Exam 2 (Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7) Review

A person with prediabetes has a fasting blood glucose level of ________ . a. 70 - 100 mg/dL b. 126 - 150 mg/dL c. <70 mg/dL d. >150 mg/dL e. 100 - 125 mg/dL

e. 100 - 125 mg/dL

The average life span of a skin cell is about ________ . a. 7 weeks b. 45 days c. 15 days d. 60 days e. 30 days

e. 30 days

What happens to the bile that is reabsorbed by the small intestine? a. The bile is stored in the body's fat cells. b. The bile is broken down and sent to the kidneys as waste. c. The bile is broken down, sent to the lymphatic system, and discarded as waste. d. The bile is stored in the blood vessels and can cause blockages. e. The bile is recycled via the liver to the gallbladder.

e. The bile is recycled via the liver to the gallbladder.

Olestra is an example of a(n) ________ . a. naturally occurring fat in the human body b. artificial sugar c. enzyme secreted in the liver d. enzyme secreted in the small intestine e. artificial fat

e. artificial fat

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of ________ . a. obesity b. heart valve malfunctions c. diabetes d. diverticulitis e. cardiovascular disease

e. cardiovascular disease

Whey protein is a waste product from the manufacturing of ________ . a. enriched wheat bread b. cured meats c. preservatives d. artificial flavors e. cheese

e. cheese

Which fat - formation pathway is the most efficient and direct? a. conversion of dietary protein to adipose tissue b. Conversion of dietary protein to glucose c. conversion of sucrose to adipose tissue d. conversion of dietary carbohydrates to body fat e. conversion of dietary fat to body fat

e. conversion of dietary fat to body fat

The action of hydrochloric acid in the stomach on protein results in ________ . a. increased alkalinity b. condensation c. decreased enzyme activity d. secretion of amylase e. denaturation

e. denaturation

Storage forms of glucose in living things include ________. a. phytates and viscous fibers b. maltose and sucrose c. fibers and disaccharides d. fats and lactose e. glycogen and starch

e. glycogen and starch

What acidic compound(s) is/are produced by the liver during the breakdown of fat when carbohydrates are not available? a. beta cells b. insulin c. glucagon d. gastric acids e. ketone bodies

e. ketone bodies

Fructose and galactose are mostly metabolized in which organ? a. small intestine b. stomach c. gallbladder d. kidney e. liver

e. liver

Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and last step of the TCA cycle? a. acetyl CoA b. glycerol c. oxalate d. pyruvate e. oxaloacetate

e. oxaloacetate

The key element in catabolic reactions is that they ________ . a. are condensation reactions b. require different amounts of energy to proceed c. cause digestive enzymes to be released d. are irreversible e. release energy

e. release energy

The glycolysis pathway ________ . a. results in ketogenic compounds b. converts acetyl CoA into pantothenic acid c. requires oxygen d. is the breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl CoA e. results in the formation of pyruvate

e. results in the formation of pyruvate

Fill in the word term that corresponds to the description listed in the right column. Hormone-like compounds that have a localized effect

eicosanoids

Fill in the term corresponding to each description. Captures the energy in high-energy bonds of ATP

electron transport chain

Fill in the type of protein corresponding to each function. Facilitates chemical reactions

enzyme

essential or nonessential? lysine

essential

essential or nonessential? methionine

essential

essential or nonessential? valine

essential

Fill in the word term that corresponds to the description listed in the right column. Must be supplied by the diet

essential fatty acids

broken down from which nutrient? fatty acids

fats

A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids attached to a ___.

glycerol

The storage form of glucose is ___.

glycogen

Fill in the term corresponding to each description. Pathway that ends in the production of acetyl CoA

glycolysis

Fill in the word low, medium or high corresponding to the glycemic index of the foods listed in the right column. White rice

high

High or Low Quality? Soy

high

High or Low Quality? poultry

high

High or Low Quality? seafood

high

When the body is lacking glucose, fat fragments can combine to form ___.

ketone bodies

Fill in the disaccharide corresponding to each combination of monosaccharides. glucose + galactose

lactose

The ___ is the most active processing center in the body.

