Exam 2

Which of the following is an overdose effect of MDMA (Ecstasy)?

Brain Damage

Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide. In which of the following ways can he use the process of context-dependent memory to his advantage?

By taking witnesses back to the crime scene

Is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Classical conditioning

Henry loves animals and has always wanted a pet animal. However, when he met his neighbour's dog, it bit him. Now, Henry stays away from dogs. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Henry's fear of dogs is a(n)

Conditioned Response

Aaron is working on a history assignment that he must submit the next day. His favorite TV show is on air, but he continues to work on the assignment as it is a priority. In this case, Aaron is demonstrating

Selective Attention

Dan is on a tour with his wife in Turkey. While sightseeing, Dan answers all the questions his wife has about the monuments and the places they see. In this scenario, Dan is most likely using his ________ to answer his wife's questions.

Semantic Memory

June plays a game with her brother. Her brother quickly shows her a picture and she has to describe the picture in as few words as possible. In this scenario, June's ________ is most likely to help her remember the picture.

Sensory Memory

While auditioning for a play, Theodore insisted that he will audition either first or last. He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last. In this scenario, Theodore is adhering to the

Serial position effect

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while sleeping?

Sleep Apnea

Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?

The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.

Which of the following is the reason for human attention being selective?

The brains resources are limited

Electroencephalographs (EEGs) of individuals in stage N1 sleep are characterized by ________ waves

Theta Waves

Which of the following statements is true of controlled processes?

They require selective attention

Which of the following refers to the network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus that are involved in the experience of arousal and engagement with the environment?

parasympathetic system

In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list?

primacy effect

With respect to the primacy effect, the first few items in a list are easily remembered because they

receive more elaborate processing than do words later in the list.

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

reduce the complexity of brain activity, increase the inability to sustain attention & increase the difficulty in making healthy food choices

Dale works for a publishing company. Every time he writes a good article, he gets lots of fan mail expressing support to him. In the context of operant conditioning, the mails that Dale receives are called a

secondary reinforcer.

REM sleep ends when there is a rise in ________, which increase the level of forebrain activity nearly to the awakened state.

serotonin and norepinephrine

Erika often walks in her sleep past midnight. In formal terms, she is said to be exhibiting

somnambulism.

The law of effect is profoundly important because it presents the basic idea that

the consequences of a behavior influence the likelihood of that behavior's recurrence.

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog salivated each time the food was presented. The dog's response to the food was a(n)

unconditioned response.

The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals

unexpectedly fall into REM sleep during an activity.

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n)

Conditioned stimulus.

Is the process of learning the associations between two events.

Conditioning

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Which of the following statements is true of narcolepsy?

It is triggered by extreme emotional reactions.

Which of the following is true of a variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning?

It produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction.

was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.

Ivan Pavlov

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store, looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that has enabled Matt to accurately encode all of these details?

Deep Processing

in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Discrimination

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information.

Tyler's grandmother, Rose, has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his e-mails, she checks her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the e-mails have stopped. As a result, Rose checks her e-mail only every few days. If this pattern continues, Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail. In classical conditioning, this is known as

Extinction

On the way home from her senior prom, Mary's date ran a red light and crashed into another vehicle, causing severe injuries to all involved. Twenty years later, Mary still remembers the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the crash. In the context of memory retrieval, such a memory is best described as a(n) ________ memory.

Flashbulb

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?

Food

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

Hallucinogens

Is as an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which an individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

Hypnosis

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of retrieving information?

Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.

Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose. Fearing retribution, Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him. In this scenario, Ryan is demonstrating

Operant Conditioning

Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?

Physical and perceptual features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing.

Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of ________ in operant conditioning.

Positive Punishment

refers to a situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later.

Proactive interference

is an implicit memory process that involves memory for skills.

Procedural Memory

Emma attends a friend's party. In the party, despite talking at length with lots of people, she only remembers the names of the last few people she met. In this scenario, Emma is demonstrating the

Recency Effect

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a

Reflex

Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning

Relies on mental processes

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is called a(n)

Schema

Nolan and Bella were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when Nolan suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan's behavior indicates that he is suffering from

narcolepsy

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined as

an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

The concept of "theory of mind" is best described as

an understanding that everyone thinks, feels, perceives, and has private experiences.

People who are easily hypnotized usually

can become deeply immersed in an imaginative activity.

When asked to memorize the ten letters, D, R, S, S, A, Y, N, R, A, and B, Debbie reorganized them into the words BARNS and YARDS. This helped her remember the letters accurately at a later time. Which of the following tactics has Debbie used in order to simplify the process of memorizing the letters?

chunking

Jessica loves to go to the park. However, after three separate incidences of violence over the course of two years in a park, she begins to fear going to parks. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica's fear of parks is a(n)

conditioned response.

Night terrors typically occur

during non-REM sleep.

Albert is listening intently to his principal's lecture on the advancement of scientific research. In this scenario, Albert is most likely

encoding information into his memory

Kevin suffers from sleep apnea. With this condition, he awakens as often as 50 times during the night due to

failure in the opening of the windpipe

Laura decides to undergo hypnosis out of curiosity. Laura experiences

heightened openness to suggestion.

Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that

increase the central nervous system's activity.

Chunking improves short-term memory by

making large amounts of information more manageable