Exam 2

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____ is the tendency to apply a word too narrowly

underextention

which of the following are the two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life?

Connectivity among neurons increases Myelination occurs rapidly

he frequency of face to face play becomes less common after about the age of?

7 months

in the U.S separation protest typically begins at about the age of?

7-8 months

when infants correctly find an object hidden in one location and continue to look in that location even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?

A-not-B error

which of the following temperament classification apply to rothbart and bate model

Negative affectivity effortfull extraversion/surgency

Neurons are ____ cells that send electrical and chemical signals

Nerve

Which of the following statements is false regarding newborn sleep

Newborns must sleep 18 hours a day to maintain optimum health in the first few months of life.

in its final stages, marasmus may result in?

Death

_____ behaviors are built in reaction to stimuli that govern the newborn movements in an involuntary and automatic way.

Reflexes

____ is one of the most dramatic advances in infant health that has declined infectious diseases over the years

Immunizations

_____ is the process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system.

Myelination

one of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of _____ versus ______

Nature or Nurture

which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

abused and neglected

while seeking cognitive equilibration, children are constantly engaging in which of the following processe

accommodation & assimilation

According to dynamic systems theory, motor development is an _____ process

active

opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities are called

affordances

what is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing

aphasia

which is true of stranger anxiety?

appears 6 months of age and peaks at 1 year

______ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

assimilation

_____ is the replication of behavior after a time delay of hours or days

deferred imitation

The ____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver

ecological view

a feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them especially to their well being is called an ______

emotion

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development

emotions are influence by both nature and nurture

what is the process by which information gets into memory

encoding

two most common infant gestures are

extending the arm to show the caregiver something the infant is holding pointing with the arm and index finger extended at some interesting object or event

if a child sucking behavior is followed b a reward such as music or a human voice one can expect which of the following infant behavior to occur

faster sucking

according to rothbart and bates the dimensions of negative affectivity includes.

fear, frustration,sadness, and discomfort

which of the following statements are true in regard to harlow conclusion based on the study of infant monkeys

feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process & contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process

infants are able to begin to feed themselves because of advances in their

fine motor skills

_____ the brain is about 25% of its adult weight

at birth

most developmentalists support the view that parents should sooth a crying infant in order to help the infant develp a sence of tust and secure

attachment

the close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as ______

attachment

_____ is known as the focusing of mental resources on select information

attention

_____ is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the words meaning

overextension

when babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance they are most likely in the _____ sensorimotor sub stage

first habits and primary circular reactions

according to erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs.

first year of life

sustained attention is also known as?

focused attention

Looking where another person has just look is known as ____ following

gaze following

what form of communication begins at 8 to 12 months?

gesturing

which is not one of the three strategist used by adult to enhance children acquisition of language

gesturing (two that are: labeling & recasting)

the match between a childs temperament and the environmental demand with which the child must cope is know by the term:

goodness of fit

which of the following statements is true regarding telegraphic speech

is not limited to two words

which of the following statements about attachment security in infancy is true?

it does not always by itself produce long term positive outcomes later in life.

which of the following statements are true regarding face to face play?

it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures it begins when the infant is 2-3 months of age

____ the process of encasing axons with fat cells, speed up neural transmissions

myelination

The regions of the brain associated with producing language, called brocas area are located in the left _____ lobe

left frontal lobe

a ___ smile in an infant does not occur in responce to external stimuli but a ____ smile does

reflexive smile & social smile

the sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called.

simple reflexes

the enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _____

personality

sh,ch and sp are all examples of what is incorporated in _____

phoneme

the p in words pot and spot is a

phoneme

____ is the sound system of a language

phonology

kagan believes that children inherit a _____ that blases them in terms of temerament

physiology

When an infant grasps small objects with its thumb and forefinger, it is using the ____ grip

pincer

babies as young as ____ months of age have shape constancy for objects that are not irregularly shaped

three

true or false: NICHD mother who believed in maternal employment had positive effects were more likely to place in nonmaternal care

true

by ___ years of age children have grown nearly half of their adult height

two

____ was the most important early contributor to the testing of infants

(arnold) Gesell

which of the following research methods are used to assess an infants attention to sound?

*High amplitude sucking *Orienting response and tracking

child learning to tip her sippy cup using piagetian concept.