liver

Fill in the word low, medium or high corresponding to the glycemic index of the foods listed in the right column. Apple juice

low

Fill in the word low, medium or high corresponding to the glycemic index of the foods listed in the right column. Corn tortilla

low

High or Low Quality? Corn

low

High or Low Quality? gelatin

low

Fill in the disaccharide corresponding to each combination of monosaccharides. glucose + glucose

maltose

Fill in the word low, medium or high corresponding to the glycemic index of the foods listed in the right column. Brown rice

medium

Saturated or unsaturated? Avocado

monounsaturated

Saturated or unsaturated? Canola oil

monounsaturated

Like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, they also contain ___ atoms.

nitrogen

essential or nonessential? cysteine

nonessential

Transcription occurs in the ___ and translation occurs in the ___.

nucleus, cytoplasm

Fill in the word term that corresponds to the description listed in the right column. Develop from linolenic acid

omega 3 fatty acid family

Fill in the word term that corresponds to the description listed in the right column. Develops from linoleic acid

omega 6 fatty acid family

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates ___.

pepsin

Saturated or unsaturated? Cheddar cheese

saturated

Saturated or unsaturated? Coconut oil

saturated

Saturated or unsaturated? hydrogenated

saturated

Saturated or unsaturated? solid at room temperature

saturated

The part of the chemical structure that differentiates one amino acid from another is its ___.

side group

Chylomicrons are the largest and least dense lipoproteins that are produced in the ___.

small intestine

The mouth, pancreas, and ___ are the parts of the digestive system involved in digestion of carbohydrates?

small intestine

Lipids that have a multiple ring structure are called ___.

sterols

Fill in the type of protein corresponding to each function. Provides strength and shape to skin

structural protein

Fill in the disaccharide corresponding to each combination of monosaccharides. glucose + fructose

sucrose

For complete oxidation, acetyl CoA enters ___.

the TCA cycle

Saturated or unsaturated? liquid at room temperature

unsaturated

The blood lipid profile reveals the concentration of various lipids in the blood. A desirable level of total cholesterol is ___.

<200mg/dL

___ is the high-energy compound that provides the energy that powers all the activities of living cells.

ATP

___ are protein making machines and are composed of RNA and protein.

Ribosomes

Fill in the term corresponding to each description. Final, common metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids

TCA cycle

A typical serving of fruits contains an average of about ________ . a. 15 grams of carbohydrates b. 20 grams of carbohydrates c. 6 grams of carbohydrates d. 10 grams of carbohydrates e. 30 grams of carbohydrates

a. 15 grams of carbohydrates

Proteins that maintain the acid-base balance of the blood and body fluids by accepting and releasing hydrogen ions are: a. Buffers b. Enzymes c. Hormones d. Antigens

a. Buffers

Which of the following is not true? Fats: a. Contain glucose b. Provide energy c. Protect against organ shock d. Carry vitamins A, D, E, K

a. Contain glucose

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid: a. Denatures proteins and activates pepsin b. Hydrolyzes proteins and denatures pepsin c. Emulsifies proteins and releases peptidase d. Condenses proteins and facilitates digestion

a. Denatures proteins and activates pepsin

Which of the following foods provides the highest quality of protein? a. Egg b. Corn c. Gelatin d. Whole grains

a. Egg

The area of study that examines how environmental factors influence gene expression without changing the DNA is known as: a. epigenetics. b. chromosomal biology. c, methylation translation. d. microarray technologies.

a. epigenetics.

