Exam 2 A&P2

chemotaxis

White blood cells migrate to the site of tissue damage. right answer feedback:

Immunity: active vs passive; natural vs artificial; examples of each

active immunity- you encounter antigen and produce immunity. Passive immunity- short lived immunity, borrowed from another animal or donor. Does not result in memory. Natural- when you naturally acquired a bacterial or viral infection. artificial- when you receive a vaccine.

Which of the following is the second step in an inflammatory response?

adhesion of the neutrophil's cell-adhesion molecules to antigen

Which of the following lists the correct order of lymph flow through the lymph node?

afferent vessel, subcapsular sinus, medullary sinuses, efferent vessel

The most common type of organ transplant is the __________.

allograft

Sroke Volume

amount of blood ejected from ventricles with each contraction

Humoral immunity is provided by __________.

antibodies Adaptive immunity is categorized as being either cellular or humoral. Humoral immunity is facilitated by antibodies, which are made by plasma cells (activated B cells). The chief orchestrators of cellular immunity are T cells.

IgE

antibody that mediates some allergies

Which of the following acts on the kidneys and blood vessels to raise blood pressure? atrial natriuretic peptide antidiuretic hormone epinephrine angiotensin II

antidiuretic hormone

IgD

antigen receptor found on B cells

MHC II proteins are found on __________.

antigen-presenting cells

Sinusoid capillaries

are leaky capillaries because of large intercellular clefts among the endothelial cells. These capillaries allow large molecules and even blood cells to pass into the surrounding tissue. Sinusoid capillaries are found in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla.

Blood flows directly from __________ into capillary beds.

arterioles

The P wave of an electrocardiogram represents __________.

atrial depolarization

Hypertension is defined physiologically as a condition of sustained arterial pressure of __________ or higher.

140/90

heart rate

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?

A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response. A primary immune response is initiated when naive lymphocytes are exposed to foreign antigens. Re-exposure to the same antigen provokes a secondary response, occurring faster because memory lymphocytes are activated. A secondary response also lasts longer and produces more—and more effective—antibodies than a primary response.

Choose the true statement about the thymus. B cells and T cells mature in the thymus. The thymus directly fights foreign antigens. After puberty, the thymus begins to decrease in size. The thymus contains reticular fibers.

After puberty, the thymus begins to decrease in size.

Which of the following is/are NOT an innate defense mechanism of the body? skin B lymphocytes fever inflammation

B lymphocytes

Reticular connective tissue is found in all lymphoid organs and tissues.

False

If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood.

False A positive net filtration pressure (NFP) would force fluid out of the blood. A negative NFP would result in reabsorption.

Baroreceptors are effective in long-term regulation of blood pressure.

False Short-term blood pressure regulation involves both neural and hormonal controls. Neural control is regulated by higher order brain centers, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors. Long-term control of blood pressure is achieved through direct and indirect renal (kidney) control mechanisms.

The hepatic portal system collects blood from the __________ and then routes it to the __________.

GI tract; liver

Which of the following is NOT a property of interferons (IFNs)?

IFNs stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. Interferons (IFNs) are a group of proteins that have antiviral effects. IFNs also activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells (NK cells) that act directly against malignant cells, giving IFNs an anticancer role.

Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall.

Impulses generated by the SA node spread to the AV node, then to the AV bundle, then to the bundle branches, and finally to the subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers).

Differences between innate and adaptive systems/lines of defense

Innate (non-specific): first line of defense: intact skin and mucous/ second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, ext stop the invaders spreading to the rest of the body by inflammation. Adaptive ( specific)- body's third line of defense- cellular immunity through T cells/ Humoral through B cells

Which of the following is NOT a role of the fibrous pericardium? It facilitates heart contraction. It anchors the heart to surrounding structures. It protects the heart. It prevents the heart from overfilling with blood.

It facilitates heart contraction.

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of adaptive immunity? It is specific. It is systemic. It has memory. Its primary response is fast.

Its primary response is fast.

Functions of lymph organs

Lymph nodes have two basic protective functions: Cleansing the lymph and activating the immune system

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lymph nodes? Lymph nodes filter lymph. Lymph nodes activate the immune system. Lymph nodes produce lymph. Lymph nodes have a capsule.

Lymph nodes produce lymph.

Class I vs II MHC

MHC I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and are essential for presentation of normal "self" antigens. ... MHC II molecules are expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells). Antigen presentation with MHC II is essential for the activation of T cells.

MALT

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue - tonsils - peyers patches - appendix

Which cells do NOT have a direct role in phagocytosis? dendritic cells neutrophils NK cells macrophages

NK Cells

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

NK cells

How are collecting lymphatic vessels different from veins?

The collecting lymphatic vessels have the same three tunics as do veins, but the collecting vessels have thinner walls and more internal valves, and they anastomose more.

diapedesis

Phagocytes squeeze through the capillary endothelium.

margination

Phagocytic cells cling to the inner walls of the capillaries.