*need to accommodate her drinking scheme to fit the new info *will organize her knowledge of drinking after experiencing different types of cups *is in a state of disequilibrium

according to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in transition to parenting

- men became more concerned with intimacy -women more closely attened to their own personal growth -women improved family task management -couples reported have a more stable couple identity.

which of the following recommendations are strategies advocated by child care experts

-reconize that quality of parenting is a key factor -monitor your child development -take some time to find the best child care

accidents are major cause of death in infancy, these can prevent accidents

.aspiration of foreign objects .suffocation .falls .poison .Burns .motor vehicle accidents

when do they beging cooing

1-2

According to research, breast feeding benefits children in which of the following ways?

1. Gastrointestinal infections 2. Lower respiratory tract infections 3. Allergies 4. Asthma 5. Otitis media 6.overweight and obesity

which of the following reasons why the mother should not breast feed

1. if mother is taking drugs 2. mother has tuberculosis 3. mother infected with HIV

Match type of infant attach with its caregiver description 1.secure 2. avoidant 3. resistant 4. disorganized

1. sensitive consistent 2. unavaliable,rejecting,irritable 3. inconsistent,unaffectionate 4. neglectful abusive

which of the following is a strategy parent typically use with young infants to direct joint attention?

1. track anothers behavior 2. one person directing another attention 3. reciprocal interaction (pointing and gaze following)

the neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influence brain development?

1.) Biological process and environmental experience influence the brain's development 2.) the brain has plasticity and is influenced by contexts 3.) development of the brain is closely linked with the child cognitive development.

which of the following commonly held beliefs regarding the benefits of breast feeding for the mother was not verified in a recent large scale research review.

1.Lower risk of breast cancer 2.lower risk of ovarian cancer 3.lower risk of type 2 diabetes 4.weight loss,bone health and mental health

longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood which of the following trends

1/3 showed an increase in martial satisfaction after baby was born

what is the typical age at which infants can stand alone?

10 to 12 months

at birth an infants brain contains approximately?

100 billion nerve cells

as early as ____ after being born an infant spends more time looking at their mothers face than a strangers face

12 hours

What is a complex biomechanical process which infants about ____ to achieve

12 months

for the first ____ of life, human milk or an alternative formula should be the babys diet and source of nutrients

6 months

baby natalie just masterd climbing up three stairs into her kitchen from the living room using her hands and legs based on what we know about gross motor development which of these are natalies age?

15 months

the "vocabulary spurt" when it happen usally occurs between _____ and 24 months

18

Myelination for ______ pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Myeilnation for ____ pathways is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age

1st. Visual 2nd. Audiotory

An infant can distinguish among and show preferences for sweet, sour, and bitter solutions at?

2 hours

sudden infant death syndrome most commonly occus in infants between the ages of ___ months

2&4

Because of positive social interchanges between caregivers and infants by ____ of age infants respond different to people then to objects

2-3 months

Average north american newborn is

20 inches long

between 1996 and 2011 the number of stay and home fathers in the U.S.

300%

which of the following words best describes an infants role in mastering a motor skill.

Active

Which of the following racial/ethnic groups have higher rates of death from sudden infant death syndrome

African American and Eskimo

babies have at least three types of cries:a basic cry, a _____ cry, and a ____ cry

Basic, Anger, pain

the _____ perspective argues that language is nothing more than chains of responces acquired through reinforcement

Behavioral

according to piaget _____ schemes develop in infancy, whereas _____ schemes develop in childhood

Behavioral: mental

by 3 or 4 months of age, young infants can use _____ to perceive some scene of depth

Binocular cues

shaken baby syndrome causes ___ swelling and hemorrhaging

Brain

Sudden infant death syndrome is less common in babies who

Breast feed normal birth weight use a pacifier dont have sibling that have died to this arent exposed to smoke dont share bed with parents

The ____ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement.

Moro Reflex

____ are the ideas about what categories represent

Concepts

six month old john often react negatiely and cries frequently. he also is not very adaptive. according to chess & thomas classification system he is most likely a _____ child

Difficult

The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is called

Dishabituation

according to rothbart and bate temperament classification the category_______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition

Effortful control

According to dynamic systems theory, which of the following are critical to an infants creation of new motor behaviors .

Environmental support for the skill Development of the nervous system the bodies physical properties and possibilities The infants motivation

Order the following stimuli from most time watched to least time watched as identified in research by fantz

Faces Black and white pattern High contrast colors like red low contrast color such as yellow the color white

true or false: personality is thought to involve a sence of self,trust,self-recognition,and independence: and it develops around the age of four

False

The number of overweight U.S. infants has increased, partly because they are eating more?

