Exam 2 Chapter's 22-26

What was the Teapot Dome scandal? Whose presidency did this scandal permanently tarnish?

A 1924 scandal in which secretary of interior Albert fall was convicted of accepting bribes in exchange for leasing govt owned oil lands in Wyoming (teapot dome) and California's (elk hills) to private businessmen. It was during Taft's presidency

Who was Father Coughlin and what did he propose?

A Roman Catholic priest from Detroit who founded his own National Union for Social justice after denouncing the New Deal As the "Pagan Deal" and founded his own National Union for Social Justice. He called the monetary inflation and nationalizing the banking system

What's the difference between a monopoly and an oligopoly? Which of these two was the bigger concern of the progressives?

A monopoly occurs when a single individual or company controls an entire industry or service. An oligopoly is when a single service is controlled by a group of successful business and corporations. Some progressives were against big business, while others supported their existence. Many progressives were primarily against monopolies.

Describe migration patterns of African Americans during the war. What were the cause and effect of this migration?

African Americans moved into moved into the Northern States. They were looking for work, wartime jobs, and jobs left behind by the men who went to fight the war in Europe. This brought about black lynchings and riots to begin in the North

Why did was the New Deal not as helpful to African Americans and Latinos as to other sectors of the population?

African Americans still faced racial injustice in federal relief programs in receiving much smaller weekly payments than white, lower wage scales, and their evictions led by AAA. It did far less for Latinos whose field wages dropped significantly from 35 cents to 14 cents an hour. The Roosevelt administration also began shipping migrants back to Mexico to reduce welfare rolls and migrants who were "likely to become a public charge"

What was the NAACP?

It was the most important civil rights organization in the country, and it pressured employers, labor unions, and governments to provide African Americans with more rights and better conditions.

How was the Underwood Tariff Act related to the 16th Amendment (income tax)?

Its purpose was to reduce levies on manufactured and semi-manufactured goods and to eliminate duties on most raw materials. To compensate for the loss of revenue, the act also levied a graduated income tax (made legal by ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment earlier that year) on U.S. residents.

Who were the "birds of passage?"

They were temporary immigrants that came to the United States, got jobs, saved money, and returned to their homelands in the slower work seasons.

What was the purpose of the National Origins Quota Act?

This 1924 law established a quota system that restricted immigration form Asia and southern and Eastern Europe and reduce the annual total of immigrants. Many problems were blamed on immigrants and the act was created to limit the # of immigrants

2. Describe three reasons why Woodrow Wilson led the US into World War I.

1.Lusitania 2. Zimmerman Telegram 3. Economic 4. Progressivism

1. Explain three reasons the Progressives felt there was a need for more "order" in the U.S. in the early 20th century.

1. Factory Workers 2.Farmers 3. Lynching in the South

What were the major characteristics of progressivism?

1. The progressives acted out of concern about the effects and conditions of industrial life 2. A fundamental optimism about human nature, the possibilities of progress, and people's capacity to recognize problems and take action to solve them 3. Progressives were confident that they had the right to intervene in others lives 4.Usually preferred to achieve reform through voluntary means but had no problem doing so through state and government means 5. Many progressive saw environment as key to reform and drew on a combination of evangelical Protestantism and the natural and social sciences 6. Progressivism was distinct because it touched virtually the whole nation

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

An African American cultural, literary, and artistic movement centered in Harlem, NYC (cultural capital for A.A's)

How did European powers hamper the U.S.'s intent to maintain neutral shipping rights on the seas?

Britain controlled the seas and intended to cut off shipments of war materials to the central powers. Britain also blockaded German ports and seized/censored mail from Germany along with blacklisting American firms that dealt directly with Central Powers

How did U.S. spending for World War I compare to typical budgets at the time?

By the time the war ended, it had costed $32 billion in war expenses in an era when the entire federal budget rarely exceeded $1 billion

What was Roosevelt's philosophy about conservation of natural resources?

Conservation in his view aimed at protecting the nation's natural resources, but called for the wise use of them rather than locking them away

How did the '20s affect farmers' and factory workers' incomes? Who benefited the most from the boom of the '20s?

Factory workers received an increase in their income only of 11% but those who benefited the most were engineers, bankers and executives. Farmers we hit the hardest

Who headed the National Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and how did it improve the suffrage effort?

Founded by Susan B. Anthony and headed by Catt and Anna Howard Shaw, this organization improved the suffrage effort by working to secure women the right to vote and causing unity between women involved in the movement.

