Exam #2

commander of fort pitt, brought up the idea of infecting indians with small pox through giving them infested blankets, small pox would sweep through indian population.

Colonel Henry Boquet

Created the CT Compromise (by roger sherman) Became article 1 of constitution (Congress)

Committee of Eleven

committee created by sam adams in mass, consisted of 21 members, comunicated with other colonies

Committees of correspondence

written by Thomas Paine, attacked the monarchy, parliament, and English bureaucrats. Said the only solution was an independant republic from england

Common Sense

1. they all have the right to a trial by jury 2. Right to self taxation (england shouldnt tax colonies) 3. wanted to get rid of admiralty courts

Discussed at stamp act congress

English People would rather trade with america than continue to control them. Less nobles wanted to join war cause. british people wanted to come to terms

Domestic opposition

john hancocks ship is held in harbour. 1,000s of colonist drag ship out of harbour and burn it.

Liberty Riot (return of non-imporation)

1. All settlers over the appalachin mountains had to come back. 2. gave all land past app mountains back to indians 3.fur tade is taken over br crown. 4. four new royal colonies (Quebec, East florida, west florida, granada)

Proclamation of 1763

soldiers from england were allowed to live in the homes of the colonist

Quartering Act (1774)

Colonist goverbemtn had to pay for food/housing of british troops (through taxes)

Quartering act (1765)

ohio valley and great lakes area were given back to quebec (french)

Quebec Act (1774)

colonies began to work together

creation of colonial militia

england sends troops (over 4,000 in boston)

english response to growing tensions

fort that would trade things to the indians such as guns for furs.

fort detroit

thought they divided the people up into "factions" only use was to win elections

founding fathers view on political parties

adult males who own more than 50 acres of land

freeholders in territories

began to tax the colonies more

new policies that england adopted

subjects shouldnt be taxed without representation in parliment.

no taxes without representation

signed by wealthier colonist, pledged to not buy english goods (boycott taxes). english goods were replaced by smuggled goods

non-importations agreement

said us would not participate in the war

nuetrality proclamation (1793)

attacked forts and settlers in indian territories, took the 9 major forts in the great lakes region including seiging fort pitt (former fort duquesne)

pontiacs rebellion

northern states pushed to emancipate slaves while souther states decided to retain slavery

states on slavery

-central government had power to declare war -states could not make indipendant peace treaties or alliances -central government had power to appoint military officers: even though militaries were state based they were lead by gov appointed leaders

strengths of articles

created containing thomas jefferson, ben franklin, john adams, livingston, and sherman. thomas jefferson was given the responsibilty to write what they wanted-- declaration of independance

sub committee of 5

1. wanted change in policy by england 2. they asserted their natural rights 3. all colonies would mutually support on another 4. promised to restart non-importation agreements. 5. made an enemies list (those loyal to crown) 6. promised to re-convien the next year

suffolk resolves

purpose was to pay for colonial defense. the duty on molasis, sugar, coffee, and indigo was reduced. The duties were not originally enforced (salutory neglect) act meant they HAD to pay those taxes now

Sugar act of of 1764

northwestern tribes give up claims to ohio region

Treaty of Fort Greenville

1. england promises to evacute forts, keeps fur trade in america 3.england promises to meet in future about repaying for american ships 3. england refuses to recognize american nuetrality - people thought this was an awful deal, forcing john jay to resign

Treaty of London (1794)

-us made treaty with france 1. us would defend french west indies 2. french privateers had acces to us ports

Treaty of Paris (1778)

Ben franklin, John Adams, Henry Laurence, John Jay represented America. 1. England would recognize colonies independence 2. England gave colonies land, App-Miss (proc 1763) 3.England Guarenteed americas fishing rights Note:Discussed but not settled -loyalist compensation -british forts (when theyll leave) -fur trade (controlled by crown)

Treaty of Paris (1783)

1. settles us florida border between spain 2. opens mississippi river and new orleans for american trade for 3 years

Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795)

-danger of holding perminent foreign alliances -wanted them to publish it on sept 17th (constitution day)

Washington farewell address (1796)

electoral college can cast one vote for potus, and one vote for vp, no longer two greatest majorities would become president and vice president

12th ammendment

delegates from 12 of 13 colonies attented, drafted the suffolk resolves (all colonies were equal in voting)

1st continental congress (sept 5, 1774)

June 7th, 1776 Richard Henry Lee submitted a resolution that the colonies would declare their independence from Britain.