Fatty foods Sweetened drinks desserts

which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence in which mother read the cat in the hat to their fetuses and then to the children post birth

Fetuses can learn and hear

The type of motor skills that involve finger dexterity are called ____ motor skills

Fine motor

4 parts of the brain

Frontal lobes- Thinking,movement,memory Occipital lobes- Vision Temportal lobes- hearing and memory Parietal lobes- Spatial location, mataining attention and motor controll

An infant waving bye-ye is an example of_____

Gesture

when comparing infants in 2004 to infants in 1980, the rate of the overweight infants has:

Incressed

Which of the following are essential features of motor activities during the first year of life?

Independence, environmental exploration, self-initiated interaction with others.

When watching a hockey game spectator can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice, this ability is known as?

Intermodal perception

Perception is defined as the ____ of what is senced

Interpretation

The specialization of function in the one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called?

Lateralization

which of the following factors can cause sleep problems in infants

Maternal depression during pregnancy early introduction to solid foods TV viewing

in plagets theory _____ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thought into a higher order system

Organization

experts say child care is a major national convern in the U.S primarily because parents cannot receive _____ parental leave

Paid

When an Infant holds a bottle using both hands, he is using ______ grasp.

Palmer

The dynamic systems view states that new perceptual motor coupling is not ______accomplished rather the infant ____ develops a skill to achieve a goal

Passively: actively

In order to meet the demands of a task and make a decision about what to do in a certain environment, infants and children combine ______ and ______

Perception and action

A baby puts toy cars, trucks, and airplanes into a group. the infant is most likely categorizing the objects according to which perceptual feature?

Perceptual categorization (movement)

When sensory stimulation is changing,but perception of the physical world remains the same, an infant is experiencing?

Perceptual constancy

match bowlby phase of attachment with its description Phase 1:birth to 2 months Phase 2: 2 to 7 months phase 3: 7 to 24 months phase 4: 24 months on

Phase 1: instinctively direct their attachment to human figures Phase 2: attachment becomes focus on one figure primary caregiver Phase 3: specific attachment develops Phase 4: children become aware of others

according to rothbart and bates, the dimension of extraversion/surgency Includes:

Positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking

What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill divelopment

Postural control

Being able to control your head in order to look at an object is an example of the dynamic nature of:

Posture

the early emotions anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of _____ emotions

Primary

the ____ growth pattern involves the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities

Proximodistal pattern

Synaptic ____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

Pruning

_____ behaviors are built in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborns movements in an involuntary and automatic way.

Reflex

Perception

Scientists analyze infinat respiration,heart rate,body movement, cisual fixation and sucking to learn more about infant's

The Term ____ refers to when information interacts with sensory receptors.

Sensation

The Recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes it called:

Shape constancy

Besides balancing weight on one leg infants must also be able to ___ in order to walk upright

Shift the weight from one leg to other

A newborn infant can habituate to which of the following repeated sensory stimuli

Sights, sounds,smells,or touches

The realization that your mother has the same appearance and doe not shrink as you watch her walk away from you, means that you understand ____ constancy

Size Constancy

which of the following are the two types of perceptual constancy as noted in your textbook?

Size and Shape Constancy

From the moment of birth, what type of smells do newborns perfer

Smells such as strawberrys and vanilla

which of the following behaviors/movements are precursors to walking?

Stepping reflex alternating kicking movements throughout the first six months of life

The _____ reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food, it also serves as a self-soothing or self regulating mechanism

Sucking

which of the following terms are used to describe the international nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well.

Synchronous & reciprocal

according to dynamic system theory which of the followin are critical to an infants creation of new motor behaviors

The body physical properties and possibilities Environmental support for the skill The infants motivation development of the nervous system

According to the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, what feature would grow the fastest?

The higher parts of the head like the brain and eyes and slower like the jaw and nose.

According to dynamic systems theory what is required before infants can begin to develop their motor skills and perform actions?

They must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act.

boys tend to be intensely interested in which of the following categories

Vehicles trains machines dinos balls

what are the purpose of reflexes

allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn survival mechanisms which are genetically carried

erik erikson second stage of development during the second year of life is called

autonomy versus shame and doubt

____ is the production of strings of consonant- vowel combinations

babbling

which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification system that involves an easy child, difficult child and a slow-to-warm-up child

chess and thomas

which of the following were reasons for the development of the bayley scales of infant development

cognitive language motor socio-emotional adaptive (to assess behavior& Predict later development)

jenny an infant gets scared and starts to cry, she is using her emotions to ______ with her parents

communicate

the ____ _____ approach state that infants are born with domain specific innate knowledge systems

core knowledge approach

_____ is the first form of vocalization an infant makes starting at birth

crying

order the sequence of babies sounds during its first year of life beginning with the earliest

crying cooing babbling holophrases telegraphic speech

which of the following are environment influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics

cultural influences & goodness to fit influences

when parents of children in east asia encourage the the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _______ diversity on emotional development

culture

according to piaget, cognitive conflict is also known as ______

disequailibrium

_____ increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulus

dishabituation

______ is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said

expanding

renee baillargeon used a research method that involved violation of ____ to measure infants understanding of causalilty

expectations

according to piaget, cognitive development is guided by which of the following

experiences & Genetics

____ decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations

habituation

infants attention is strongly governed by novelty and _____

habituation

scientists in the field of social neuroscience is most likely to study which of the following factors?