What nation became the target of American propaganda at home during the war? Why?

Germany, Wilson formed the Committee on Public Information to mobilize support for the war. Excited by the propaganda campaign, anti-German sentiment spread

What sports became prominent in the 1920s? Why did sports become popular?

Golf, boxing, baseball, and football. Sports became popular as people found more leisure time

What did President Hoover do to mitigate the Depression?

He called for voluntary cooperation among businesses to maintain wages and employment; looked to local governments and private charities ; and agreed to federal assistance to business

What was the big change in American industry pioneered by Ford during this period?

He essentially created and perfected mass production through his assembly line form of working. This contributed to a consumer good revolution

How did Henry Ford innovate the treatment of his work force? What were the effects of his innovations?

He established the $5 day, a system in which wages were doubled, workdays were cut down to 8 hours, and a new department placed workers in jobs suited to their traits. His innovation has him the ability to choose the best of the workforce. Employees stopped waiting and came to work much more offer. Labor unions branches in the Ford company shut down. Ford had a more stable hold on the work force.

Why did President Wilson intervene in Mexico in 1914? How did he go about intervening?

He intervened because the president Porfirio Diaz was overthrown by liberal reformer Francisco I. Madero and could not maintain order in the country. He intervened by stationing warships off Mexico's ports to cut off arms shipments to the Huerta regime

What was President Theodore Roosevelt's philosophy regarding trusts?

He wavered on trusts, he believed that large-scale production and industry growth were natural and beneficial; but they needed to be controlled to not negatively impact local enterprise and individual opportunity

3. Explain how the 1928 election between Herbert Hoover and Al Smith represented a clash in American values.

Hoover was Catholic who was associated with big-city machine. He was a "wet" who wanted

How did the election of 1928 represent the "clash of values" of the 1920s?

Hoover was a Catholic associated with the "big-city machine", he was "wet" and wanted to end the prohibition. Smith on the other hand was a Protestant, a dry and an old-stick American who stood for efficiency and individualism. They had opposite ideals (clash)

When did the Red Scare occur? What caused it?

Hysteria that occurred in 1919 caused by American people felt threatened by the rising tide of Communism in Russia, widespread labor unrest, and the often bizarre forms of Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism that were supported by some recent immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

What was the Wagner Act and why was it important?

It created the National Labor Relations Board to supervise Union elections and designate winning unions as official bargaining agents. The board could also issue cease-and-desist orders to employers who dealt unfairly with their workers.? It provided federal support for efforts to unionize workers, and to extend collective bargaining to the auto and steel industries

Why was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire important?

It helped the nation realize how unsafe and unregulated working conditions were at the time. It pushed others to fight for better, safer accommodations.

What was the purpose of the CCC?

It provided 300,000 young men between the ages of 18 & 25 w govt jobs in reforestation and conservation projects

What were the major provisions of the Social Security Act?

It provided for old-age pensions financed equally by a tax on employers and workers and gave state funds to provide modest provisions for the elderly. It set up a system of unemployment compensation on a federal-state basis and provided for direct federal grants to the states for welfare payments to the blind, handicapped, needy elderly, and dependent children

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

It resulted from imbalances in the American economy that developed during the 1920's. Wealth was unequally distributed, depriving millions of purchasing power necessary to keep America's forms of operating factories to full capacity

What was the Niagara Movement? What was the difference between this movement and Booker T. Washington's approach to Jim Crow?

It was a movement started by W. E. B. Du Bios that was meant to fight for equal rights for African Americans (social, civil, political, economic, educational). The movement rejected Washington's slow and gradual approach, instead adopting a more aggressive/militant approach (used protests).

What was the Roosevelt Corollary and why was it important?

It was a new policy written by Roosevelt warning Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention

What was meant by the term, "the bully pulpit?"

It was a term used by Theodore Roosevelt used to describe the presidency as a forum of ideas and leadership for the nation

Why was the Scopes Trial important?

It was a trial of the state of Tennessee vs John T. Scopes over whether evolution is against God and should not be taught in schools. It showed the conservative thought was still very strong among the public and was known as the peak of religious fundamentalism.

What was the primary purpose of the League of Nations?

It was meant to guarantee and reach international peace and security in all nations

What was the major international consequence of President Roosevelt's mediation of the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905?

Japan emerged as the dominant force in the far east. The Taft-Katsura Agreement recognized Japan's dominance over Korea in return for its promise not to invade the Philippines

What was the Bonus Army and why was it important?