2nd continental congress

any government officiall in mass axxused of wrong doing, their trial would be held in england

Administration of justice act (1774)

1. Washington (commander in chief) great leader, self motivated, had a lot to lose 2. British weaknesses 3. British military blunders 4. British attempt at a naval blockade 5. International opposition 6. Englands domestic opposition

American Advantages in the war

sent thomas pickney to win friendship with spain -creats treaty of san lorenzon

American Diplomacy with spain

plan to unify all 13 independant states, based upon a congress that brought delegates from each states, meaning states were independant but they calaborated. No executive or judicial branches

Articles of confederation

U.S. would pay off state debts, southern states were debt free and opposed this until Hamilton used politics: moved national capital farther south to Washington D.C.

Assumption plan (Hamilton)

12 proposaled passed, 10 ratified

Bill of rights

-Territorial governor in appointed by congress (political and military leader) -5,000 freeholders: could make a territorial legislator (could elect a non-voting member to congress) -60,000 freeholders: could become a state

Blueprints of N.W. Ordinances

closed boston harbour to all commerce until damaged of boston tea party was payed for

Boston Port Act (1774)

3 BEIC ships were carrying tea were sabatoged by sons of liberty dressed up as indians throwing 342 chests of tea, responded by the intolerable acts (1774)

Boston Tea Party (dec 16, 1773)

geography of conflict: England didnt have the capacity to conquer the entire american continent supply lines: anything england needed had to be shipped overseas, which would take months

British weaknesses

House of reps: -handled all revenue bills, elected by districts of states, serves 2 year term, represents the people, bigger the state the more reps Senate: -senior chamber, represents the states, all states have 2 senators, serve 6 year term, selected by state, 2 yrs 1/3 of senate realects, controls all treaties

CT Compromise (How congress should be set up)

Made their money through production, were able to use indian warfare tactics creating a militia

Change in colonist activity in 1763

replacing George grenville as prime minister, created indirect tax threw duties. created townshend act (1766)

Charles townshend

may-sept 1787 - 12 of 13 states gathered in philidalphia (55 delegates) -no official records of event -madison, hamilton, james wilson were most influencial

Constitutional convention

1. U.S. could mint coins but not print currency 2. U.S. had no power to charter private bussinesses

Constitutional problems with national bank

-New government had no power to tax, so they couldn't support themselves -No financial base, dependant on buying manufactured goods from other countries -Had no money to pay for troops -After the war, farmers and businesses went bankrupt -After british bussiness left, unemployment increased -Wasnt a unified country, states would start economic wars, with tarrifs on out of state goods and not recognizing other states currencies. -US lost trading partners with british colonies -surrounded by foreign threats (british in canada)(Spain in florida)

Crises of the 1780s

No more paper money, taxes had to be paid directly with gold or silver coin.

Currency act (1764)

Federalist: John Adams as president, pickney as vice president Republicans: Jefferson as president, Aron Burr and vice president RESULTS: Adams gets 71 electoral votes, jefferson gets 68 electoral votes. Adams wins but calls for creation of 12th ammendmant

Election of 1796

people would vote in members of electoral college, college members would pick the president, each states amount of votes depend on state delegations (senetors+reps) the majority vote would win.

Ellectoral college

1. England would never use their full military force to their advantage, armies were primarily used to gaurd cities. 2. They would often deploy mercanaries who were not nearly as invested in the conflict as they were not english (not their cause) 3. English officials were hired out of nobility instead of merit (were not always fit to lead) Americans would also target officers in battle

Englands blunders in revolution

Costly, wasted alot of money. America was pretty much self sufficient as an agricultural nation, they would counter the blockade with piracy, causeing mass fear (john paul jones)

Englands naval Blockade

State department (thomas jefferson) treasury department (alexander hamilton) department of war (henry knox) Attorney general (edmund randolph)

Excecutive branch and washingtons cabinet

crated the system to choose president (executive branch) through the electoral college

