Exam 2 ENTO 320

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

teneral

"baby bee", after emergence

Looking at the timing of queen sexual maturity, what happens around day 7?

"nuptial" or mating flights begin

In terms of economics, how much money per year do the results of honey bee pollination account for in the U.S.?

$15 billion

Mandibles

- "jaws" - move laterally and manipulate resources ( ingest pollen, cut and shape food) - nest construction - feed brood and queen - defense, grooming, carrying debris

Honeybee Wings

- 2 pairs, 1st is the largest - each wing has numerous veins on the surface that carry blood and nerve signals - veins create a network of cells and provide support to the wing - joines by hamuli

Egg Stage

- 3 days in all castes - Clued into vertical position - Egg-marking pheromones - Size ~ 0.12-0.22 mg, 1.3-1.8mm - Chorion (eggshell)

Honeybee legs

- 3 pairs, one on each segment - used for locomotion and sensory - work as pair of triangles -- 1 & 3 w/ opposite 2 - each pair has special adaptations

What is the epicuticle?

- A sclerotized, cement layer that protects the insect from abrasion and water loss

Diploid Drones

- Allele frequencies -- Natural Chance -- Inbreeding - Diploid drone larvae are eaten by workers hours after hatching

Obtect pupae

- Appendages are more or less stuck to the body -- Lepidoptera -- Chrsalis

Thoracic glands

- Arnhart glands

Two main head internal organs

- Brain - Subesophageal ganglion

Head Internal Organs

- Brain --Optic lobes -- Antennal lobes - Mushroom bodies - Subesophageal ganglion

How do bees "see"?

- By assembling a mosaic in the large optic lobes of the brain from hundreds of different facets - They distinguish patterns only if they are sufficiently different and image has enough brokenness

What are the functions of epicuticle?

- Communication - Thermoregulation - Water balance - Predator avoidance

Sting Gland

- Composed of Dufour's and Koschevnkov glands that release pheromones, isopentyl acetate, when a bees stings and causes the alarm behavior - Mandibular gland also aids in alarm - Alarm components increase with age

What are the major sense organs on the head?

- Compound Eyes - Ocelli - Antennae - Mouthparts - Sensory hairs

What are the leg segments?

- Coxa - Trochanter - Femur - Tibia - Tarsus

Drone Reproductive Organs

- Designed to evert the genital apparatus into the queen during mating - internal endophallus and a pair of copulatory claspers - mate once and die when endophallus breaks off in the queen

Head Glands

- Develop after emerged bees feed on pollen - only develop in workers - more developed in nurse bees to feed brood

What makes a queen?

- Different organisms can be generated from identical genomes - One genetic blue print to make 2 females - This can be done by epigenetic regulation

Sex Determination

- Diploid = Females - Haploid = Drones (larger cells and horizontal)

Stages of Cell Life

- Egg - 1st-5th instar - Larva spinning - larva stretching - Prepupa - Late prepupa - Pupa

How often do honey bees molt?

- Every 24 hours during first 4 days of life - Then, A few times in the pre-pupal stage

Where does the brain receives input?

- Eyes and Antennae

Larval stage

- Feeding machines - no legs, eyes, antennae, wings, or stinger - simple mouth parts, mostly midgut and hindgut - C-shape and lay at bottom of shell

Worker caste determination

- Female - Facultatively sterile - Small body size - Stinger - Smaller eyes - Pollen baskets - Wax and hypopharyngeal glands

Queen Caste Determination

- Female - Fertile - Larger body size - Ovipositor - Smaller eyes - No pollen basket - Mandibular glands (alter worker behavior)

What does the Malphighian tubules do?

- Filters waste from the hemolymph, dumped into the digestive tract as uric acid, then pass into the rectum where valuable ions, minerals, and water are reabsorbed before excretion

Glandular Functions

- Food processing - Wax production - Communication - Defense

What makes up an insect body plan?

- Head - Thorax - Abdomen

Honey bee Silk

- Helps with thermal and mechanical stability - Not as strong as spider or silkworm silk - led to evolution of social structure

What does the honey crop do?

- Holds nectar for returning to colony, not for personal use - Compressed when not in use - Closed by a muscular valve (proventriculus)

Head Glands

- Hypopharyngeal (maxillary) glands - Mandibular glands - Labial (salivary) glands

What makes up the hindgut?

- Ileum - Rectum

What is the antenna cleanser?

