective
theoretical perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society; both nature and nurture; today's view
Piaget
theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development BIOGRAPHY - child prodigy - published first science article at age 10 - worked with mollusks in high school at a museum in Switzerland - earned phD at age 21 where he learned Freudian analysis and clinical interview with patients which helped him develop reasoning tasks on IQ tests with Simon and Bignet
bioecological model
theory of development emphasizing both nature and nurture as the developing person interacts with environmental systems
belief-desire psychology
theory of mind stating that people's wants and ideology guide their behavior
Howard Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences; 8 areas
dual-process model of bereavement
theory that healthy grieving means oscillating between loss-oriented coping, restoration-oriented coping, and periods of respite from coping
Why is pigdin not a true language?
there is no grammar: word order doesn't mean anything and no sense of tense - No consistent word order - No prefixes or suffixes - No tense
Radiation
these are capable of causing mutations
What is the Truer form of morality?
they can comfort someone who is sad by age of 2
Why do the percentages Chess and Thomas came up for for temperament not add to 100?
they didn't feel they could put every baby into one of these categories
Cataracts
thickening lens with protein changes cause vision to become cloudy, opaque, distorted - Can interfere with color vision.
Modulating morphemes
things that change the meaning of words
Ecological model
think about environment in which children are developing - Microsystem - Mesosystem - Exosystem - Macrosystem - Chronosystem
social cognition
thinking about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior of the self and other people
moral reasoning
thinking that occurs when people decide whether acts are right or wrong
neuron aggregation/organization
those with like function group together
chromosome
threadlike structure made up of genes
socioemotional selectivity theory
time left to live affects priorities and social relationships
moratorium period
time when youths have few responsibilities and can experiment with different roles to find their identities
meaningful learning
to add meaning to what is learned, like look up unfamiliar words, rephrase in your own words, form associations between parts of the material, organize information, build retrieval cues, visualize an image to help you remember the words or ideas, make up a story, place the ideas on a path METHOD OF LOCI
private speech
verbal communication for the self, commonly used by preschoolers to guide their activities
autonomy v. shame and doubt
toddlers tend to learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
palliative care
treatment aimed at meeting the physical, psychological, and spiritual needs of dying patients
EX of positive reflex
turning head/neck to look at something
Dizygotic Fraternal twins
two eggs (2 zygotes), different genetics, reared together or apart.
identical twins
two offspring who develop from a single zygote that later divides to form two genetically-identical individuals
fraternal twins
two offspring who develop when two ova are released roughly simultaneously, fertilized by different sperm
endocrine gland
type of gland that secretes chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream
class inclusion
understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements
object permanence
understanding that items continue to exist when they are no longer detectable to the senses
theory of mind
understanding that people have mental states and these states underlie and help explain their behavior
phonological awareness
understanding that spoken words can be decomposed into some number of basic sound units
Fertilization/Conception
union of egg and sperm creates 2N organism with 2 copies of each gene again (1N+1N=2N), egg and sperm combine
Narrative Identities
unique and integrative life story that we construct about our pasts and futures to give ourselves an identity and outlives meaning - Picture your life as a book
postformal thought
uniquely adult form of intelligence sensitivity to different perspectives make decisions based on one's inner feelings interest in exploring new questions
Morphology
units of meaning involved in word formation
reflex
unlearned and automatic response to a stimulus
Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others - Belief in or practice of disinterested & selfless concern for well being of others - Other's welfare is equally or more important then your own *Alternate to you*
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
use of estrogen and progestin to compensate for loss of natural regulatory substances due to menopause
crystallized intelligence
use of knowledge acquired through schooling and life experience
corporal punishment
use of physical force to discipline a child
Adaptation
using assimilation and accommodation to deal with new information
Token Economy
using gold stars on a chart representing individual instances of the desired behavior to earna toy , which is an example of this special application of operant conditioning
Memes
variations in ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from one person to another that cause rapid cultural mutations; passed down from generation to generation. Informal conversations, schooling, rituals. Ways culture interprets and responds to world. Methods of problem solving
What are the 2 big subgroups of the Weschler scales?
verbal and performance
empathy
vicarious experiencing of another person's feelings
moral identity
view that being caring, fair, and honest is a central aspect of who you are
dual-process model of morality
view that both deliberate thought and more automatic emotion-based intuitions can inform decisions and motivate behavior
overlapping waves theory
view that problem solving skills develop from using various strategies and becoming increasingly selective with experience
diathesis-stress model
view that psychopathology results from interaction of one's predisposition to psychological problems and experiencing difficult events
grief work perspective
view that to cope with death people confront their loss, work through emotions, and move toward detachment
fuzzy-trace theory
view that verbatim and general accounts of an event are stored separately in memory
Iconic memory
visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information. (Memory for vision) duration: up to 1 second
Zone of proximal development
vygotsky referred to the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he can do with guidance and assistance
separation anxiety
wary or fretful reaction that infants display when disconnected from their attachment objects
stranger anxiety
wary or fretful reaction that infants often display when approached by an unfamiliar person
phenotype
way in which a person's genetic endowment is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics
What does the Limbic lobe do according to Dodge?
we feel bad if we do something bad/good if we did the right thing
eudaimonic happiness
well-being defined by having a sense of meaning and life purpose
hedonic happiness
well-being defined by pure pleasure
population
well-defined group that a researcher is interested in drawing conclusions about
Commitment in Relativism
what is right for you
Perception
what we associate the term top down processing with
integrity v. despair
when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Sensory register
which ever so briefly holds the abundant sensory information-sights, sounds, smells and more sensory receptors afterimage/echo ICONIC (visual) ECHOIC (auditory)
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory
widely used assessment to determine how intellectually stimulating or impoverished one's living situation is
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
widely used, individually administered intelligence test that yields an IQ score
continuing bonds
widowed person's ongoing sense of the deceased spouse's presence in spirit
delay of gratification
willingness to give up a reward now for a more desirable reward later
swaddling
wrapping baby tightly in blanket calming during early infancy
intimacy v. isolation
young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or the feel like a recluse
during the germinal period, the organism is called a
zygote
Belief-Desire Psychology
~3 - 4 years
usual digit span for adults is ________
~7 numbers
Theory and Hypothesis
• Theory: An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. • Hypothesis: A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
Kanzi the bonobo/pygmy chimp
• refer to objects that they are not requesting • can describe past events • respond well to spoken requests Was able to comprehend symbol language and produce it Able to understand word order (syntax) and find meaning