Excecutive compromise

Farmers in west PA would meet and discuss tax -PA gov't issues writs to search farms -farmers would resist with force -washington sends fed militia under hamilton, met with no oppostition -100 men arrested, 2 charged with treason -washington pardons the farmers

Excise tax on liquor and the Whiskey Rebellion

constitution was ratified, washington was chosen as leader, adams as VP, ny was first capital, then philly

Federalist era

Federalist supported constitution and federal government, anti-feds Believed: -no bill of rights -thought constitution would destroy states sovereignty -believed all power would go to central government -didnt want federal courts, thought they would overpower state laws -thought congress had power to turn POTUS to a king

Federalist vs. anti federalist

Hamilton wanted to side with england jefferson wanted to side France

Foreign policy and the french revolution

HMS Gaspee under the command of captain william dudingston get stuck on a sand bar, Sons of liberty sail out boards ship and arrests the crew, John brown orders to set fire to ship, england sees those involved as traitors. RESTULTS: people would be tried in england for treason, crown pays salary of colonial governor (assembly loses power)

Gaspee Incident

-gathers militia of 2000 men and tries to attack indians -washinton sees him as incompitent with indians and releases with

Gen Arthur St Clair

replaces amherst as governor, wanted diplomacy with indians, sends johnson to talk with pontiac creating treaty of fort ontario

Gen Thomas Gage

appointed prime minister by George III, passed new laws

George Grenville

-created bonds using continental dollars -bonds were often sold from primary holders to secndary holders -Issued new bonds under us government

Hamilton's funding plan to pay debt

Nuetral nations were negatively affected by blockade on america, created League of Armed Neutrals. France, spain, netherlands offered to help america in the war effort

Internation opposition

Jefferson = Strict "everything is taken literally" Hamilton = Implied "leeway on statutes"

Interpretations of constitutions

Govorner, involved in the cherokee rebellion of 1761 (cherokee switched sides in middle of french and indian war) didnt trust indians so he prohibited the sale of shot and powder to the indians,

Jeffery Amherst

created the supreme court (top appeals court) in would also settle fueds between states (national tribunal) -the lower courts would be created by congress

Judicial compromise

created tierd federal courth system district court (13) to appeals court (3) to supreme court (1)

Judiciary act (1789)

Ne prime minister of england, repealed the towshend acts, allowed quartering act to expire, left a duty on tea, semt tax ships to control colonist smuggling

Lord Fredrick North

Replaces Clair, marches with 4,600 men to the battle of fallen timbers

Mad Anthony Wayne

said the U.S. should disciminate agains primary holders and secondary holders (secondary holders wouldnt get as much money) MAdison would lose for two reasons 1. people in congress were secondary holders 2. impossible to distiguish primary vs secondary holders

Madisons opposition on bonds

asked washington to hold meeting at his house in mount vernon, few people showed up, decided to meet later

Madisons want to ammend articles

Mass bay charter was revoked,martial law was imposed and military takes over government by general thomas gage with 7,000 troops, could appoint judges and conststables

Mass Gov't Act (1774)

mass demanded that there be a bill of rights created or they wouldnt ratify constitution, other states followed, federalist promised that they would

Mass compromise

If a new state is added, it is equal to all other states (old states dont get priority) Created a blueprint on how territories became states. Wanted no less than 3 new states, but no more than 5. No slavery was allowed

N.W. Ordinances

Modeled off of the bank of england -would us us gold -loan for profit -could distribute bank notes that were used for tender Bill would go to washinton and he would ask his advisors -Madison and Jefferson both opposed national bank -Hamilton supported it -randolph couldnt decide Hamilton would win

National Bank (Hamilton)

Washington guves responsibility to hamilton (treasurur)_ -he saw a lack of revenue -suppoted idea of tarriffs (tax on imports) -used "politics" to fix economy

New Economy of Federalist Era

- written and submitted by william patterson -addressed need for more powerful central government -didnt want big states to have all the power -congress only had right to tax and regulate economy -kept single unitory congress

New Jersey plan

N.H. and S.C. create new constituion C.T. and R.I. kept old charters MA citizens approve new constituion (2nd draft approved as Constitution of Commonwealth) highly inspired constitution of america

New States

they stop paying funds for military barracks. Parliment suspends the NY assembly (NY loses representation) in result, Sam adams urges to repeat stamp act congress. Only virginia agrees

New York resists Quartering act

1. continent (america) shouldnt be rules by island (england) 2. america was no longer soley britich (immigrants from everywhere) 3.America was continuously dragged into global wars but were always denied the post-war spoils.