What nutrient is the most efficient form of fuel storage for the human body? a. fat b. protein c. fruit d. glucose e. carbohydrates

a. fat

Anabolism or catabolism? Assembles proteins

anabolism

Anabolism or catabolism? Requires energy

anabolism

Fill in the type of protein corresponding to each function. Inactivates foreign invaders

antibody

The most common sources of dietary oleic fatty acid are sunflower, safflower, corn, and soybean oils. a. True b. False

b. False

The process of digesting carbohydrates begins in the stomach, where amylase is secreted. a. True b. False

b. False

The small intestine is the most active nutrient-processing organ in the human body. a. True b. False

b. False

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is known as the powerhouse of animal cells. a. True b. False

b. False

Two adipokines, resistin and adiponectin, work together to help the body avoid obesity. a. True b. False

b. False

Unlike some other nutrients, overconsumption of protein has little or no adverse health effects. a. True b. False

b. False

The ultimate goal of carbohydrate digestion and absorption is to yield: a. Fibers b. Glucose c. Enzymes d. Amylase

b. Glucose

A desirable blood lipid profile would include a(n) ________ a. triglyceride level of <150 mg/dL b. LDL cholesterol of <100 mg/dL c. LDL cholesterol of >150 mg/dL d. total cholesterol of > 200 mg/dL e. HDL cholesterol of < 30 mg/dL

b. LDL cholesterol of <100 mg/dL

Transport vehicles for lipids are called: a. Micelles b. Lipoproteins c. Blood vessels d. Monoglycerides

b. Lipoproteins

Carbohydrates are found in virtually all foods except: a. Milks b. Meats c. Breads d. Fruits

b. Meats

For complete oxidation , acetyl CoA enters: a. Glycolysis b. The TCA cycle c. The Cory cycle d. The electron transport chai

b. The TCA cycle

When food is consumed, any excess energy is stored as fat in the _____. a. liver b. adipose cells c. spleen d. gall bladder e. stomach

b. adipose cells

Diets that have a greater percentage of fat cause the body to ________ . a. digest food more efficiently b. break down protein in order to meet necessary glucose needs c. require less oxygen for metabolic purposes d. show a decrease in acetyl CoA leading to an increase in available glucose e. break down fat in order to get more energy

b. break down protein in order to meet necessary glucose needs

Dietary fiber is found is good amounts in four of the following foods. What food has the lowest amount of dietary fiber? a. whole - wheat crackers b. chicken breasts c. beans d. apples e. carrots

b. chicken breasts

When examining a molecule of lecithin, chemists note that a phosphate group and a molecule of ________ occupy the third attachment site. a. glycerol b. choline c. fatty acid d. glucose e. cobalt

b. choline

When a fatty acid is described as being saturated, it means that it ________ . a. has limited chemical stability b. contains only single bonds between its carbon atoms c. contains three bonds linking each carbon atoms d. is only one of a few fatty acids normally found in the chemical environment e. contains multiple double bonds in its structure between carbon atoms

b. contains only single bonds between its carbon atoms

Deamination of an amino acid produces: a. Vitamin B6 and energy b. Pyruvate and acetyl CoA c. Ammonia and a keto acid d. Carbon dioxide and water

c. Ammonia and a keto acid

Which of the following is not true? Lecithin is: a. An emulsifier b. A phospholipid c. An essential nutrient d. A constituent of cell membranes

c. An essential nutrient

Saturated fatty acids: a. Are always 18 carbon long b. Have at least one double bond c. Are fully loaded with hydrogens d. Are always liquid at room temperature

c. Are fully loaded with hydrogens

If an essential amino acid that is needed to make a protein is unavailable, the cells must: a. Deaminate another amino acid b. Substitute a similar amino acid c. Break down proteins to obtain it d. Synthesize the amino acid from glucose and nitrogen

c. Break down proteins to obtain it

Hydrolysis is an example of a(n): a. Coupled reaction b. Anabolic reaction c. Catabolic reaction d. Synthesis reaction

c. Catabolic reaction

The making of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is an example of: a. Digestion b. Hydrolysis c. Condensation d. Gluconeogenesis

c. Condensation

Glycolysis: a. Requires oxygen b. Generates abundant energy c. Converts glucose to pyruvate d. Produces ammonia as a by-product

c. Converts glucose to pyruvate

Isoleucine, leucine and lysine are: a. Proteases b. Polypeptides c. Essential amino acids d. Complementary proteins

c. Essential amino acids

The body derives most of its energy from: a. Proteins and fats b. Vitamins and minerals c. Glucose and fatty acids d. Glycerol and amino acids

