Exam 2
____ is the tendency to apply a word too narrowly
underextention
which of the following are the two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life?
Connectivity among neurons increases Myelination occurs rapidly
he frequency of face to face play becomes less common after about the age of?
7 months
in the U.S separation protest typically begins at about the age of?
7-8 months
when infants correctly find an object hidden in one location and continue to look in that location even when they see the object hidden in a new location, they are engaging in which of the following?
A-not-B error
which of the following temperament classification apply to rothbart and bate model
Negative affectivity effortfull extraversion/surgency
Neurons are ____ cells that send electrical and chemical signals
Nerve
Which of the following statements is false regarding newborn sleep
Newborns must sleep 18 hours a day to maintain optimum health in the first few months of life.
in its final stages, marasmus may result in?
Death
_____ behaviors are built in reaction to stimuli that govern the newborn movements in an involuntary and automatic way.
Reflexes
____ is one of the most dramatic advances in infant health that has declined infectious diseases over the years
Immunizations
_____ is the process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system.
Myelination
one of the key debates in developmental psychology as it relates to perceptual development is the longstanding issue of _____ versus ______
Nature or Nurture
which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?
abused and neglected
while seeking cognitive equilibration, children are constantly engaging in which of the following processe
accommodation & assimilation
According to dynamic systems theory, motor development is an _____ process
active
opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities are called
affordances
what is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing
aphasia
which is true of stranger anxiety?
appears 6 months of age and peaks at 1 year
______ occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
assimilation
_____ is the replication of behavior after a time delay of hours or days
deferred imitation
The ____ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver
ecological view
a feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them especially to their well being is called an ______
emotion
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development
emotions are influence by both nature and nurture
what is the process by which information gets into memory
encoding
two most common infant gestures are
extending the arm to show the caregiver something the infant is holding pointing with the arm and index finger extended at some interesting object or event
if a child sucking behavior is followed b a reward such as music or a human voice one can expect which of the following infant behavior to occur
faster sucking
according to rothbart and bates the dimensions of negative affectivity includes.
fear, frustration,sadness, and discomfort
which of the following statements are true in regard to harlow conclusion based on the study of infant monkeys
feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process & contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process
infants are able to begin to feed themselves because of advances in their
fine motor skills
_____ the brain is about 25% of its adult weight
at birth
most developmentalists support the view that parents should sooth a crying infant in order to help the infant develp a sence of tust and secure
attachment
the close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as ______
attachment
_____ is known as the focusing of mental resources on select information
attention
_____ is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the words meaning
overextension
when babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance they are most likely in the _____ sensorimotor sub stage
first habits and primary circular reactions
according to erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs.
first year of life
sustained attention is also known as?
focused attention
Looking where another person has just look is known as ____ following
gaze following
what form of communication begins at 8 to 12 months?
gesturing
which is not one of the three strategist used by adult to enhance children acquisition of language
gesturing (two that are: labeling & recasting)
the match between a childs temperament and the environmental demand with which the child must cope is know by the term:
goodness of fit
which of the following statements is true regarding telegraphic speech
is not limited to two words
which of the following statements about attachment security in infancy is true?
it does not always by itself produce long term positive outcomes later in life.
which of the following statements are true regarding face to face play?
it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures it begins when the infant is 2-3 months of age
____ the process of encasing axons with fat cells, speed up neural transmissions
myelination
The regions of the brain associated with producing language, called brocas area are located in the left _____ lobe
left frontal lobe
a ___ smile in an infant does not occur in responce to external stimuli but a ____ smile does
reflexive smile & social smile
the sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called.
simple reflexes
the enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _____
personality
sh,ch and sp are all examples of what is incorporated in _____
phoneme
the p in words pot and spot is a
phoneme
____ is the sound system of a language
phonology
kagan believes that children inherit a _____ that blases them in terms of temerament
physiology
When an infant grasps small objects with its thumb and forefinger, it is using the ____ grip
pincer
babies as young as ____ months of age have shape constancy for objects that are not irregularly shaped
three
true or false: NICHD mother who believed in maternal employment had positive effects were more likely to place in nonmaternal care
true
by ___ years of age children have grown nearly half of their adult height
two
____ was the most important early contributor to the testing of infants
(arnold) Gesell
which of the following research methods are used to assess an infants attention to sound?
*High amplitude sucking *Orienting response and tracking
child learning to tip her sippy cup using piagetian concept.