hormones, mother-infant attachment, the brain

_____ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically

implicit memory

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain about of _____

independence

which of the following are possible explanation for why infants make A-not-B errors

infants have failures in memory infants tend to repeat previous motor behaviors

when caregivers and infants frequently engage in joint attention, how is language development impacted?

infants speak their first words earlier infants have a larger vocabulary

_____ is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

infinite generativity

which of the following are common characteristics of all human languages

infinite generativity and organization rules

according to bowlby, an infant internal working model of attachment.

influences the childs subsequent responses to other people

the ____ view emphasizes the language acqusition occurs because both biological and environmental influences

interactionist

_____ attention considerably infants ability to learn from other people

joint

infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?

joint attention & gaze following

kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ______

kagans behavioral inhibition

strategy know as ______ involves identifying the names of objects

labeling

chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language

language acquisition device (LAD)

which of the following are charecteristics of child directed speech

language spoken in higher pitch then normal and simpler words

Gross motor skills

large muscle activites

what charecteristics are likely to be displayed by slow to warm up child

low activity level somewhat negative displays low intensity of mood

which areas of the brain are assoicated with explicit memory capabilities

maturation of the hippocampus, & surrounding cerebral cortex frontal lobes

the gesell test includes which four of the following

motor language adaptive personal-social

infants should consume ____ an adults requirement of calories per pound

more then twice

which of the fie systems of rules of language has the function of marking tens and numbers

morphemes

____ refers to the units of meaning involved in the word formation

morphology

during play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair, the infant walk behind the chair in search of the ball. the behavior is and example of the following?

object permanence

the most current and common view among developmentalists is that soothing of infants by their caregivers should:

occur regularly, because it fosters a sence of trust and secure attachment occur regularly because an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life.

almost all classification designate an emotion as either _____ or ______-

positive or negative

what term refers to appropriate use of language in different contexts

pragmatics

when infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage

primary circular reaction

when a child says. i had a good day at grandmas. and the parent responds with the statement. tell me why you had such a good day? the parent is using the strategy of ______-

recasting

which strategy do parents use that allows a child to indicate an interest and then elaborate on that interest

recasting

______ vocabulary refers to words a child understands

receptive

the interaction between childern and caregivers is like a dace or dialog in which each successive action depends on te partners previous behavior. the term used to describe this is

reciprocal socialization

an important form of reciprocal socialization is ______ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child performance

scaffolding

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are know as?

schemes

when infants repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or object in their environment, they are most likely in the _____ sensorimotor substage

secondary circular reactions

____ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants needs

securely

gets mildly mad when mother leaves and has positive interaction when she gets back. which of ainsworth categories is he?

securely attached baby

what type of emotion require self awareness and a sence of me

self conscious emotions

____ refers to the mean of words and sentences

semantics

in piagets first stage of cognitive development which is called the _____ stage infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experience with physical actions

sensorimotor

Parent infant synchrony refers to the temporal coordination of _____ behavior

social

child looking to mother for renascence is ______ ______

social referencing

Spelke found that 4 month old infants expect objects to be ____ and _____

solid and continuous

in english the smallest unit of ____ that affects meaning in phoneme

sound

the family can be though of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role

subsystems

______ ________ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night and die

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

according to piaget, internalized representation of reality are called _____

symbols

during the interalization of schemes substage, infants develop the ability to use primitive _____ that allow them to think about concrete events without directly acting them out or perceiving them

symbols

____ involves the way in which words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

syntax

individual difference in behavioral styles, emotion, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ______ of a persons personality

temperament

an individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her

temperment

infants engaging in new behavior is

teritary circular reaction, novelty and curiosity

the development quotient is the overall score for

the gesell test

with regard to brain development what happens as babies engage in language use

the neural pathways are strengthened

john watson says parents that _______ responding to crying infant will _______ its occurrence

too much, increase

The purpose of the rooting reflex is to:

when something brushes against the mouth or cheek and infant head turns to suck


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