c. Glucose and fatty acids

The pathway from pyruvate to acetyl CoA: a. Produces lactate b. Is known as gluconeogenesis c. Is metabolically irreversible d. Requires more energy than it produces

c. Is metabolically irreversible

The lipoprotein most associated with a high risk of heart disease is: a. CHD b. HDL c. LDL d. LPL

c. LDL

What blood lipid is linked most directly to heart disease? a. high - density lipoprotein b. adipose c. LDL cholesterol d. linoleic acid e. linolenic acid

c. LDL cholesterol

Disaccharides include: a. Starch, glycogen, and fiber b. Amylose, pectin, and dextrose c. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose d. Glucose, galactose, and fructose

c. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose

Protein turnover describes the amount of protein: a. Found in foods and the body b. Absorbed from the diet c. Synthesized and degraded d. Used to make glucose

c. Synthesized and degraded

A triglyceride consists of: a. Three glycerols attached to a lipid b. Three fatty acids attached to a glucose c. Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol d. Three phospholipids attached to a cholesterol

c. Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

The body stores energy for future use in: a. Proteins b. Acetyl CoA c. Triglycerides d. Ketone bodies

c. Triglycerides

Total fiber refers to the sum of ________ . a. dietary and viscous fibers b. functional and viscous fibers c. dietary and functional fibers d. insoluble fibers and starch e. starch and cellulose

c. dietary and functional fibers

People on strict lactose - free diets need to read labels and avoid foods with four of the following ingredients. Which is an acceptable food for this diet? a. milk solids b. milk c. gluten d. casein e. whey

c. gluten

What is the simplest amino acid? a. tyrosine b. lysine c. glycine d. glutamine e. cysteine

c. glycine

What substance converts the inactive pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin? a. amylase b. glycine c. hydrochloric acid d. protein e. amino acid

c. hydrochloric acid

A diet that provides ample carbohydrate ensures an adequate supply of ________ . a. fatty acids b. B vitamins c. oxaloacetate d. amino acids e. nitrogen

c. oxaloacetate

Low blood glucose stimulates which organ(s) to release glucagon into the bloodstream? a. gallbladder b. kidneys c. pancreas d. liver e. spleen

c. pancreas

Evidence suggests cancer of the colon, pancreas, and ovaries is connected with high consumption of ________ . a. red beans and rice b. enriched white bread c. red meat and processed meats d. eggs, milk, and cheese e. soy protein

c. red meat and processed meats

The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA is known as ________ . a. interception b. condensation c. transcription d. translation e. interpretation

c. transcription

broken down from which nutrient? glucose

carbohydrates

What percentage of total food energy should protein provide? a. 40 - 50% b. 30% c. 20% d. 10 - 35% e. 5 - 10%

d. 10 - 35%

What percentage of the daily energy intake should come from carbohydrates? a. 15 to 20 b. 25 to 30 c. 45 to 50 d. 45 to 65

d. 45 to 65

High - fructose corn syrup is composed of fructose and glucose in an approximate ratio of ________ . a. 40:60 b. 60:40 c. 75:25 d. 50:50 e. 25:75

d. 50:50

Before entering the TCA cycle, each of the energy-yielding nutrients is broken down to: a. Ammonia b. Pyruvate c. Electrons d. Acetyl CoA

d. Acetyl CoA

During metabolism, released energy is captures and transferred by: a. Enzymes b. Pyruvate c. Acetyl CoA d. Adenosine triphosphate

d. Adenosine triphosphate

The protein RDA for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of healthy body weight per day. A woman weighs 60 kg and her weight falls within the normal range for her height. How much protein (in grams) should she consume in one day? Grams of protein:

48

The % Daily Value describes the amount of fat in a food. The % kcalories of fat describes the amount of fat in the diet. 1 tablespoon of butter and one tablespoon of sour cream (you might want to add to baked potato) provides 150kcalories and 13grams of fat. The Daily Value for fat based on a 2000 kCalorie diet is 65 grams (9kcal/g). Which number will provide you with an accurate idea of how this choice affects the Daily Value recommendation? What is the percent Daily Value? What is the percent kcalories? Best choice: Percent Daily value: Percent kcalories:

% kcalories, 20%, 78%

The USDA Food Patterns sorts protein foods into three subgroups. The total recommended intake of seafood should be about ___.