*need to accommodate her drinking scheme to fit the new info *will organize her knowledge of drinking after experiencing different types of cups *is in a state of disequilibrium
according to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in transition to parenting
- men became more concerned with intimacy -women more closely attened to their own personal growth -women improved family task management -couples reported have a more stable couple identity.
which of the following recommendations are strategies advocated by child care experts
-reconize that quality of parenting is a key factor -monitor your child development -take some time to find the best child care
accidents are major cause of death in infancy, these can prevent accidents
.aspiration of foreign objects .suffocation .falls .poison .Burns .motor vehicle accidents
when do they beging cooing
1-2
According to research, breast feeding benefits children in which of the following ways?
1. Gastrointestinal infections 2. Lower respiratory tract infections 3. Allergies 4. Asthma 5. Otitis media 6.overweight and obesity
which of the following reasons why the mother should not breast feed
1. if mother is taking drugs 2. mother has tuberculosis 3. mother infected with HIV
Match type of infant attach with its caregiver description 1.secure 2. avoidant 3. resistant 4. disorganized
1. sensitive consistent 2. unavaliable,rejecting,irritable 3. inconsistent,unaffectionate 4. neglectful abusive
which of the following is a strategy parent typically use with young infants to direct joint attention?
1. track anothers behavior 2. one person directing another attention 3. reciprocal interaction (pointing and gaze following)
the neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influence brain development?
1.) Biological process and environmental experience influence the brain's development 2.) the brain has plasticity and is influenced by contexts 3.) development of the brain is closely linked with the child cognitive development.
which of the following commonly held beliefs regarding the benefits of breast feeding for the mother was not verified in a recent large scale research review.
1.Lower risk of breast cancer 2.lower risk of ovarian cancer 3.lower risk of type 2 diabetes 4.weight loss,bone health and mental health
longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood which of the following trends
1/3 showed an increase in martial satisfaction after baby was born
what is the typical age at which infants can stand alone?
10 to 12 months
at birth an infants brain contains approximately?
100 billion nerve cells
as early as ____ after being born an infant spends more time looking at their mothers face than a strangers face
12 hours
What is a complex biomechanical process which infants about ____ to achieve
12 months
for the first ____ of life, human milk or an alternative formula should be the babys diet and source of nutrients
6 months
baby natalie just masterd climbing up three stairs into her kitchen from the living room using her hands and legs based on what we know about gross motor development which of these are natalies age?
15 months
the "vocabulary spurt" when it happen usally occurs between _____ and 24 months
18
Myelination for ______ pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Myeilnation for ____ pathways is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age
1st. Visual 2nd. Audiotory
An infant can distinguish among and show preferences for sweet, sour, and bitter solutions at?
2 hours
sudden infant death syndrome most commonly occus in infants between the ages of ___ months
2&4
Because of positive social interchanges between caregivers and infants by ____ of age infants respond different to people then to objects
2-3 months
Average north american newborn is
20 inches long
between 1996 and 2011 the number of stay and home fathers in the U.S.
300%
which of the following words best describes an infants role in mastering a motor skill.
Active
Which of the following racial/ethnic groups have higher rates of death from sudden infant death syndrome
African American and Eskimo
babies have at least three types of cries:a basic cry, a _____ cry, and a ____ cry
Basic, Anger, pain
the _____ perspective argues that language is nothing more than chains of responces acquired through reinforcement
Behavioral
according to piaget _____ schemes develop in infancy, whereas _____ schemes develop in childhood
Behavioral: mental
by 3 or 4 months of age, young infants can use _____ to perceive some scene of depth
Binocular cues
shaken baby syndrome causes ___ swelling and hemorrhaging
Brain
Sudden infant death syndrome is less common in babies who
Breast feed normal birth weight use a pacifier dont have sibling that have died to this arent exposed to smoke dont share bed with parents
The ____ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement.
Moro Reflex
____ are the ideas about what categories represent
Concepts
six month old john often react negatiely and cries frequently. he also is not very adaptive. according to chess & thomas classification system he is most likely a _____ child
Difficult
The recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation is called
Dishabituation
according to rothbart and bate temperament classification the category_______ control includes being able to soothe oneself, shift attention, and demonstrate inhibition
Effortful control
According to dynamic systems theory, which of the following are critical to an infants creation of new motor behaviors .
Environmental support for the skill Development of the nervous system the bodies physical properties and possibilities The infants motivation
Order the following stimuli from most time watched to least time watched as identified in research by fantz
Faces Black and white pattern High contrast colors like red low contrast color such as yellow the color white
true or false: personality is thought to involve a sence of self,trust,self-recognition,and independence: and it develops around the age of four
False
The number of overweight U.S. infants has increased, partly because they are eating more?