- Indented area on forelegs with special still airs that clean the antennae during grooming

Bee Flight Muscles

- Indirect wing muscles, flight muscles not directly attached to wing itself, are located in thorax and occrur as complimentary pairs

What are the four mouthparts?

- Labrum - Mandibles - Maxilla - Labium

Prepupal stage

- Last larval instar - stretches to the cap of cell and constructs the cocoon ~24-48 hours - Followed by quiescent period - called 6th instar, no ecdysis

Slumgum

- Left over waste, by product of making beeswax - Attractive to bees - Also used as fertilizer

What are the functions of the proboscis?

- Liquid ingestion (honey, nectar, water) - Exchange of liquids (trophallaxis) - Licking to transfer pheromones or for grooming - Pollen collection

Arnhart glands

- Located on the arolium - chemicals produced known as "footprint" pheromones - deposited as the bee walks - used to mark home and food - attractive to other bees

What is the thorax?

- Locomotor section of the body - Sclerotized to provide strength for muscle attachment - 3 segments - Where the legs and wings are attached

What is the description of Malpighian tubules?

- Long, tube-like structures that are suspended in the body cavity that are connected to the digestive tract and located between the ventriculus and intestine

Drone Caste Determination

- Male - Fertile - Large body size - No stinger - Larger body size - No stinger - Larger eyes - No pollen baskets - No glands for performing any tasks

What are the main excretory organs?

- Malpighian tubules

What are the exocrine glands?

- Mandibular - Hypopharyngeal - Head labial - Tergite - Nasonov - Koschevnikov's - Duflour's - Wax

What makes up the foregut?

- Mouth - Pharynx - Esophagus - Honey stomach/ crop

What makes up the internal anatomy?

- Musculature - Digestive System - Fat body - Respiration - Circulation - Nervous System - Endocrine/Exocrine - Reproductive system

Abdominal Glands

- Nasonov gland - Dufour's glans - Sting Gland - Koschevnkov gland

The Corpora Allata

- ONLY source of Juvenile Hormone, involved in queen-worker differentiation and division of labor in workers

Mushroom Bodies

- Olfactory learning and long- and short-term memory - Olfactory input and some visual input - Largest in foraging workers

Eclosion

- One last molt from pupae to adult - Called "teneral" - Remains in cell for several hours polt molt to allow cuticle to harden - Chews its way out of wax cap

Reproductive System

- Ovaries have 2 lateral groups of pairs 150-200 ovarioles per ovary - Queen lays up to 2000 eggs per day

Nurse Bees Head Glands

- Produces components for "Royal Jelly"

What are the segments of the thorax?

- Prothorax (T1) - Mesothorax (T2) - Metathorax (T3)

What makes up the midgut?

- Proventriculus - Ventriculus - *Malpighian tubules

Sex determination

- Queen lays eggs - Fertilized= workers or queens - Unfertilized = Drone

Female Caste Determination

- Royal jelly has higher quantity of pathorthenic acid -- Royalactin - protein - 34% vs 12% for workers' sugar quantity

Egg hatching

- Sags to cell bottom - Chorion begins to dissolve

What is the composition of the exoskeleton?

- Sclerotized plates with membranous areas - Consists of chitin

Larval Mortality Patterns

- Sealed workers brood survival ~ >85% - Drone broods ~ 60% - Queen brood ~ 53%

Endocrine Organs

- Secrete hormones that are key in chemical processes - Open to the outside and produce pheromones that strongly influence bee behavior

Homonal control: amTOR

- Signaling pathway involved in insulin/insulin-like frowth factors in response to nutrient status -- Affects growth, development, and sugar processing - Queens have more than workers

Pupal Stage

- Small Wing pads attach to thorax - All muscles broken down except for heart - New attachments form on inside of the cuticle - Most internal organs broken down and reformed - Neural regeneration from larval ganglia - Unsclerotized - Exarate - Claasified by eye color

Young Worker Emergence

- Soft, cuticle finishes hardening after ~24hrs - Completes development over next 8-10 days - Teneral bess are light colored, fuzzy until cuticle and body hairs harden - Cannot sting until cuticle around sting glands has hardened

What is PTTH?

- Stimulates production of ecdysteroids by the prothoracic gland

What are the functions of the exoskeleton?

- Structure and attachment - Protective - Conserves water - Provides structural support - Barrier

What do salivary glands secrete?