20 percent

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) committee recommends that added sugars should account for no more than 25% of the day's total energy intake based on a 2000 kCalorie/day diet. 1 teaspoon of sugar provides about 5 grams of carbohydrate and about 20 kcalories. How many teaspoons of sugar would a person eat in a day to reach the 25% of total kcalorie intake? How many grams of carbohydrates are they getting from sugar? Total teaspoons of sugar: Grams of carbohydrates from sugar:

25 tsp, 125 g

Order the food example in order of fiber content from lowest to highest. (1 to 4) Bean sprouts- 1 cup Splenda artificial sweetener- 1 packet Black-eyed peas- 1⁄2 cup Whole-wheat toast- 1 slice

3, 1, 4, 2

___ provide the most energy per gram.

Fats

___ are acidic compounds produced by the liver when fasting causes glycogen to be depleted.

Ketone bodies

Elevated ___ cholesterol is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).

LDL

Which of the following is true? a. High-fructose corn syrup is chemically similar to sucrose. b. Diets with a high glycemic index are most effective in fostering weight loss. c. Energy intake from carbohydrates has remained stable over the past 40 years. d. Some people have a physiological addiction to sugar that makes it impossible for them to moderate use.

a. High-fructose corn syrup is chemically similar to sucrose.

What does the pancreas secrete when blood glucose rises? When blood glucose falls? a. Insulin; glucagon b. Glucagon; insulin c. Insulin; glycogen d. Glycogen; epinephrine

a. Insulin; glucagon

Which part of its chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another? a. It's side group b. Its acid group c. Its amino group d. Its double bonds

a. It's side group

Alcohol metabolism occurs primarily in the: a. Liver b. Brain c. Kidneys d. Muscles

a. Liver

If a fat source is considered to represent discretionary kcalories, how should this be interpreted? a. This fat source is high in saturated fat and people should limit its intake. b. This fat source should be a consistent part of a person's diet. c. This fat source can be consumed in great quantity with no adverse health effects. d. This fat source should account for 30% of the daily fat intake. e. This fat source supplies essential fatty acids.

a. This fat source is high in saturated fat and people should limit its intake.

A healthy body needs and uses glucose as its primary energy nutrient. a. True b. False

a. True

A saturated fatty acid is fully loaded with all its hydrogen atoms and contains only single bonds between carbon atoms. a. True b. False

a. True

After leaving the mouth, proteins are denatured in the stomach by hydrochloric acid. a. True b. False

a. True

An effective way to increase the amount of fiber in a diet is to substitute plant protein for animal protein. a. True b. False

a. True

An estimated 75% of packaged foods in the United States contain sweeteners. a. True b. False

a. True

Animal proteins are more digestible than are plant proteins. a. True b. False

a. True

Avocados and olives naturally contain unsaturated fats and do not contribute to heart disease. a. True b. False

a. True

Catabolic reactions are those in which large molecules are broken down and energy is released. a. True b. False

a. True

Deamination is the process by which amino acids lose their nitrogen-containing amino group. a. True b. False

a. True

Endogenous cholesterol is produced in the body. a. True b. False

a. True

Enzymes facilitate both catabolic and anabolic reactions. a. True b. False

a. True

Food products made with solid fats often provide lot of energy, but supply few essential nutrients. a. True b. False

a. True

Fructose is the sweetest of all sugars, but has the same chemical formula as glucose. a. True b. False

a. True

Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose is produced from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids or glycerol. a. True b. False

a. True

Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. a. True b. False

a. True

If healthy adults choose their food wisely, they can usually obtain all the needed nutrients while consuming about 1500 kcalories per day. a. True b. False

a. True

In terms of nutrition, the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are important forms of polyunsaturated fats. a. True b. False

a. True

Most digestion of fat takes place in the small intestine. a. True b. False

a. True

Pepsin inhibits pepsinogen synthesis. a. True b. False

a. True

Proteins form the building blocks of muscle, blood, and skin. a. True b. False

a. True

Research has shown that, on average, each person in the United States consumes about 30 teaspoons of sugars per day. a. True b. False

