Exam 2 adolescence

girls magazines

-physical appearance -how to be appealing to boys boys magazines are about their interests

Effects of Divorce

1. Exposure to conflict between parents Exposure to parents' conflicts, more than the specific event of divorce, is especially damaging for adolescents. 2. Effects on parenting practices Divorce is stressful and painful to most of the adults, and affects their role as parents. 3. Increases in economic stress On average, custodial mothers' income decreases about 25 to 50% from their pre-divorce income, in comparison to a decrease of only 10% for custodial fathers.

Reciprocal Socialization and the Family as a System

1. Reciprocal socialization: The process by which adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize adolescents. • The family system involves the link between marital relationships and parenting. Happily married parents are___more sensitive__ and_____more affectionate_ toward their adolescents. • A positive family climate for adolescents involves not only effective parenting but also a positive relationship between parents, whether they are married or divorced.

attachment

1. The old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that: • As adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents. Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence. 2. The new model emphasizes that: • Parents serve as important attachment figures, resources, and support systems as adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world. In the majority of families, parent- adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe and that everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal.

Cultural Beliefs & Adolescent Sexuality

1. Which type/s of culture/s might have a low rate of teenage pregnancy? Restrictive & permissive 2. What might a culture do to remain low in teenage pregnancies? providing contraceptions 3. Do you think the American majority culture is restrictive, semi- restrictive, or permissive? semi • From the list, decide which cultures are: • Restrictive• Semi-restrictive • Permissive canada, us, brazil, mexico, chile, nigeria, kenya- semi syria, saudi arabia, iran, japan, south korea, shanghai, hong kong- restrictive netherlands, sweden, denmark- permissive

AGE AT ONSET OF ROMANTIC ACTIVITY

4th grade these things were rarely happening by 12th most were except planning an engagement

Birth, Abortion, and Pregnancy

60% 15-19 girls are either giving birth or having an abortion compared to only 30% in canada -romania is higher, hungary and great britain are comparable

HIV and AIDS

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): A sexually transmitted infection that is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body's immune system. In recent years, there has been increased heterosexual transmission of HIV in the United States. HIV can be transmitted only by: 1. certain body fluids(vag fluids, semen, breast milk) 2. sharing of needles 3. blood transfusion

Effects of Remarriage

Adolescents in stepfamilies have a greater likelihood of: • Depression• Anxiety• Conduct disorders• Lower academic achievement• Engaging in delinquent activities Adolescent females tend to have an especially negative reaction to their mothers' remarriage. Why? girls will get closer to their moms and they feel like the new husband is getting in the way of that

Adolescents use ridicule in cliques

Adolescents use ridicule in cliques Ridicule has been happening for centuries and can be found among adolescents in many cultures • 1. Promotes dominance hierarchy(person at the top of the clique teases others to stay on top) • 2. Reduces non-conformity and increases group cohesion 3. Directed at outsiders, clarifies group boundaries(us vs them mentality)

Specific Outcomes of Divorce on Adolescents and Emerging Adults

Adolescents whose parents have divorced are at higher risk for a wide variety of negative outcomes: • 1. Behavior problems• (often end up unsupervised-drugs, alcohol, sex) 2. Psychological distress• (depression & withdrawl) 3. Lower academic achievement• (less likely to attend college) 4. Dysfunctional relationships in emerging adulthood(have a hard time forming close romantic relationships)

Social Influences on Gender

Alice Eagly proposed social role theory In most cultures around the world, females have less power and status than males, and females control fewer resources and show more cooperative, less dominant profiles than men. Example: Babysitting• Females: "People-oriented" Express more emotions, are better than males at decoding emotions, are more prosocial, and engage in "rapport talk"- relationship oriented talk Example: Mowing lawns • Males: "Things-oriented" More likely to engage in "report talk."(information focused. storytelling, joking, lecturing) They experience and express more anger and show less self-regulation of their emotions than girls do, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems.

Stepfamilies

As in divorced families, adolescents in stepfamilies have more adjustment problems than their counterparts in non-divorced families. • Boundary ambiguity: The uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system.