- Sucrase - Lipase - Amylase - Invertase

What is the adaptation for the hind legs?

- They have hairs arranged in a special pattern, known as the corbicula, to carry pollen from flower to hive

What is the ventriculus?

- This acts as a stomach - A bee eats food, the valve is opened and the food passes through - coiled and averages twice the length of the bee body

Spiracles

- Thoracic and abdominal air openings - 8 pairs - Largest behind the wings

What runs by each cell to carry oxygen?

- Tracheoles

Abdomen characteristics

- Wasp-waist (propodeum) - no external attachments - 7 segments with a spiracle on each

Wax Glands

- Wax is used to build comb - Located on 4th-7th abdominal segments - Shrink when wax is not produced - Wax collects on wax mirrors and hardens into scales

The Corpora Cardiaca

- a neurohemal organ that sores and releases the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

Dufour's gland

- associated with egg-marking by the queen - workers cannot mate but some still lay eggs - workers prevent eggs from being reared so then queen's are not removed when they're marked

Musculature Description

- attached to processes on inner cuticle - takes up most of the volume of the thorax - muscles running between two segments may produce movement over a joint - abdomen contains smaller muscle groups than thorax

What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?

- direct muscles play a secondary role in flight -change angle and rotation

Hemimetabolous development

- egg, nymph, adult Incomplete- nymphs and adults look similar

Labrum

- front-most - serves as protective shield closing the mouth cavity

What is the stinger?

- highly modified ovipositor that has lost the egg laying function - has muscles that helps drive the stinger into victim - tiny barbs ensure it stays in the victim so the alarm chemical remains at the sting site

Cocoon

- made of silk from proteinaceous secretions (salivary gland) - Larvae defecate early in construction - Excretory tubules and midgut closed off until feeding is complete - Feces and substance from excretory tubules most used in construction

What is chitin?

- nitrogen containing polysaccharide - Generally arrayed in cuticular protein layer - Principal component of the exoskeleton

Spermatheca

- queen's sperm-storing organ - they mate with 5-20 males - can hold up to 3-6 million sperm cells

Nasonov gland

- scent gland - found beneath the tergite of last abdominal segment - worker uncovers a scent canal, raises the abdomen, and fans the wings, dispersing the chemicals - newly-emerged bees secrete little scent, foragers secrete max for orientation to home site - low levels in winter

What are bottom abdominal segments?

- sternites

What are top abdominal segments?

- tergites

What makes up the nervous system?

- two-part brain with 7 ventral ganglia in the thorax and abdomen

Eggs

0.12 - 0.22 mg 1.3 - 1.8 mm Laid in an upright, vertical position

Order the events of the origins of life in time from earliest (1) to latest (5).

1. Formation of the moon 2. First land plants 3. Cambrian explosion 4. First land animals 5. Humans

Order the following txonomic levels from most different kinds of animals (1) to least different kinds of animals (4)

1. Phylum 2. Order 3. Family 4. Genus

total amount of wax used to build nest

1.2 Kg

Honey bees use a number of cues in a hierarchical manner to navigate and orient to resources and return to the nest. Rank them in order from the most used (top) or primary mechanisms, to the most proximal (bottom) or subordinate cues.

1.Visible compass direction of the sun 2.Direction of polarization of light 3.Landmarks 4.Earth's magnetic field

About what percentage of a colony's foragers are usually scouts seeking out new resources?

10%

total number of cells built

100,000

The earliest evidence of human interaction with bees is found from approximately how long ago?

10000 years

typical nests

100k cells, 8 vertical combs, 1/3 stores neccessary to survive winter

How many segments do the antennae have?

12

cells are angled

13.5 degrees upward to prevent dripping

Queen bees require how many days of development from egg to adult?

16

haploid

16 chromosomes

Egg -> Queen

16 days

egg to emergence time for queen

16 days

ripened honey is what percent water

18

At what water concentration is honey considered to be ripe, that is, it will not undergo fermentation?

18.6

Salivary Gland

2 pairs, dilute food and bind pollen with Sucrase, amylase, and lipase

honey bees have ___ compound eyes and ____ ocelli

2, 3

A queen in her prime can be expected to produce around ______ eggs in a day.

2,000

Isopentyl acetate (IPA) is produced by the glands of the sting apparatus. What is the other major alarm pheromone and where is it produced?

2-heptanone; worker mandibular glands.

total surface area built

2.5 m^2

The minimum colony size is a queen plus ___ workers.