Fatty foods Sweetened drinks desserts
which of the following can be inferred as an outcome of the research by DeCasper and Spence in which mother read the cat in the hat to their fetuses and then to the children post birth
Fetuses can learn and hear
The type of motor skills that involve finger dexterity are called ____ motor skills
Fine motor
4 parts of the brain
Frontal lobes- Thinking,movement,memory Occipital lobes- Vision Temportal lobes- hearing and memory Parietal lobes- Spatial location, mataining attention and motor controll
An infant waving bye-ye is an example of_____
Gesture
when comparing infants in 2004 to infants in 1980, the rate of the overweight infants has:
Incressed
Which of the following are essential features of motor activities during the first year of life?
Independence, environmental exploration, self-initiated interaction with others.
When watching a hockey game spectator can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice, this ability is known as?
Intermodal perception
Perception is defined as the ____ of what is senced
Interpretation
The specialization of function in the one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called?
Lateralization
which of the following factors can cause sleep problems in infants
Maternal depression during pregnancy early introduction to solid foods TV viewing
in plagets theory _____ is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thought into a higher order system
Organization
experts say child care is a major national convern in the U.S primarily because parents cannot receive _____ parental leave
Paid
When an Infant holds a bottle using both hands, he is using ______ grasp.
Palmer
The dynamic systems view states that new perceptual motor coupling is not ______accomplished rather the infant ____ develops a skill to achieve a goal
Passively: actively
In order to meet the demands of a task and make a decision about what to do in a certain environment, infants and children combine ______ and ______
Perception and action
A baby puts toy cars, trucks, and airplanes into a group. the infant is most likely categorizing the objects according to which perceptual feature?
Perceptual categorization (movement)
When sensory stimulation is changing,but perception of the physical world remains the same, an infant is experiencing?
Perceptual constancy
match bowlby phase of attachment with its description Phase 1:birth to 2 months Phase 2: 2 to 7 months phase 3: 7 to 24 months phase 4: 24 months on
Phase 1: instinctively direct their attachment to human figures Phase 2: attachment becomes focus on one figure primary caregiver Phase 3: specific attachment develops Phase 4: children become aware of others
according to rothbart and bates, the dimension of extraversion/surgency Includes:
Positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking
What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill divelopment
Postural control
Being able to control your head in order to look at an object is an example of the dynamic nature of:
Posture
the early emotions anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of _____ emotions
Primary
the ____ growth pattern involves the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities
Proximodistal pattern
Synaptic ____ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
Pruning
_____ behaviors are built in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborns movements in an involuntary and automatic way.
Reflex
Perception
Scientists analyze infinat respiration,heart rate,body movement, cisual fixation and sucking to learn more about infant's
The Term ____ refers to when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Sensation
The Recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes it called:
Shape constancy
Besides balancing weight on one leg infants must also be able to ___ in order to walk upright
Shift the weight from one leg to other
A newborn infant can habituate to which of the following repeated sensory stimuli
Sights, sounds,smells,or touches
The realization that your mother has the same appearance and doe not shrink as you watch her walk away from you, means that you understand ____ constancy
Size Constancy
which of the following are the two types of perceptual constancy as noted in your textbook?
Size and Shape Constancy
From the moment of birth, what type of smells do newborns perfer
Smells such as strawberrys and vanilla
which of the following behaviors/movements are precursors to walking?
Stepping reflex alternating kicking movements throughout the first six months of life
The _____ reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food, it also serves as a self-soothing or self regulating mechanism
Sucking
which of the following terms are used to describe the international nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well.
Synchronous & reciprocal
according to dynamic system theory which of the followin are critical to an infants creation of new motor behaviors
The body physical properties and possibilities Environmental support for the skill The infants motivation development of the nervous system
According to the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, what feature would grow the fastest?
The higher parts of the head like the brain and eyes and slower like the jaw and nose.
According to dynamic systems theory what is required before infants can begin to develop their motor skills and perform actions?
They must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act.
boys tend to be intensely interested in which of the following categories
Vehicles trains machines dinos balls
what are the purpose of reflexes
allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn survival mechanisms which are genetically carried
erik erikson second stage of development during the second year of life is called
autonomy versus shame and doubt
____ is the production of strings of consonant- vowel combinations
babbling
which of the following theorists developed a temperament classification system that involves an easy child, difficult child and a slow-to-warm-up child
chess and thomas
which of the following were reasons for the development of the bayley scales of infant development
cognitive language motor socio-emotional adaptive (to assess behavior& Predict later development)
jenny an infant gets scared and starts to cry, she is using her emotions to ______ with her parents
communicate
the ____ _____ approach state that infants are born with domain specific innate knowledge systems
core knowledge approach
_____ is the first form of vocalization an infant makes starting at birth
crying
order the sequence of babies sounds during its first year of life beginning with the earliest
crying cooing babbling holophrases telegraphic speech
which of the following are environment influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics
cultural influences & goodness to fit influences
when parents of children in east asia encourage the the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _______ diversity on emotional development
culture
according to piaget, cognitive conflict is also known as ______
disequailibrium
_____ increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulus
dishabituation
______ is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said
expanding
renee baillargeon used a research method that involved violation of ____ to measure infants understanding of causalilty
expectations
according to piaget, cognitive development is guided by which of the following
experiences & Genetics
____ decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
habituation
infants attention is strongly governed by novelty and _____
habituation
scientists in the field of social neuroscience is most likely to study which of the following factors?