a. True

The Recommended Daily Allowance of protein for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of healthy body weight per day. a. True b. False

a. True

The primary role of carbohydrates in the body is to supply the cells with glucose for energy. a. True b. False

a. True

Two to three hours after a meal, the body relies on its glycogen and fat stores for energy. a. True b. False

a. True

When carbohydrates are unavailable, proteins can be converted to glucose. a. True b. False

a. True

When the body needs energy quickly for a short amount of time, pyruvate is converted to lactate. a. True b. False

a. True

Which food ranks low on the Glycemic Index? a. barley b. watermelon c. popcorn d. white rice e. sweet potato

a. barley

Anabolic reactions are those that ________ . a. convert small molecules to larger ones b. release energy c. increase absorption of nutrients in the small intestine d. break down proteins into amino acids e. regulates the passage of molecules in and out of a cell

a. convert small molecules to larger ones

Inside the human body, the mitochondria ________ . a. house enzymes that are involved in the process of energy metabolism b. help to assemble amino acids into proteins c. are located in the nucleus d. function as a constituent part of cell membranes e. are located outside the cytoplasm

a. house enzymes that are involved in the process of energy metabolism

The position of the double bond closest to the methyl (CH3) end of a fatty acid is described by a(n) ________ number. a. omega b. gamma c. alpha d. poly e. theta

a. omega

The condition that occurs when the diet provides too little protein is known as ________ . a. protein - energy malnutrition b. amino acid deficiency c. protein absorption syndrome d. anemia e. cachexia

a. protein - energy malnutrition

The electron transport chain consists of a series of ________ that serve as electron "carriers." a. proteins b. carbon compounds c. fat molecules d. hydrogen ions e. coenzymes

a. proteins

Eating protein in excess of daily needs results in the protein being ________ . a. stored as fat b. excreted as a waste product c. converted to muscle tissue d. stored as glucose e. used as a quick energy source

a. stored as fat

Fill in the word term that corresponds to the description listed in the right column. Hormones secreted by adipose tissue

adipokines

What composition applies to the storage of glycogen in the body? a. 100% in muscle cells b. 1/3 in the liver and 2/3 in the muscle cells c. 3/4 in muscle tissue and 1/4 in brain tissue d. 1/2 in the muscle cells, 1/4 in the peripheral tissues, and 1/4 in the stomach e. 1/2 in the liver and 1/2 in the muscle cells

b. 1/3 in the liver and 2/3 in the muscle cells

A person consuming 2200 kcals/day who wants to meet health recommendations should limit daily fat intake to: a. 20 - 35 grams b. 50 - 85 grams c. 75 - 100 grams d. 90 - 130 grams

b. 50 - 85 grams

The brain and nerve cells consume about what percentage of the glucose used each day? a. 90% b. 50% c. 10% d. 75% e. 25%

b. 50%

The protein RDA for a healthy adult who weighs 180 pounds is: a. 50 milligrams/day b. 65 grams/day c. 180 grams/day d. 2000 milligrams/day

b. 65 grams/day

An ounce of most protein foods delivers about ________ . a. 3 grams of protein b. 7 grams of protein c. 10 grams of protein d. 1 gram of protein e. 15 grams of protein

b. 7 grams of protein

The digestibility of most animal proteins is ________ . a. 70 - 80% b. 90 - 99% c. 80 - 90% d. 60 - 70% e. less than 60%

b. 90 - 99%

During a fast, when glycogen stores have been depleted, the body begins to synthesize glucose from: a. Acetyl CoA b. Amino acids c. Fatty acids d. Ketone bodies

b. Amino acids

During a fast, the body produces ketone bodies by? a. Hydrolyzing glycogen b. Condensing acetyl CoA c. Transaminating keto acids d. Converting ammonia to urea

b. Condensing acetyl CoA

A conditionally essential nutrient is one that is never supplied by the body in sufficient quantities and must always be supplemented in the diet. a. True b. False