200

Worker bees require how many days of development from egg to adult

21

Worker bees require how many days of development from egg to adult?

21

Worker honey bees take approximately ____ days to develop from egg to adult emergence.

21

Egg -> Adult worker

21 days

eggs to emergence time for worker

21 days

Foraging behavior

21 days to death collect nectar, pollen, resin, and water

How fast are wings?

230 beats/sec 23 km/hr (empty)

Drones require how many days of development from egg to adult?

24

Egg -> Drone

24 days

egg to emergence time for drones

24 days

length of prepupal stage

24-48 hrs

About what percent of the colony is committed to collecting resources in a particular day?

25

The earliest examples of humans keeping bees in hives come from Egypt at around what date?

2500 BC

When is wax production maximal?

2nd-3rd week of life

Approximately when is the "critical age" concerning worker vs. queen development?

3 day old larva

egg stage length

3 days in all castes

At the point at which a honey bee worker begins the job of foraging, about how much longer will she live?

3 more weeks.

A queen bee's spermatheca can hold up to how many sperm cells?

3-6 Million

A queen bee's spermatheca can hold up to how many sperm cells?

3-6 million

a queen bee's spermatheca can hold up to how many sperm cells

3-6 million

range of middle aged bees

3-7 days

diploid

32 chromosomes

brood temperature inside nest

33-36 degrees celcius

Which of the following is an alarm pheromone that is only produced by Africanized honey bees?

3M2BA

Of the potential nest sites described below, which is most likely to be chosen by a swarm of honey bees?

40 L cavity, not completely watertight.

Assess the volume of the cavity using the formula provided in lecture. V=(MFPL*SA)/4 Where the scout's estimate of the surface area is 2000 cm2 And the mean free path length is 80 cm Your answer will be in cm3 or milliliters.

40,000 ml

What volume of cavity would usually be preferred by bees when choosing a nest site?

40L

Wax Glands

4th - 7th abdominal segments, covered by wax mirrors, maximal at 2-3 weeks

During which larval instar does the bulk of the growth occur?

5

How many eyes (total) does a honey bee adult have?

5

How many segments do honey bee tarsi have?

5

larval stage length

5 days

Mating Flights

5-30+ minute flights up to 1-3 miles away 50% of queens will go on one flight, 45% on two, and 5% of queens will go on 3 mating flights

What is the average adult lifespan for a worker bee in the (temperate) summer?

6 weeks.

The first animals arose on the Earth approximately __________ million years ago.

600

A traditional use of beeswax is in casting, in which a model is carved from the wax and used to make a mold which may or may not be reused. The wax is then melted out (lost-wax technique) and the final material can be poured into the mold. What is the melting temperature (°C) of wax that makes this process effective?

62

How many facets does each compound eye have?

6900

Approximately how much honey is required to make the wax combs of a complete nest (say around 100,000 cells)? Your answer should be in kilograms.

7.5 gm

Honey has been the primary sugar source for humans (and hominins) for millenia. Sugar cane, a modern alternative, was not available to Mediterranean peoples (the major beekeeping cultures) until approximately what date?

700 AD

Full sisters in honey bees share, on average, what percentage of their genetic material?

75%

total # of combs built

8

length of time it takes the teneral adult to complete development

8-10 days

At what internal thoracic temperature are bees capable of flight?

86° F (30° C)

Which of the following compounds is a major part of queen mandibular pheromone?

9 ODA (9-oxodecenoic acid)

What is the long-range sex attractant sensed by drones and produced by virgin queens?

9-ODA

Which letter represents the esophagus?

A

"Queen substance" is:

A blend of QMP plus other glandular secretions.

Integrated Pest Management programs rely on what type of control measures?

A combination of all available methods.

A decrease in the level of [1] appears to trigger queen rearing behaviors, but a decrease in the level of [2] seems to signal the colony to supersede the queen as she is no longer viable.

A decrease in the level of queen pheromone appears to trigger queen rearing behaviors, but a decrease in the level of brood pheromone seems to signal the colony to supersede the queen as she is no longer viable.

Burying beetles of both sexes show high investment into parental care of their offspring. Based on this fact, which of the following is probably true about burying beetles as compared to species with little parental care.

A higher percentage of offspring make it to reproductive age.

A honey bee [1] is kept in a [2] which is located in a [3].

A honey bee Colony is kept in a Hive which is located in a Apiary.