Gender Differences in Aggression

Bullying/Overt aggression: Aggression (e.g., physical or verbal) Repetition (e.g., patterns over time) Power imbalance (e.g., the bully has higher peer status than the victim) Relational aggression: 1. Gossiping 2. Spreading rumors 3. Snubbing 4. Excluding

Peer Relations

By adolescence, peer relations occupy large chunks of an individual's life. In one investigation, children interacted with peers 10% of their day at age 2, 20% of their day at age 4, and more than 40% between the ages of 7 and 11. In one investigation, over the course of a single weekend, young adolescents spent more than twice as much time with peers as with parents. • From friends, boys and girls both want • 1. A best friend •2. Prefer friends that are similar to them and similar in background, ethnicity, and race

Adolescent Groups

Cliques and crowds • Cliques are small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals. Members are usually of the same sex and are similar in age. Cliques can form because adolescents engage in similar activities, such as being in a club together or on a sports team. • Crowds are larger and less personal than cliques. Adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation, and they may or may not spend much time together. Many crowds are defined by the activities adolescents engage in. Reputation-based crowds often appear for the first time in early adolescence and usually become less prominent in late adolescence

Cohabiting Adults

Cohabitation: living together in a sexual relationship without being married Cohabitation rates in the United States continue to rise In a recent national poll, the number of cohabiting adults increased 29 percent from 2007 to 2016, reaching a figure of 18 million adults in a cohabiting relationship Cohabiting rates are even higher in some countries—in Sweden, for example, cohabitation before marriage is virtually universal

Dating and Romantic Relationships: Cross-Cultural Variations

Culture has strong influences on many aspects of human development, and romantic relationships are no exception. Examples: China and Korea- intimacy is more diffused in love because of a group emphasis on connections outside a romantic/love relationship US and most European countries- intimacy is more intensified because the social network is smaller/less group oriented Qatar and many other Arabic countries- causal dating is forbidden

cultural beliefs and adolescent sexuality

Cultures vary enormously in how they view adolescent sexual activity. The best description of these differences remains from Ford & Beach (1951). • Restrictive cultures• Strong prohibitions on sexual activity before marriage • Double standards usually exist • Semi-restrictive cultures• Prohibitions not strongly enforced and easily evaded • Permissive cultures• Encourage and expect adolescent sexuality • Globalization has reduced permissiveness -christian missionaries have reduced these cultures in many places

Sternberg' s Triangular Theory of Love

Different types of love involve combining three fundamental qualities of love in different ways These three qualities are: 1. Passion- intense feeling you get when you fall in love(excitement and euphoria) 2. Intimacy- reciprocal aspect of love. sharing secrets and being naked around each other. 3. Commitment- mutual caregiving, forgiveness, living together

Parent-Adolescent Conflict

Early adolescence is a time when parent- adolescent conflict escalates beyond parent-child conflict 1. In about 20-25 percent of families, parents and adolescents engage in prolonged, intense, repeated, unhealthy conflict 2. Cross-cultural studies reveal that parent-adolescent conflict is lower in some countries than in the United States (e.g., in Japan and India) -we think its because teens in other countries are given more responsibility

New idea: Abstinence-Plus?

Encourage adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing them with contraceptive information • Adolescents can choose the message that appeals to them -many states that used to only teach abstinence are switching to this program(texas)

Factors in Adolescent Sexuality

Family strengths (family closeness, support, and responsiveness to health needs) in childhood protect against early initiation of sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. 1. sexual risk taking is more common in girls living in single parent households 2. adolescents who associate w/ deviant peers in early adolescents are more likely to have more sexual partners at age 16 3. Better academic achievement is a protective factor Cognitive factors are increasingly implicated in sexual risk taking in adolescence. 1. attention problems more likely to get into risky sexual experiences 2. weak self regulation is associated w risky sexual experiences

Friendships in adolescence provide...

Friendships in adolescence provide... Intimacy(self disclosure) "Guess what happened at home last night?" Social Comparison(advice or guidance in solving personal problems) "What should I do? Should I ask Jimi to go out with me?" Instrumental Support(friends can help w various tasks) "Thanks for helping me with my math homework" Companionship(somebody to rely on to be ur companion) "Let's go to the game together - that way we can sit together. I don't know anyone at Riverdale High." Ego Support(support you when you succeed or fail) "Don't worry about it, you're the best guitar player here. You'll win the songwriting contest next time."

less teens having sex

From 1991 to 2013, fewer adolescents reported ever having had sexual intercourse why? they are trying to avoid pregnancy, stds, and sti's so they switched to having oral sex