b. False

Both pyruvate and acetyl CoA can both be used to make glucose. a. True b. False

b. False

Cod, grouper, and tuna have the highest concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids of any seafood. a. True b. False

b. False

Dietary fiber contributes a lot of energy to the human body. a. True b. False

b. False

Eating predigested proteins can help keep your digestive system from being overworked. a. True b. False

b. False

Eggs and tofu are considered to be very lean food options with respect to fat content. a. True b. False

b. False

Fasting is the healthiest strategy for losing weight and keeping it off. a. True b. False

b. False

Fat cells enlarge only if excess fat is consumed in the human diet. a. True b. False

b. False

Fatty acids can be anywhere from 5 to 25 (odd numbers of) carbons long. a. True b. False

b. False

High-fiber foods probably do nothing to help a person maintain a healthy body weight. a. True b. False

b. False

In general, more energy and resources are required to grow and process plant foods than to produce sugar or foods derived from animals. a. True b. False

b. False

In transforming DNA into proteins, the DNA is translated into RNA, and then RNA is transcripted into a protein. a. True b. False

b. False

Ketosis is a protective mechanism that induces a person to eat more. a. True b. False

b. False

Lipoproteins are dangerous clusters of lipids associated with blocking the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. a. True b. False

b. False

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides are all examples of dietary fiber. a. True b. False

b. False

Most athletes in training need supplemental protein in their diets to maintain muscle mass. a. True b. False

b. False

Most lactose-intolerant people cannot consume any products that might contain lactose. a. True b. False

b. False

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the large intestine. a. True b. False

b. False

Nonessential amino acids are those that are not made in the body and thereby unnecessary. a. True b. False

b. False

Phospholipids work to keep fats and water-soluble nutrients separated in the blood and body fluids. a. True b. False

b. False

Plant proteins are always considered low-quality proteins. a. True b. False

b. False

Proteins contain only nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms. a. True b. False

b. False

Replacing unsaturated fats with saturated fats reduces LDL cholesterol and lowers the risk of heart disease. a. True b. False

b. False

Research has found no links between added sugars and the risk of diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, and heart disease. a. True b. False

b. False

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by low amounts of iron in the blood. a. True b. False

b. False

The amount of energy that cells expend to fulfill basic life functions is about 25% of all energy consumed by a healthy adult human each day. a. True b. False

b. False

The breakdown of carbohydrates yields glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids. a. True b. False

b. False

The major fuels a healthy adult body relies on include ketone bodies, lactate, and glycerol. a. True b. False

b. False

The warning label that appears on products containing NutraSweet (aspartame) is necessary to prevent problems ________ . a. with fat absorption b. for individuals with phenylketonuria c. for individuals who have diabetes d. for individuals with slow digestion e. for individuals who have cardiac disease

b. for individuals with phenylketonuria

During a prolonged fast, the body produces an alternative fuel source known as ________ . a. glycerol b. ketone bodies c. coenzymes d. pyruvate e. acetyl CoA

b. ketone bodies

What members of the lipid family are soluble in both water and fat? a. sterols b. phospholipids c. saturated fats d. omega - 6 fatty acids e. triglycerides

b. phospholipids

In general, mercury is relatively high in ________ . a. cod b. shark c. tilapia d. most shellfish e. salmon

b. shark

Most proteins are broken down into their amino acids ___ absorption in the small intestine.

before

___ emulsify fat whereas bile digests ___.

bile, lipases

Anabolism or catabolism? Breaks down glycerol

catabolism

Anabolism or catabolism? Hydrolysis occurs

catabolism

Anabolism or catabolism? Releases energy

catabolism

The making of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is an example of ___.

condensation

The significant difference between starch and cellulose is that: a. Starch is a polysaccharide, but cellulose is not b. Animals can store glucose as starch, but not as cellulose c. Hormones can make glucose from cellulose, but not from starch d. Digestive enzymes can bread the bonds in starch, but not in cellulose

d. Digestive enzymes can bread the bonds in starch, but not in cellulose

What metabolic process occurs during the first 2 - 3 hours of fasting? a. Amino acids are taken from muscle tissue. b. Fat cells are depleted of their nutrient components. c. Muscle tissue is broken down quickly. d. Glucose is taken from the liver and fatty acids are taken from the adipose tissue. e. Glucose is taken from the adipose tissue.

d. Glucose is taken from the liver and fatty acids are taken from the adipose tissue.