hormones, mother-infant attachment, the brain
_____ memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically
implicit memory
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain about of _____
independence
which of the following are possible explanation for why infants make A-not-B errors
infants have failures in memory infants tend to repeat previous motor behaviors
when caregivers and infants frequently engage in joint attention, how is language development impacted?
infants speak their first words earlier infants have a larger vocabulary
_____ is the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
infinite generativity
which of the following are common characteristics of all human languages
infinite generativity and organization rules
according to bowlby, an infant internal working model of attachment.
influences the childs subsequent responses to other people
the ____ view emphasizes the language acqusition occurs because both biological and environmental influences
interactionist
_____ attention considerably infants ability to learn from other people
joint
infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?
joint attention & gaze following
kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral ______
kagans behavioral inhibition
strategy know as ______ involves identifying the names of objects
labeling
chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
language acquisition device (LAD)
which of the following are charecteristics of child directed speech
language spoken in higher pitch then normal and simpler words
Gross motor skills
large muscle activites
what charecteristics are likely to be displayed by slow to warm up child
low activity level somewhat negative displays low intensity of mood
which areas of the brain are assoicated with explicit memory capabilities
maturation of the hippocampus, & surrounding cerebral cortex frontal lobes
the gesell test includes which four of the following
motor language adaptive personal-social
infants should consume ____ an adults requirement of calories per pound
more then twice
which of the fie systems of rules of language has the function of marking tens and numbers
morphemes
____ refers to the units of meaning involved in the word formation
morphology
during play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair, the infant walk behind the chair in search of the ball. the behavior is and example of the following?
object permanence
the most current and common view among developmentalists is that soothing of infants by their caregivers should:
occur regularly, because it fosters a sence of trust and secure attachment occur regularly because an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life.
almost all classification designate an emotion as either _____ or ______-
positive or negative
what term refers to appropriate use of language in different contexts
pragmatics
when infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage
primary circular reaction
when a child says. i had a good day at grandmas. and the parent responds with the statement. tell me why you had such a good day? the parent is using the strategy of ______-
recasting
which strategy do parents use that allows a child to indicate an interest and then elaborate on that interest
recasting
______ vocabulary refers to words a child understands
receptive
the interaction between childern and caregivers is like a dace or dialog in which each successive action depends on te partners previous behavior. the term used to describe this is
reciprocal socialization
an important form of reciprocal socialization is ______ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child performance
scaffolding
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are know as?
schemes
when infants repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or object in their environment, they are most likely in the _____ sensorimotor substage
secondary circular reactions
____ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants needs
securely
gets mildly mad when mother leaves and has positive interaction when she gets back. which of ainsworth categories is he?
securely attached baby
what type of emotion require self awareness and a sence of me
self conscious emotions
____ refers to the mean of words and sentences
semantics
in piagets first stage of cognitive development which is called the _____ stage infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experience with physical actions
sensorimotor
Parent infant synchrony refers to the temporal coordination of _____ behavior
social
child looking to mother for renascence is ______ ______
social referencing
Spelke found that 4 month old infants expect objects to be ____ and _____
solid and continuous
in english the smallest unit of ____ that affects meaning in phoneme
sound
the family can be though of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role
subsystems
______ ________ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night and die
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
according to piaget, internalized representation of reality are called _____
symbols
during the interalization of schemes substage, infants develop the ability to use primitive _____ that allow them to think about concrete events without directly acting them out or perceiving them
symbols
____ involves the way in which words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
syntax
individual difference in behavioral styles, emotion, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ______ of a persons personality
temperament
an individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her
temperment
infants engaging in new behavior is
teritary circular reaction, novelty and curiosity
the development quotient is the overall score for
the gesell test
with regard to brain development what happens as babies engage in language use
the neural pathways are strengthened
john watson says parents that _______ responding to crying infant will _______ its occurrence
too much, increase
The purpose of the rooting reflex is to:
when something brushes against the mouth or cheek and infant head turns to suck