Gender and Ethnic Differences in Friendship

Gender differences • Girls' friendships in adolescence are more likely to focus on intimacy; boys' friendships tend to emphasize power and excitement. Boys are more likely than girls to associate in larger clusters. Boys are more likely than girls to engage in competition, conflict, ego displays, and risk taking to seek dominance. Females are more likely to engage in "collaborative discourse," in which they talk and act in a reciprocal manner. • Ethnic similarity • By late adolescence, most adolescents are generally ethnically separated and in college, interethnic friendships are uncommon. Why?______people become increasingly aware of interethnic tension and this fosters mutual suspicion and mistrust___________________________________

Gender

Gender differences are not the same as sex differences. 1. Gender describes: the characteristics that a society delienates as being masculine/feminine 2. Sex describes: a biological fact that is the same in every culture Gender schema theory: Gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender- inappropriate in a culture. What are some ways socialization pressures of gender begin in childhood? 1. gender reveal parties 2. kids know from a very young age what is appopriate 3. self-fulfilling prophecy- boys are taught not to cry at a young age which carries into adulthood

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains, some of which produce other, nonsexually transmitted diseases such as cold sores. • Three to five days after contact, itching and tingling can occur initially, followed by an eruption of painful sores and blisters. • The virus can pass through nonlatex condoms as well as contraceptive foams and creams. It is estimated that approximately __20___ percent of adolescents have genital herpes.

Social Policy, Adolescents, and Families

Given a multicultural and multicontextual perspective, developmentalists hesitate to recommend any particular parenting style. Competent adolescent development is most likely to happen when adolescents have parents who: *most important* 1. show them support, warmth, and respect 2. effectively manage family matters and monitor the adolescents lives 3. Demonstrate sustained interest in the adolescents life 4.communicate expectations for high standards in conduct and achievement 5. Display authoratative constructive ways of dealing w problems and conflict

friendship

Harry Stack Sullivan has been one the most influential theorists in the study of adolescent friendships: Everyone has basic social needs, and whether or not these needs are fulfilled largely determines our emotional well-being. During adolescence, friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs. The need for intimacy intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends. Emotion plays an important role in peer relations as well. For example, the ability to regulate emotions is linked to successful peer relations. Moody and emotionally negative individuals experience greater rejection by peers, whereas emotionally positive individuals are more popular.

Mothers, Fathers, and Co-parenting

Historically, mothers have been assigned the main parenting responsibility for raising infants, children, and adolescents Mothers and fathers often interact differently with their adolescents: 1. mothers are way more involved with their children and adolescents than fathers in general 2. fathers increase their time parenting when they have sons 3. In many cultures mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons

Divorced Families

How much do family processes matter in divorced families? • Two longitudinal studies revealed that conflict (especially when it is intense and prolonged) between divorced parents was linked to __more emotional problems____, ___insecure social relationships___, and _____antisocial behavior___ in adolescents. A secure attachment also matters. Researchers have shown that a disequilibrium, including diminished parenting skills, occurs in the year following the divorce. However, by two years after the divorce, restabilization has occurred and parenting skills have improved.

Attachment: Continuity vs. Discontinuity

If you have an insecure attachment style, can YOU change it? If so, how? Although attachment insecurities are linked to relationship problems, attachment style makes only a moderate-sized contribution to relationship functioning. There are other factors that contribute to relationship satisfaction and success. -you can make yourself more/less securely attached through experiences w/ others as you grow older

Mothers, Fathers, and Co-parenting

In a recent study of non-Latino White two-parent families, researchers found that for both boys and girls, adolescents spent the most time with the same-sex parent Another recent study focused on two-parent African American families with adolescents 1. moms reported a warmer relationship w their adolescences when their was a 2 parent family involved 2. both parents indicated having a warmer relationship w younger than older adolscents

Strategies for Improving Social Skills

In one study using a conglomerate strategy, teachers modeled and students practiced six sequential steps: 1) Stop, calm down, think before you act 2) Go over the problem and state how you feel 3) Set a positive goal 4) Think of lots of solutions 5) Plan ahead for the consequences Despite the positive outcomes of some programs, researchers have found it difficult to improve the social skills of those who are actively disliked and rejected

Adolescent Love

In one study, the more romantic experiences 10th graders had, the more they reported: • Higher levels of social acceptance, friendship competence, and romantic competence • Higher levels of substance use, delinquency, and sexual behavior. Male and female late adolescents tend to share ideas about desirable qualities in a mate Highest-rated qualities in a mate were: 1. to be kind 2. honesty Qualities rated as lowest in importance were: 1. having a lot of money 2. popular