Paines justifications for independance

1.) creating the constitution was technically illigal by the laws of the articles of confederations (only allowed to make ammendmants. 2.) It almost entirely consited of compromises

Problems with constitution

mixed, 1/3 liked the idea "patriots", 1/3 didnt like it "loyalist", 1/3 were "apathetic"

Reactions to D.O.I

Neolin (indian prophet) called for indians to return to traditional lifestyle. giving up trading and the use of goods from white men. as well as drinking alcohol. says they were rejecting their creator

Religous awakening

-divided up the country -both parties sought to win elections -went to press to get message across (Republican = National gazzette) (Federalist = American manora) parties would create local clubs to support elections

Result of politics

Hamilton=Federalist Party -pushed for national government -needed laws for everything Jefferson = republican party -focused on the people (farmers) -wanted to preserve agrarian society -supported states rights Madison=Republican Party -Believed in the art of politics (persuading people) -Moderate -balanced between nation centered and states rights

Rise of Partisan Politics

secretary of finance for congress, proposed a national tarrif, land tax, voting tax, tax on liquor, states were completely aginst this. Angry at central government

Robert Morris - 1781

spiritual democracy was created,people still have to pay taxes toward the state but had the right whether to worship that church or not

Seperation of church and state

Legislative: Bicameral system, house of reps (voted in by people) and senate (selected by senate) number of reps were dependant on population and wealth of state. Executive: Had broad power, was elected by congress, had power to veto Judiciary Branch: court systems, Could veto both state and national law. National government as a whole: had power where states did not, could over-ride state laws

Seperation of powers in Virginia Plan

-only 5 states would attend -madison from virginia and hamilton of new york -proposed to meet in the summer in philidalphia

Sept 1786 - annapolis Maryland

Daniel shay, a mass farmer greatly apposed taxes on property and that there were large loopholes for wealthier people. Organized militia and marched on springfield battery, he was ratted out by spies, and was forced to disperse and flee. Congress would refuse to send troops as they saw it as a state issue, not federal government. revealed flaws in articles

Shays Rebellion

Head of indian department, tried to warn amherst of the consequences of prohibiting sale to indians.

Sir William Johnson

patrish henry - spoke out against slavery but was minority opinion Thomas jefferson - didnt like slavery but saw africans as incapable of self governing, decided to just leave it up to states to decide

Slavery

colonist had pay for a stamp to put on all documents for them to be legitament, enforced by admiralty court and writs of assistance. was direct tax (added on price on top of regular price)

Stamp act (1765)

9 of the 13 colonies met in NYC to discuss the tax (delegate from mass was Samuel Adams) created declaration of rights and grievances

Stamp act congress

put the britixh east india company in control over the shipping of tea in the colonies (full monopoly)

Tea act (1773)

taxes on items that were consumed by the comman man (nails, tools, paint) kept the tax low so they were unnoticed, enforced through admiralty courts and writs of assistance

TownSshend Act (1766)

Indians had to recognize england as a sovereign state, fur trade would be restored. Settlers saw this as a loss to the indians and saw the crown as weak.

Treaty of fort Ontario

-northern and southern states --commercial (congress could only tax imports, not exports) -to ratify traties, congress needs 2/3 of a vote -3/5 compromise (slaves count as 3/5 of a human in voting and taxes) -congress had power to abolish slavery in 1808

Types of compromises in constitutions

1. few troops, little to no supplies, merchants wouldnt help war effort, casualties due to adverse weather. 2.no central government, states relied on eachother. No organization, people were scared to join the cause

U.S. problems they faced How tf did they win??)

-Written By madison, presented by edmund randolph -smaller states thought larger states would have too much power 1. Popular representation (people would vote for their representatives) 2. seperation on powers

Viginia plan

george washington says only colonial colonial legislation can make local taxes (written by George Mason). In result, royal governer suspense meeting.