All superorganisms extant today are most likely evolved from subsocial behaviors, which consist of all of the following except which?

A mother spawning eggs to be distributed randomly by wind or water to be fertilized.

Which of the following is not a possible mechanism of reproductive isolation in closely related species occupying the same geographic area?

A mountain range forms between the species which neither can cross.

What is the proboscis?

A sucking tube with inner and outer chamber ending in the spoon-shaped labellum and glossa

To which subspecies does the Africanized honey bee present in the Americas belong?

A. m. scutellata

Which was the earliest subspecies of honey bee to be brought to the Americas by European settlers?

A.m. mellifera

Africanized honey bees are more resistant to Varroa mite, a parasite of brood. Which of the following traits of AHB do not contribute to this resistance?

AHB collect less nectar and therefore visit fewer flowers, making it harder for the mite to be transmitted from one colony to the next

Wax is secreted by honey bees by paired glands in their ______________ and then harden into _______________.

Abdomen/Scales

Based on the characteristics of a good home, where would be the best place to place a bait box if the intent is to catch a swarm?

About 3 m up in a tree and at least partially in the shade

Which of the following determines the threshold of response of the honey bee swarm, integrating the signals from the scouts and effecting the decision to a particular nest site.

About 30 scout bees at a particular nest site at the same time All the scouts dancing for a particular nest site Nasonov secretions reaching the swarm from the potential nest site

Tracheal Mites

Acarapis woodi

[1] evaporation involves bees drawing nectar into bubbles or droplets between their mandibles, while [2] evaporation involves bees fanning to circulate air throughout the nest while honey ripens in cells.

Active evaporation involves bees drawing nectar into bubbles or droplets between their mandibles, while Passive evaporation involves bees fanning to circulate air throughout the nest while honey ripens in cells.

According to the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, what have the reproductive regulatory networks have been co-opted for in the case of the worker caste of honey bees?

Adaptive behaviors associated with foraging division of labor.

Which of the following cell types are most likely to be involved in the storage of vitellogenins or glycogen?

Adipocytes

The historical definition of a "superorganism" relies on a population of animals has which of the following traits? (check all that apply)

Adults are divided in to reproductive castes where some individuals are highly reproductive while others are nonreproductive (or partially so) Multiple generations of individuals cohabitate Individuals of diminished reproductive potential care for the offspring

After returning to the nest, foragers carrying [1] pass their contents to receiving bees directly through [2], while foragers carrying [3], deposit it directly into a cell, where it is [4] by processing bees later.

After returning to the nest, foragers carrying nectar pass their contents to receiving bees directly through trophallaxis, while foragers carrying pollen, deposit it directly into a cell, where it is moistening by processing bees later.

Eclosion

After the last molt the "teneral" adult will wait for several hours to harden then chew its way out of its cell

Sexual Maturity

After which, Reproductive castes will fly out to mate Drones: ~12 days Queen: ~5-6; Nuptual flights at ~7 days old, laying after ~10 days

Swarms of bees that occur after an initial swarm has already departed the nest are called:

Afterswarms

What is the key difference between age polyethism and reproductive division of labor in honey bees?

Age polyethism is based on age.

A _________ is a group of individuals gathered in the same place but who do not construct nests or rear offspring in a cooperative manner. be mindful of spelling and part of speech

Aggregation

Which type of signal/s are most likely to be communicated between species?

Alarm and defense.

Eusocial Species

All Termites, All Ants, Several Bees, Naked Mole rat

The same cell in the wax comb of Apis bees may be used for honey or:

All of the above

The development time of a honey bee from egg to adult is affected by which of the following factors?

All of these

All of the following members of Apoidea mass provision their young except some members of which?

Alladapini

Semisocial Bees

Allodapini Larvae are not reared in cells Some are more or less social Weak hierarchy with no clear morphological division and flexible division of labor

Which of the following diseases has a causative agent that is a rod-shaped bacterium and is singly responsible for the loss of up to 1% of colonies worldwide?

American foulbrood

Where are queen cells for emergency queen rearing most likely to be found?

Amidst worker brood cells.

What is a Honeybee's circulatory system?

An open system with a major organ, 4-chambered heart, and the aorta that carries blood to the head

Select all of the following superorganisms that commonly contain morphologically distinct subclasses of workers.

Ants (Formicidae) Termites (Blattodea)

Which of the following insects produce excretions, called honeydew, that is a source of nectar for honey?