Adoption

In the first half of the twentieth century, most adoptive parents were from non-Latino White middle- or upper- socioeconomic status background. 1. Many adoption agencies today have no income requirements for adoptive parents. Wider ranges of people are allowed to adopt as well(gay, single, older, etc) 2. Children/teens adopted earlier in life have better outcomes than their counterparts adopted later. 3. In general adopted children/teens are more likely to experience psychological and school related problems than non adopted children 4. Researchers have found positive characteristics among adopted adolescents. (thankful and greatful)

Emerging Adults' Relationships with Their Parents

In today's uncertain economic times, many emerging adults continue or return to live at home After several years of college After graduating from college To save money after taking a full-time job As with most living arrangements, there are both pluses and minuses when emerging adult children live at home or return to live at home • 1. loss of privacy can result in conflicts

Gay and lesbian parents

Increasingly, gay and lesbian couples are creating families that include children and adolescents Gays and lesbians are increasingly choosing parenthood through donor insemination or adoption. 1. children/teens created through these new reproductive technologies are as well adjusted as their counterparts conceived by natural means. 2. Few differences have been found between children/teens growing up w gay or lesbian parents than those growing up w straight parents

Divorced adults

Individuals in some groups have a higher incidence of divorce. Most divorces occur in the ___5th__to __10th__ year of marriage. 1. youthful marriage predicts higher rates of divorce 2. lower educational level predicts divorce 3. low income predicts divorce 4. not having a religious affilation predicts divorce 5. having parents who are divorced predicts higher rates of you getting divorced 6. Having a baby before marriage predicts divorce

Heterosexual Married Adults

International comparisons reveal that individuals in Scandinavian countries marry later than AmericansCounterparts in many African, Asian, Latin American, and Eastern European countries marry earlierLike Scandinavian countries, Japan has a high proportion of unmarried young people • However, rather than cohabiting as the Scandinavians do, unmarried Japanese young adults live at home longer with their parents before marrying

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents

It is during adolescence that most gay, lesbian, and bisexual people become fully aware of their sexual orientation Coming out In most Western cultures, adolescents commonly engage in the process of coming out Involves a person's recognizing his or her own sexual identity and then disclosing the truth to friends, family, and others. Coming out tends to be a long process Homophobia (Fear and hatred of homosexuals) • Rejected adolescents are 8 times more likely to attempt suicide, 6 times more likely to report depression

Parents as Managers

Just how involved should parents be in adolescents lives? • Researchers have found that family-management practices are positively related to students' grades and self-responsibility. 1. Parental monitoring is a good thing in adolescence! A key aspect of the managerial role of parenting is effective monitoring, which is especially important as children move into the adolescent years. 2. Latchkey adolescents (the 3 to 6 o'clock problem)

The Developmental Course of Love

Love relationships among American adolescents and emerging adults tend to follow a sequence of steps: Both sexes have scripts: Males endorse a proactive script: males are the ones intiating the date, choosing where to go, etc Females adopt a reactive script: women are more into the private domain(dressing/grooming)

Parenting Adopted Children

Many of the keys to effectively parenting adopted children are no different than those for effectively parenting biological children: • Being supportive and caring • Being involved and monitoring the adolescent's behavior and whereabouts • Being a good communicator • Helping the adolescent learn to develop self-control Parents of adopted children do face some unique circumstances, including recognizing the differences involved in adoptive family life

Crowds: Developmental Changes

Middle School (Grades 6-8) -less differentiated (two main groups - the in-crowd and the out-crowd) Early High School (Grades 9-10) -become more differentiated -more influential Later High School (Grades 11-12) -become yet more differentiated -more niches for people to "fit into" -less hierarchical and less influential Why does the importance of crowds diminish in late adolescence? Individuals don't always accept the labels given to them by their peers and they made think of themselves as too individualized to be categorized

Friendship

Mixed-age friendships Although most adolescents develop friendships with individuals who are close to their own age, some adolescents become best friends with younger or older individuals. 1. Do older friends encourage adolescents to engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior?______________adolescents who engage with older youths do engage in these behaviors more frequently_____________ Other-sex friendships The number of other-sex friendships increase in early adolescence, with girls reporting more other-sex friends than boys. 2. Do other-sex friends encourage adolescents to engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior?some are linked to negative behaviors such as earlier sex and _increases in alcohol use and deliquency__________________________