VA House of Burgesses

Sends john jay to england to negotiate 1. England recognizes us nuetrality 2. surrender forts in us 3. pay for us ships stolen -If this doesnt work: john jay is to travel across european countries creating a league of nuetral nations

Washingtons attempt at diplomacy with england

declared nuetral ships = nuetral goods (american sailors were nuetral to both sides of the war) -no paper blockades (britain cant restrict zones unless they have a military presence) -food does not equal contraband

Washingtons reaction to impressment

-each state only had one vote, didnt account for population representation -needed 2/3 of states approval to pass something -central government had no power to tax individual states, had to ask states for money -had no power to regulate economy

Weaknesses of articles

1. Believed they had inaliable rights that england denied. 2. Believed they should be self goverened, given the right to vote, charter, assemlies. 3. elightment period: people wanted a better society, politically, religously, economically. 4. Great awakening. right to self consious identity. king should make religous rules.

Why revolt? (essay question)

Cornwall (commander in chief) was cornered and was forced to surrender army. Last large british army in america

Yorktown

1. they would no longer be considered traitors, by international law, Britain would have to take prisoners of war instead of just executing them. 2. they would recieve help from monarchies that rivaled england

advantages of independance

anthony wayne tracks down blue jacket and his 3000 men basically slaughters them retreats to fort miami but gates are closed anthony wayne forces them to surrender and sign treaty

battle of fallen timbers

5 people killed after altercation with british soldiers. Paul revere creates drawing that angers colonist and persecutes soldiers.

boston massacre

resurected rule of war of 1756 (if trade barred in peace its barred in war) -english began attacking american ships -began impressment (former british sailors who deserted navy were forced to go back to sail under british flag)

british retaliation to american nuetral trade with france

mass colonial assemby sent out a letter to all other colonial assemblies to adress the tax. wanted to meet and consult on another

circular letter about stamp act

new fench ambassavor 1. wanted to create militia in us and attacked forts owned by britain 2. hired us provateers to attack british -tried to gain republican support for his efforts

citizen genet

single chamber -1 vote per state - votes were on issues were based on majority instead of 2/3rds -created supremacy clause -suggested creation of supreme court (top appeals court)

congress of new jersey plan

1. Only colonial assemblies could tax colonies 2. admiralty courts were abusive 3. colonist have the same rights as all englishmen 4. parliment shouldnt represent the colonies

declaration of rights and grievances

seperation of powers bill of rights gave people the right to have power over the constitution rule of law used english common law

discussed in Constitution of commonwealth

england shouldnt tax colonies.(external) Only colonial government should make taxes for colonies.(internal)

how did they address the tax issue (External vs internal taxes)

dealing with land claims (many states had claims over n.w. territories, all claims were rebuked) -big vs small states -north vs south states (different ideals)

issues discussed at constitutional convention

colonist begin to stockpile arms

reaction to intolerable acts

price of tea drops, slowly putting smuggler out of bussiness. Wealthy colonist saw this as no taxation without representation and bad for bussiness. response was with resistance from sons of liberty.

result of the bypass of mercantilism throught the BEIC tea

repealed stamp act, created the Declaratory Act (1766) meaning parliment makes all laws (england is in charge)

results of sons of liberty and non importation

targeted stamp collectors, wanted to attack parliment and crown, claimed they were fighting for the rights they were entiled to as englishmen.

sons of liberty

constitution and laws made under it are supreme law of the land

supremacy clause

june 28th: jefferson presents D.O.I, committe decides to edit it. july 2nd: brings resolution to floor, 13 states vote to approve it. july 3rd: re-wrote D.O.I july 4th: adopted the D.O.I as result on july 2nd result July 8th: Mass produces D.O.I July 9th: First printed document was ratified August 2nd: Official signing ceremony

timeline of D.O.I.

colonist didnt have say in parliment, they knew about it a year before it was enacted, it affected the wealthier people who could afford the documents

why were the colonist so outraged over stamp act?

Argued that people shouldnt be able to rule themselves entirely as emotions would affect decisions. selected few should rule for good of the people. Montesquie (philosopher) came up with idea of legislative, executive, and judicial.

why a REPUBLIC and not a DEMOCRACY

1. in debt to other countries, needed to pay for defense, needed to pay new government officials/employees.

why the crown need money