The storage form of glucose in the body is: a. Insulin b. Maltose c. Glucagon d. Glycogen

d. Glycogen

With insufficient glucose in the metabolism, fat fragments combine to form: a. Dextrins b. Mucilages c. Phytic Acids d. Ketone Bodies

d. Ketone Bodies

The enzyme that breaks a disaccharide into glucose and galactose is: a. Amylase b. Maltase c. Sucrase d. Lactase

d. Lactase

The essential fatty acids include: a. Stearic acid and oleic acid b. Oleic acid and linoleic acid c. Palmitic acid and linolenic acid d. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

d. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

Which of these foods has the least protein per ½ cup? a. Rice b. Broccoli c. Pinto beans d. Orange juice

d. Orange juice

Chylomicrons are produced in the : a. Liver b. Pancreas c. Gallbladder d. Small intestine

d. Small intestine

The difference between cis- and trans-fatty acids is: a. The number of double bonds b. The length of their carbon chains c. The location of the first double bond d. The configuration around the double bond

d. The configuration around the double bond

The shorthand used by chemists to denote fatty acids is based on which guideline? a. The first number is divided by the second number to come up with an index score for each fatty acid. b. The first number indicates the number of carbon atoms and the second number indicates the location of the double bond structure. c. The acids are simply sequentially numbered. d. The first number indicates the number of carbon atoms and the second number indicates the number of double bonds. e. The first number indicates the number of double bonds, the second number indicates the number of carbon atoms, and the third number indicates the amount of saturation.

d. The first number indicates the number of carbon atoms and the second number indicates the number of double bonds.

What is the primary role of triglycerides? a. They initiate the breakdown of sugars. b. They remove waste from the body. c. They break down food in the stomach. d. They provide the cells with energy. e. They transport fluids in the body.

d. They provide the cells with energy.

The value of a protein in a diet is determined by four of the following factors. The exception is ________ . a. quality b. amino acid composition c. comparison with a reference protein d. amount of food e. digestibility

d. amount of food

Research studies suggest that a high - fiber diet protects against ________ . a. lactose intolerance b. heartburn c. gluten intolerance d. colon cancer e. acid reflux

d. colon cancer

An anaerobic reaction ________ . a. occurs when a person is sedentary b. occurs slowly c. can be sustained for long periods of time d. does not require oxygen e. requires oxygen

d. does not require oxygen

A person who regularly eats a high - protein diet needs to make sure they ________ . a. exercise before eating protein b. supplement their diet with iron c. drink highly acidic fruit juices d. drink plenty of water e. get a lot of sleep

d. drink plenty of water

Urea is the body's principal vehicle for excreting unused ________ . a. water b. bile c. proteins d. nitrogen e. amino acids

d. nitrogen

The action of bacterial enzymes on fiber in the large intestine results in the ________ . a. delay of gastric emptying b. release of acid secretions c. release of amylase d. release of short - chain fatty acids e. release of small amounts of polysaccharides

d. release of short - chain fatty acids

Essential amino acids are those that ________ . a. only unhealthy adults need b. are secreted in order to digest food c. only unhealthy children need d. the body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be included in the diet e. the body makes in sufficient amounts, so no supplementation is necessary

d. the body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be included in the diet

The appearance of trans fatty acids in a food product indicates ________ . a. no associated health risks with due to strong antioxidant function b. the presence of omega - 3 fatty acids c. a limited shelf life d. the presence of hydrogenated fats e. unstable double bonds

d. the presence of hydrogenated fats

When blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes ___.

insulin

The cell membrane is made of ___ assembled into a lipid bilayer.

phospholipids

A chain of ten monosaccharides linked together is called a ___.

polysaccharide

broken down from which nutrient? amino acids

proteins