Working Parents and Adolescent Adjustment

More than one of every two US mothers with a child under the age of 5 is in the labor force Effects on adolescent Girls Often quite positive Tend to become more confident Have higher career aspirations Effects on adolescent Boys • More negative than for girls• More arguments with mothers and siblings • Poorer school performance for boys in middle- and upper- middle-class families The effects of dual-earner families depend on the gender of the adolescent, and number of hours mom works. boys are more resistant to chores than girls because of gender stereotyping of womens roles in the home

Maturation: Parental changes

Parental changes contribute to some difficulties in the parent- adolescent relationship, and usually involve: • 1. Marital satisfaction • 2. Economic burdens • 3. Career reevaluation • 4. Time constraints • 5. Health and body concerns For most parents, marital satisfaction increases after adolescents or emerging adults leave home.

Peer relations

Peer Relations Researchers have found that popular children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited. An analysis by John Coie provided three reasons why aggressive peer- rejected boys have problems in social relationships: • 1. more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention • 2. much more emotionally reactive • 3. fewer social skills in making friends and maintaining positive relationships w peers

Maturation: Adolescent changes

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes in the adolescent can influence parent-adolescent relationships. __early____maturing adolescents experience more conflict with their parents than do adolescents who mature _late_____. Several investigations have shown that conflict between parents and adolescents, especially between ______mothers and ___sons___, is the most stressful during the apex of pubertal growth.

Pregnancy among Adolescents in the US

Pregnancy among Adolescents in the US Consequences of pregnancy for adolescent mothers 1 1. twice as likely to drop out of school 2. less likely to go to college or become employed 3. less likely to get married 4. more likely to get divorced if they do get married What about Baby? 1. more likely to be born premature 2. greater likelihood of behavioral problems 3. school misbehavior, deliquency, and early sexual behavior is seen more often 4. lower IQs

Predictors of adolescent attraction

Proximity and Exposure Mere exposure effect: merely seeing someones face and name makes them more likable • Similarity Consensual validation: People like to find in others an agreement, or consensus, with their own characteristics. Which similar characteristics most strongly predict a relationship? 1. social class 2. ethnic background 3. religious beliefs 4.physical attractiveness

Single Adults

Recent decades have seen a dramatic rise in the percentage of single adults • In 2016, 45.2 percent of individuals 18 years and older were single Even when singles enjoy their lifestyles and are highly competent individuals, they are often stereotyped Stereotypes range from "swinging single" to "desperately lonely, suicidal" Most single adults are somewhere between these extremes

Romantic Relationships in Sexual Minority Youth

Recently, researchers have begun to study romantic relationships in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth 1. The most common initial same-sex partner is a __close friend_____ Most sexual minority youth have same-sex sexual experience, but relatively few have same-sex romantic relationships. Why? 2. limited opportunities 3. there is a lot of disapproval from families or heterosexual peers

Raising children gender-free

Sasha's parents were so concerned with the harm in gender stereotypes, hey hid the sex of their child for 5 years. Room painted yellow A mix of "girl" and "boy" toys Wore whatever boy or girl hand-me-downs fit The family faced a firestorm of criticism when the story got leaked from teachers at school. Do you think that if this would have been a girl acting as a boy, the outrage would have been as extreme? no because the boy would be seen as taking a step down

Sexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment Date Rape is one form of sexual harassment that takes place when a person, usually a woman (but has happened to men as well), is forced by a romantic partner, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations • 15% of adolescent girls and 25% of emerging adult women (18 to 24) have experienced date rape • Alcohol plays a big part in date rape on college campuses• Rohypnol (roofies) or other drugs may be slipped in to drinks• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTd1647CTFs • Researchers have found the following characteristics common among rapists: • 1 aggression enhances their sense of power and masculinity .• 2. they are angry at females in general • 3. they want to hurt their victims • Why is rape so pervasive in the American culture? • 1. males are socialized to be sexually aggressive • 2.• regard women as inferior to them 3. view their own pleasure as most important

Peer Relations

Sociometry: a research method in which students rate the social status of other students. Typically done in order to understand how adolescents perceive one another. Social skills are most often associated with popularity and unpopularity • Five types Popular adolescents are frequently nominated as a best friend and are(attractive, do well in school, etc) rarely disliked by their peers. Average adolescents receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers. Neglected adolescents are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.(quiet kid that hangs alone by choice) Rejected adolescents are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.(disruptive & aggressive) Controversial adolescents are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.(class clown type)