Aphids

Bees occasionally forage on honeydew for its sugar. What is the source of honeydew?

Aphids and related insects.

Truely Eusocial Bees

Apis Melifera Our model organism, which forms the superorganism that is the colony

Varroa mites made a fairly recent host shift from ______ to Apis mellifera.

Apis cerana

Which species is most likely responsible for the creation of these nests?

Apis dorsata

Select all of the following honey bee species that are considered to be members of the Megapis subgenus commonly known as giant honey bees.

Apis dorsata Apis laboriosa

This nest was collected in India, which of the following honey bee species most likely made the nest pictured?

Apis florea

Which of the following bee species dances on the top of their comb, with their dance pointing directly at the resource?

Apis florea

Which of the following honey bee species do not nest in cavities?

Apis florea

Which of the following cavity nesting species is least Asian in distribution?

Apis mellifera

Which of the following is a correct binomial representation of the universal name for the honey bee?

Apis mellifera

Select the three months that you would expect the most swarming to occur if you kept bees in Texas. (choose 3)

April May September

Following the collapse of the Roman empire, most of Europe reverted to primitive skep-building to keep bees excepting Spain, who owing to the cultural influence resulting from the invasion of which people revitalized beekeeping (and other) technology?

Arabs

Although all of South America was populated by Africanized honey bees by 1983, some countries were less affected than others. Which of the following countries retained feral poluations that were largely European, due in large part to their geography?

Argentina

The ____________ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones.

Arnhart

Which of the following animal phyla do the honey bees belong?

Arthropoda

Match the taxon to its appropriate taxonomic level.

Arthropoda A. Phylum Crabronidae B. Family Lepidoptera C. Order Bomini F. Tribe Varroa E. Genus destructor D. Species

Where is the honey crop?

At the anterior end of abdomen

Where are endocrine organs?

Attached to the nerve chords, by the esophagues

Which letter denotes the structure used for carrying nectar back to the hive for processing into honey?

B

How is the old queen most often killed under circumstances of supersedure?

Balling by workers.

Bees leave a space between comb faces, bridges, and tunnels that is pretty much the height of a worker. In a spark of nomenclatural genius, we call this measurement, _________. (be mindful of spelling and spacing....pun intended).

Bee space

Which of the following scenarios is most likely an example of communication? (check all that apply)

Bees buzzing around your face prior to stinging Honey bee waggle dance

Drone Pupae

Bigger than workers, so larger cells that are usually on the edges of the frame

What is the function of melanin in insect immune function?

Bind to surface elements of foreign cells and aid phagocytosis by haemocytes

Releasing lady bugs to predate on aphids in a garden would be an example of what type of pest control measure?

Biological

Which of the following species definitions cannot be applied to extinct animals?

Biological

Eusocial insects in which current Order are unique in having both male and female workers.

Blattodea

Proventriculus

Blocks nectar from passing, filters out pollen from the crop to concentrate it. Triangular lips with stiff hairs and pouches

Plant diversity creates a more nutritionally balanced diet for honey bees, especially in terms of pollen. What other benefit do honey bees gain through this diversity?

Blooms available more of the year.

Conditionally/Primitively Eusocial Bees

Bombini Hierarchy breaks down at reproductive times

The social structure of which member of Apoidea tends to break down once males are produced?

Bombini/Bumble Bees

The social structure of which member of Apoidea tends to break down once males are produced?

Bombini: bumble bees

Consider the following scenario, you have a hive box that you've made out of balsam fir, a tree you later learn produces a chemical that functions like juvenile hormone. Your colony does not develop normally. Which of the following symptoms would you attribute to the characteristics of the balsam fir?

Both A & B

What characteristic do cells of the wax comb containing bee bread and cells containing drone larvae share?

Both are in open cells.

What would be the simplest and safest way to purchase bees for the first time?

Buying bees as a package

The dance that induces a cluster to break up and take flight is the _________.

Buzzing run

A smoker is used to calm bees and suppress guarding or defensive behavior during inspections. How does the smoke purportedly function? check all that apply

By clogging their antenna with material, making it difficult to orient to the beekeeper and 1 more choice, NOT By drugging the bees and making them lazy.

Which letter denotes the proventricular valve?

C

Match the following important events in the evolution of insects with their purported timeframe.