Jobless WWI veterans who went to Washington seeking federal help were forcibly dispersed by General MacArthur and regular army. Congress rejected their demands. This made Hoover the most unpopular man by 1932

How did the New Deal affect organized labor?

Labor unions begin to rise with the aid of people like John L. Lewis, despite this still only about 28% of Americans belonged to labor unions by the 1940's.

How did World War I create the greatest economic boom in U.S. history?

Loans and trades were in excess. Allies borrowed from American bankers, loans to allied govts exceeded $2 billion, and loans to Germany were at $27 million

When and why did Mexican immigration into the U.S. begin?

Mexicans began immigrating to the US in 1900. Immigration from Mexico further increased in 1910 due to a revolution in Mexico that forced many to flee to neighboring US states. Many seemed to escape the violence of their native country.

Who were the muckrakers and why were they important?

Muckrakers were writers that sought to expose corruption in political and public figures, as well as businesses or corporations. Muckrakers reflected and helped usher in the American progressive movement; a movement brought about to cure the social ills brought about in the new Industrial society.

What is nativism? Why did it emerge in the 1920s?

Nativism is hostility to things foreign. The sharp increase in immigration in the late nineteenth century had led to a broad-based movement, spearheaded by organized labor and New England aristocrats such as Henty Caboty Lodge, to restrict the flow of ppl from Europe

How and why did marketing become prominent in the 1920s?

Practitioners such as Edward Bernays and Bruce Barton wanted to control public taste and consumer spending by identifying a "good life" w/ the latest technology they were selling

How did President Taft's record compare with President Roosevelt's record on trust-busting and conservation?

President Taft brought 2x as many anti trust lawsuits as TR. He created a children's bureau in federal government, protected water power sites, and backed up laws to regulate safety in railroads and mines

What caused the rise of professional associations? What did these associations do?

Progressivism caused an impulse in people's desire to join forces, share information, and solve problems. These associations provided the leadership of much of the progressive movement which attracted young, educated men in women who created a dramatic increase in people working professional jobs thus forming part of the middle class who did not derive their status from birth or inherited wealth.

What was progressivism and when did this movement occur?

Progressivism was a social change and reform movement that came about around the late 1800s and early 1900s. It was a movement meant to cure social and moral ills in society, as well as fight for better conditions and an honest government.

How was the coal strike of 1902 an example of Theodore Roosevelt's view of the role of the federal government?

Roosevelt saw the fed govt as an honest and impartial broker between powerful elements in society. Rather than leaning toward labor he used a middle ground to curb corporate and labor abuse, abolish privilege, and enlarge individual opportunity

What were two of the issues that killed the New Deal?

Roosevelt's attempt to "pack" the Supreme Court combined with the recession to undercut the New Deal. The Court packing scheme, was FDR's attempt to counter conservatives who might deem his New Deal programs unconstitutional by asking congress to allow him to appoint additional justices to the court.

What were the problems with the NRA?

Rules favored big businesses over small ones. Labor became disenchanted with section 7a. Minimum wage was near starvation level.

What was the "flapper image" and why was it important?

Short-cut hair, skirts above the knee, and flat chests achieved through binding for a boyish look. These women who dared to drink Somme and dance in public w makeup were important bc they were the first few to assault the traditional double standard and demand equality.

How did Frederick Taylor's "scientific management" technique affect factory workers (positives and negatives)?

Some workers started to make more money because of the newfound efficiency. However, many workers succumbed to the bored of the monotonous, repetitive machinery tasks and some lost pride in their workmanship. The boredom and miscalculation that resulted made jobs more dangerous and conditions unsafe.

In what years did World War I start and end? In what year did the U.S. enter?

Started July 1914, ended November 11 1918 America entered the war in April 1917

What was the purpose of the AAA? Who benefited the most from this program? Who benefited the least?

The Agricultural Adjustment Administration attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production. The object was to raise farm prices- which it did, but the act did nothing for tenant farmers (unconstitutional) Large farmers benefited the most,small farmers the least

What were the purposes of the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918? What were the effects of these acts?

The Espionage Acts of 1917 imposed sentences of up to 20 years for persons found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing military recruitment, or encouraging disloyalty. The Sedition Act imposed harsh penalties on anyone using "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the US govt, flag, or armed forces. In all more than 1500 people were arrested under these laws

Describe the differences between the IWW, the Knights of Labor, and the AF of L.

The IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) welcomed everyone into the union unlike the AF of L and the WTUL. The IWW also tried to manage and help the unskilled immigrant wage workers, unlike the AF of L who focused on skilled craftsmen. Like the Knights of Labor, the IWW strived for union among workers. The IWW fought for social revolution as well, which was not supported by the Knights of Labor or the AF of L. The IWW wanted to overthrow the capitalist system, not simply alter it.

How did World War I affect the U.S. debt?

The US changed from a debtor nation to a creditor nation. In 1918, foreign nations owed the US billions of dollars

What was the WTUL and why was its role in the Hart, Schaffer agreement important?

The Women's trade Union League was an organization that organized women into trade unions, supported strikes, and fought for more better conditions for women in the workplace. The WTUL supported the strike that led to the agreement. Some WTUL leaders may have had a hand in the agreements as well.

What was the Zimmerman telegram and why was it important?

The Zimmerman telegram was between Arthur Zimmerman, a German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico. It proposed an alliance w Mexico in case of war w the US offering financial support and recovery of Mexico's "lost territory" in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona

During the 1920s, what changed in industry regarding energy sources?

The electrical industry grew. Two-thirds of all American families enjoyed electricity by 1929 and began a new age of leisure with the purchasing of appliances compatible with electricity

How was the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s different from its previous emergence after the Civil War?

The klan of the 1920's unlike the night riders of the post-civil sad sf was not just anti-black; the threat to American culture as the klansmen perceived it, also came from Italians, Russians, Catholics and Jews. This was now nationwide and they attributed the nation's issues to immigrants

What was the first crisis Roosevelt tackled when he became President? How did he handle this crisis?

The nation's economy was about to collapse and unemployment was down. He saved the nation's banks. Also issued a decree closing the banks and called Congress back into session. He made it so that the govt had supervision and aid to the banks.

Generally speaking, what did the Republican presidents of the 1920s do regarding taxation and government spending? Who benefited the most from these policies?

The revenue acts of the 1920's greatly reduced the burden of taxation by 1929 the govt was collecting one-third less than it had in 1921. Using a new budget systemic increased tariffs and cut corporate taxes govt spending was reduced from 18 billion in its peak in WWI ti just over 3 billion by 1925. Private businesses benefitted the most

What was the main disagreement Britain and France had with Wilson's 14 Points?

They did not like Wilson's ideals as the basis of a peace treaty. They wanted Germany to be crippled by the peace treaty, but this is not something the 14 points would do

Why did some progressives oppose entering World War I?

They felt war violated the very spirit of progressive reform. It was hypocritical to demand safe factories then have these people go off to war. War consumed money and attention and inflamed emotions

How did the U.S. acquire the rights to dig the Panama Canal in 1903?

They made the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty which gave the US a 99-year lease, with option for renewal on a Canal Zone 6 miles wide. In exchange, the US would pay Columbia a one time fee of $ 10 million and an annual rent of $250,000

What was the fundamental purpose of the Federal Reserve Act? How does the Federal Reserve accomplish this purpose?

This act aimed to provide a stable and flexible currency for the U.S.by creating an efficient banking system consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the federal reserve board.

Describe the change in voter turnout during the Progressive Era. What caused this change?

This change was caused by the direct primary which allowed voters rather than parties to choose their candidates. When The intense partisanship of the decades after the civil war gave way to media oriented political campaigns based largely on the candidates personalities

What was the purpose of the TVA?

To build dams and power plants on the Tennessee River. It's programs helped raid the standard of living for millions living in the Tennessee River Valley.

What was the main idea behind President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy?

To promote American business and financial interests abroad. Wanted to substitute economic ties for military alliances

What are some examples of why rural Americans thought badly of the cities?

Whorehouses, saloons, little Italy's, little Poland's, communist cells, free love, and atheism.

Who campaigned for President in 1916 with the slogan, "He kept us out of war"?

Wilson

Explain how the Lusitania incident increased tensions between the U.S. and Germany. Why did Germany sink this ship?

Wilson urged Germany to stop sinking passenger ships and give reparations for the lost American lives Germany sank the ship because it belonged to a nation they were at war with. The U.S provided cargo to allies; it was shipped with passengers- not an armed warship

Who won the 1912 presidential election and why? Why was this election a good example of the popularity of progressivism?

Woodrow Wilson's distrust of federal power, national planning, and business growth won over the American people. This was a good example of progressivism because people were more concerned with individual growth and less concerned with nation-wide issue