Attachment and Connectedness: Adolescence

Studies indicate secure attachment leads to a better adjusted individual as one enters emerging adulthood. Correlated with 1. Parents who display a loving relationship(divorce can affect attachment stability) 2. Psychological stability in adolescents(insecure attached kids are more likely to be suicidal) 3. Successful romantic relationships. Adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 appear more likely to report at age 21 that they are in an exclusive relationship, comfortable with intimacy in relationships, and achieving increased financial independence

Choosing a Marriage Partner

The Study (Buss, 1989): Asked 10,000 adolescents in 37 countries from all over the world which qualities they consider most important in the person they marry (Africa, Asia, Eastern and Western Europe, & North and South America) 1. Individuals who are happily married live longer, healthier lives than either divorced individuals or those who are unhappily married Highest Ranking Mutual Attraction High Rankings: Dependable character Emotional stability & Maturity Pleasing disposition Lowest Ranking: Religious & political backgrounds Low Rankings: Good financial prospects Having a lot of money

Effective Sex Education: Sweden

The Swedish State Commission on Sex Education recommends that adolescents gain knowledge to help them to experience sexual life as a source of happiness and fellowship with others. Three ways in which this happens is: 1. Swedish teens are sexually active at a younger age than American teens 2. They are exposed to more explicit sex on tv than American adolescents are 3. The swedish national board of education has developed a circulum to given children at age 7 a through grounding in reproductive bio & at 10-12 info about contraception and sexual behaviors The adolescent pregnancy rate in Sweden is one of the lowest in the world!

Changes in Divorce Rate

The U.S. divorce rate increased dramatically in the 1960s and 1970s. Peaked in 1981 at 5.1 divorces per 1,000 people. By 2014, it had declined to 3.2 divorces per 1,000 peopleAlthough the U.S. has a high divorce rate, the rate has declined in recent decades -the end of the war in 1945 put a strain on family life -1980s women lib movement could have spiked divorce rate

single-parent family

The US has the highest rate of single-parent families, compared with virtually all other countries. -By age 18, approximately 25% of all American children will have lived a portion of their lives in a stepfamily.

Cohabitation and Marital Stability/Happiness

The majority of studies have found lower rates of marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce in couples who lived together before getting married 1. the less conventional lifestyle of cohabiatiton may attract people who believe less in marriage in the first place 2. people who cohabit are more likely to come from impoverished backgrounds and that low ses predicts divorce

Mothers, Fathers, and Co-parenting

The organizing theme of coparenting identifies certain conditions that place children and adolescents at developmental risk: 1. poor coordination 2. active undermining or diparagament of the other parent 3. lack of cooperation/warmth between parents 4. disconnection of one parent Coparenting disagreements undermine adolescents' adjustment by interfering with secure attachment to their mothers and the adolescents' autonomy

Ethnic Differences in Intercourse in the US

The proportion of high school students in grades 9-12 who had intercourse is (CDC, 2014): • Lowest for White adolescents (44%)• Somewhat higher for Latino adolescents (49%) • Highest for African American adolescents (61%) Research has indicated that Asian Americans are considerably less likely to engage in sexual activity in adolescence compared with any other major American ethnic group premarital sex is a NO NO in Ariabic countries

Dating and Romantic Relationships: Gender and Culture

The sociocultural context exerts a powerful influence on adolescent dating patterns and on mate selection Values and religious beliefs often dictate: • 1. the age which dating begins • 2. how much freedom in dating is allowed • 3. the extent to which dates are chaperoned •4. the respective roles of males and females in dating In the Arab world, Asian countries, and South America, adults are typically highly restrictive of adolescent girls' romantic relationships

Gender Androgyny

The term used for the combination of masculine and feminine traits in one person

Traditional Masculinity and Problem Behaviors in Adolescent Boys

There also is a special concern about boys who adopt a strong masculine role in adolescence, because this is increasingly being found to be associated with problem behaviors. Joseph Pleck (1995) concludes that what defines traditional masculinity in many Western cultures includes behaviors that do not have social approval but nonetheless validate the adolescent boy's masculinity: 1. pre-marital sex 2. using alcohol/drugs 3. illegal delinquent activities

Types of Dating and Developmental Changes

Three stages characterize the development of heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence: 1. Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations (about 11-13 years of age)- having a crush, a kiss, holding hands 2. Exploring romantic relationships (14-16 years of age)- casual dating more sexual play 3. Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (17-19 years of age)- strong emotional bonds similar to adult relationships, many people have sex for the 1st time in this time frame

Peer Relations

To many adolescents, how they are seen by peers is the most important aspect of their lives. 1. Among the wide range of individual differences that can affect peer relations are personality traits. One that has been found to impair peer relations is: negative emotionality. Low threshold of experiencing anger, fear, anxiety, and irritation.