Which of the following is the fourth step in an inflammatory response?

Positive chemotaxis

Which of the following would experience increased blood flow during exercise? skin intestines brain kidneys

Skin

All lymph is eventually returned to circulation via the __________.

Subclavian veins

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are __________.

T cells

leukocytosis

The number of white blood cells that are in circulation increases.

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

The resistance caused by blood cells and plasma contacting the blood vessel walls If increased more pressure is needed to keep blood moving

Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Unlike skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells can be autorhythmic

ESV

end-systolic volume, volume of blood in ventricle at the end of systole

Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the __________.

bone marrow

dendritic cell

captures antigens and brings them back to lymph nodes

What is the second step of T cell activation?

co-stimulation

Which of the following is/are NOT a surface barrier to pathogen influx?

complement cascade Complement is a system of internal proteins.

The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the __________

continuous capillaries

The process that begins when a helper T cell binds to a class II MHC protein on a displaying cell is known as __________.

costimulation

Which are correctly matched? cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells regulatory T cells: make antibodies B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body

cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I

Which of the following is NOT a function of lymphatic vessels? return of excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream return of leaked proteins to the blood delivery of nutrients to tissues transportation of absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood

delivery of nutrients to tissues

Which of the following is the third step in an inflammatory response?

diapedesis

IgA

dimeric antibody found in body secretions

Which of the following are correctly paired? fibrillation: premature contraction ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker arrhythmia: atrioventricular (AV) node failure heart block: uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contraction

ectopic focus: an abnormal pacemaker

EDV

end-diastolic volume, volume of blood in ventricle at the end of diastole

reticular cell

fibroblast-like cell that produces the reticular fiber stroma

Complement proteins work by __________.

forming pores in the membranes of target cells

In the respiratory burst, __________ are released; these have a potent cell-killing ability.

free radicals

Fenestrated capillaries

have pores, or fenestrations. These pores make fenestrated capillaries more permeable to small solutes and fluids than continuous capillaries. Fenestrated capillaries are found wherever active filtration or absorption occurs (e.g., small intestines and kidneys)

Cardiac output

heart rate x stroke volume ; the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?

helper T cells

Which of the following are MISMATCHED? B cells: can be activated to produce antibodies cytotoxic T cells: carry out cellular immune responses helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells regulatory T cells: release inhibitory cytokines to dampen the immune response

helper T cells: directly target and kill cancer cells

angiotensin II

hormonal control of blood flow

Blood flow would be increased by __________. decreasing vessel diameter decreasing blood pressure increasing blood vessel length increasing cardiac output

increasing cardiac output

Which type of molecule is produced by virus-infected cells to communicate to noninfected cells the presence of a virus?

interferon

IgM

large, pentamer-shaped antibody

The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which __________.

the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength

diastolic pressure

lowest level of aortic pressure

Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain which enzyme that destroys bacteria?

lysozyme

Toll-like receptors are found on __________.

macrophages

MAP

mean arterial pressure

nitric oxide

metabolic control of blood flow

Baroreceptors

monitor blood pressure

IgG

most abundant class of antibodies

stretch of vascular smooth muscle

myogenic control of blood flow

sympathetic impulses

nervous system control of blood flow

Fluids are likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if __________.

net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP) A positive net filtration pressure (NFP) would result in filtration. A negative NFP would result in reabsorption. NFP is affected by net hydrostatic pressure (HP) and net osmotic pressure (OP). If net HP is greater than net OP, filtration results. If net HP is less than net OP, reabsorption occurs. This is easier to remember if you think of HP as a filtration force and OP as a reabsorption force.

EKG readings and irregularities

p- atrial depolarization QRS- ventricle depolarization T- ventricle repolarization.

Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate? exercise sharply decreased blood volume norepinephrine parasympathetic stimulation

parasympathetic stimulation

systolic pressure

peak of aortic pressure

macrophage

phagocytic cell

mean arterial pressure

pressure that propels blood through the tissues

plasma cell

produces antibodies

Which of the following is/are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result(s) in a fever?

pyrogens

Which of the following is the first step in an inflammatory response?

release of leukocytosis-inducing factor

posterior interventricular artery

runs to the apex of the heart

the role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to __________.

slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood

anterior interventricular artery

supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

right marginal artery

supplies blood to the lateral right side of the myocardium

circumflex artery

supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle

pulse pressure

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Continuous capillaries

the most abundant type of capillary. The lining of these capillaries is continuous; there are tight junctions between the endothelial cells that make up continuous capillaries.

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells __________.

through insertion of perforins into the target's membrane

Which of the following is NOT a role of the spleen? to store platelets to serve as an immune system surveillance organ to serve as a site of T cell maturation to break down erythrocytes

to serve as a site of T cell maturation

The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the __________.

tunica media

When would the capillary beds surrounding the gastrointestinal organs be open?

when digesting a meal