Sibling roles and birth order

Two important characteristics of sibling relationships: • 1. In dealing with peers, coping w difficult teachers, and discussing taboo subjects siblings can be more influential in socializing adolescents than parents are. 2. High sibling conflict can be detremential to adolescent development especially when combined w ineffective parenting Older or younger siblings has been linked to development of certain personality characteristics for adolescents 1. First borns are the most intelligent, high achieving, and conscentious. Later borns are more rebellious, liberal, and agreeable. 2. Adolescents who were showered w love are much more giving and forgiving of others. Family researchers have found that birth order has often been overemphasized. Critics argue that, when all the factors that influence adolescent behavior are considered, birth order itself shows limited ability to predict adolescent behavior

sex education

Two recent research reviews found that abstinence-only programs do not delay the initiation of sexual intercourse and do not reduce HIV risk behaviors. • A recent study revealed that adolescents who experienced comprehensive sex education were less likely to have adolescent pregnancies than those who were given abstinence-only sex education or no education.

breaking up

Two year study of 200 college couples (Hill, Rubin, & Peplau, 1979) 45% of the couples had broken up Those who had broken up lacked similarity on a variety of domains • Age, SAT scores, physical attractiveness, commitment Males struggled with break-ups more so than females Why?- women are more likely to end the relationship and men don't take rejection as well 67% of break-ups result in harassment for females, and strategies to derail the harassment rarely work in short term. Early indicator of a potential harassing ex? control/overly jealous

Gay and Lesbian Married Adults

With nationwide legalization of gay marriage in 2015, all married couples now share in the same benefits of marriage. Same-sex couples differ from opposite-sex couples in a few ways 1. lesbian couples place a high priority of equality within their relationships 2. In only a small amount of couples is one partner masculine & the other feminine 3. Only a small segment of the gay population has a large number of sexual partners 4. gay and lesbian couples prefer long term committed relationships

Youth culture

Youth Culture: The particular habits, styles, and values that are distinct from the culture as a whole. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GaePnwTzAcs Adolescents are separatefrom children and from adults in three main ways: 1. Image(apperance eg. hair, dress, tattoos) 2. Demeanor(gesture, gait, posture) 3. Argot(vocab & ways of speaking)

Attachment in adolescents (Hazen & Shaver, 1987)

_____A. I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, others want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being. ______B. I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me. ______C. I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.

Changes in Crowd Structure During Adolescence

adolescents are attempting to understand their own identities and how they see themselves becomes very complex over time which leads to more seperation -more crowds form as we get older and older

Gender Androgyny(chart)

androgenous people are independent, aggreesive, and powerful but also the opposite at times -According to Bem (1977) androgynous men and women are more flexible and mentally healthy.

Why do sex differences exist in the type of aggressive behavior chosen by boys and girls?

girls are taught to not express their anger so they bully in more indirect ways than boys do

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation

https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=PnFKaaOSPmk Start 1:30 Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation to measure infant attachment. Measure child's: • Exploration • Reunion with caregiver

Example: Gender socialization practices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvgvaFFZlZ0&feature=share&fbclid =IwAR3fbIvhjtHw81CTCYJJj82mJllnHPQsXsjJUzn- AOTu7QiYD9sr8aOiVLA A survey on the most popular magazines that adolescents read revealed that • Girls' gender roles are especially pronounced in the magazines they read • Boys' gender roles are less or not at all pronounced in the magazines they read

Roots and Wings

it has been said that there are only 2 lasting bequests that parents can leave their children-roots and wings -adolescents autonomy generally reflects reduced parental and peer influences and greater authority for making life decisions -latino families monitor their girls more than boys -early autonomy is expected among white families, single parent families, and adolesecents themeselves

Sternberg Seven Forms of Love

liking- no passion or commitment but intimacy(like frienship) infatuation- only passion but no commitment or intimacy(basically lust only) -romantic love- passion, intimacy, but no commitment

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

• 10% of children are classified as anxious- ambivalent • Reaction: Extremely distressed when mother leaves; Ambivalent upon return; resentful and resistant when the mother initiates attention; baby may hit or push his mother when she picks him up. • Exploration: Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is present; vigilantly watches mom. • Outcomes: obsessively clingy, picked on Results from: inconsistent, hit-or-miss, chaotic parenting

Avoidant Attachment

• 10% of children are classified as anxious-avoidant • Reaction: Avoids or ignore the mother, showing little visible emotion when the mother departs or returns. • Exploration: Will not explore very much regardless of who is there; strangers will not be treated much differently from the mother. • Outcomes: hostile, defiant; alienate peers/teachers; angry self-reliance (in adulthood) Results from: disengaged parenting e.g., Mom's disliked hugs and bodily contact (Main, 1990) -in adolescents have a hard time establishing secure long term relationships

Chlamydia

• Chlamydia is one of the most common STIs, and is an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes. • Chlamydia is highly infectious.• Women run a ___70_____ percent risk of contracting it in a single sexual encounter with an infected partner.• The male risk is estimated at between 25 and 50%.

Culture and Ethnicity: Cross-Cultural Comparisons

• Ethnic minority families have distinct qualities • 1. large/extended families more common than in non-latino white american families • 2. ethnic minority adolescents are more likely to come from low income families than non-latino white adolescents • 3 single parent families are more common among african american and latino families than white families . • 4. ethnic minority parents tend to be less well educated

Genital Warts

• Genital warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is difficult to test for and does not always produce symptoms but is very contagious. • Genital warts usually appear as small, hard, painless bumps on the penis, in the vaginal area, or around the anus • HPV is the most commonly acquired STI in the 15- to 24-year-old age group. • Treatment involves the use of a topical drug, freezing, or surgery. • Genital warts may return despite treatment, and in some cases are linked to cervical and other genital cancers. • In 2010, the CDC recommended that all 11- and 12-year-old, and 13- to 26-year-old, females be given a three-dose HPV vaccine.

Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny

• In the past:• A well-adjusted boy was supposed to be independent, aggressive, and powerful.• A well-adjusted girl was supposed to be dependent, nurturing and uninterested in power. • In the 1970s, as both males and females became dissatisfied with the burdens imposed by their stereotyped roles, alternatives to "masculinity" and "femininity" were explored.

Trends in U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Rates

• Latina adolescents are more likely than African American and non- Latina White adolescents to become pregnant. The proportion of adolescents who give birth while unmarried has increased. Two factors are responsible for this trend: 1. marriage in adolescents has become quite rare 2. pregnancy is no longer seen as a reason for marriage

Secure Attachment

• Majority of children are classified as secure • Reaction: Visibly upset when the mother departs, but happy to see the mother return. • Exploration: Explore freely while the mother is present, will engage with strangers. [MOM = SECURE BASE for exploration] • Outcomes: positive attitude; likable Results from: available, responsive parenting

Hazen and Shaver's (1987) items correspond to three attachment styles in young adults' romantic relationships

• Secure attachment style: • 1.___less likely to have one night stands____ • 2.____find it easy to get close to other people so they usually have more long term relationships___ • 3.___they are most likely to be in a committed relationship_ • Anxious attachment style: • 1._____very emotional__ • 2.___very jealous/suspicious of your partner____• 3.______very possessive_ Avoidant attachment style: • 1.___most likely to have causal sex_____• 2.____least likely of the attachment styles to be involved in a relationship____• 3.__distance themselves from their partners/notice that partner is hard to get close to ______ In a retrospective study, Hazen and Shaver (1987) revealed that young adults who were securely attached in their romantic relationships were more likely to describe their early relationship with their parents as securely attached.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact. • STIs are an increasing health problem.• Recent estimates indicate that while 15- to 24-year-olds represent only 25% of the sexually experienced U.S. population, they acquire nearly 50% of all new STIs. Why?- because they are most likely to not be married to the same person • Three caused by viruses—AIDS, genital herpes, and genital warts • Three caused by bacteria—gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia.

Development of Attachment

• The degree to which a child's needs are met subsequently influences the child's expectations about their relationships in adolescence. How does a parent respond when a child: • Succeeds vs. fails?• Needs emotional comfort? How will the adolescent come to view relationships as a result of parents' reactions?