Cambrian explosion (Trilobites) --> C. 542 million years ago Insects colonize land --> D. 400 million years ago Insects develop flight --> A. 325 million years ago Hymenoptera evolved --> B. 150 million years ago

Tracheioles

Can carry O2 to every cell in the body

Which of the following biologists was the inventor of the system of binomial nomenclature that is used in taxonomy today?

Carl Linneus

Quasisocial Bees

Carpenter Bees Environment dictates sociality (eg. in a time of plenty, they'll work solo, in a time of famine, they'll pool resources) Univoltine - one generation per year

In addition to surface tension, why does liquid nectar not run out of the cells of wax comb?

Cells built at upward angle.

The stingless bee genera Melipona and Trigona produce some honey, but are only distantly related to Apis honey bees. Where do stingless bees naturally occur?

Central and South America

Where are newly emerged worker bees most likely to be found?

Central brood nest.

The outer shell of insect eggs is called the:

Chorion

Which of the following preparations of honey consists of honey-filled comb with liquid honey added to it?

Chunk honey

______ pupa pupate within the last hardened larval exuvium (shed exoskeleton).

Coarctate

Based on their shared characteristics with wasps, which family of bees is considered to be most primitive?

Colletidae

When choosing an apiary location, which of the following considerations are most important for the beekeeper rather than the bees? Check all that apply

Colonies are screened from view Accessible via vehicle during all seasons Flight paths from the apiary are high above local fauna

The prinicple target of natural selection in social insects (particularly the honey bee) is the ___________. (spelling counts)

Colony

What information about the resource is not conveyed in a waggle dance?

Color

Comb consists of two basic cell sizes [1] cells average about 2 cells per cm, while [2] cells average 1.6 cells/cm.

Comb consists of two basic cell sizes worker cells average about 2 cells per cm, while drone cells average 1.6 cells/cm.

What significant piece of information does the external cuticle of dancing foragers provide to recruits?

Communicates the floral source's odor.

Holometabolous development

Complete metamorphosis; egg, larva, pupa, adult - honeybees

Queen mandibular pheromone is an example of a ________ signal.

Composite

In a hypothetical study, bees in group A are sprayed with a new fungicide mixed into water. Another set of bees, group B, is sprayed with water only. Both groups are kept in the same environment thereafter, and daily mortality of the groups is compared at the end of the study. If group A has higher mortality than group B, it would support that this fungicide may negatively affect bees. Which of the following best describes the group of bees sprayed with water only (group B)?

Control group.

Invertase

Converts carbohydrates of nectar and fat of pollen into useful substances

Which of the following structures unique to the Apiformes are essentially anatomical modifications for carrying pollen? (check all that apply)

Corbicula, Plumose hairs, & Scopa

What specialized structure exists on the outer tibia of the worker bee hind leg?

Corbiculum

Which of the following structures makes up the bulk of the honey bee worker brain and is involved in learning and memory?

Corpora peduncula

An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is set up for failure if what key component is missing?

Correct identification of the pest.

Small hive beetles, a pest of honey bee hives, must pupate in moist soil as part of their life cycle. A beekeeper placing his hives in full sunlight to reduce this pest by keeping the soil surrounding the hives drier would be an example of what type of control measure?

Cultural

The animal family with the most described species is which of the following?

Curculionidae

Which letter denotes a structure in which you would expect to find a large amount of microvilli?

D

What aspect of honey bee queen mating flights lessens the chances of mating with related drones from their own colony?

DCA of drones is a shorter distance from the hive than the mating flight distance for queens.

Which of the following characteristics of drone congregation areas (DCAs) are presumably a mechanism for reducing inbreeding? check all that apply

DCAs are typically far away from the nest There are many DCAs within the flight range of queens and drones to choose from

The dance utilized to regulate the level of foraging or initiate an increase in colony level foraging effort is the ____________ dance.

DVAV

Which of the following characteristics is unique to Apis florea?

Dancing on horizontal surfaces

Who published On the Origin of the Species in 1859?

Darwin

What is the beekeeping term for a period during which little or none of a particular resource is available in the environment?

Dearth

Individuals in a Eusocial society

Death of the few is not detrimental to the whole

What honey bee virus is highly correlated with varroa mite infestation?

Deformed wing virus.

Which honey bee disease is highly correlated with varroa mite infestations?

Deformed wing virus.

Colonies that are preparing to swarm do all they can to ensure that at least one queen will emerge to take over the nest. What is one strategy they use to help achieve this goal?

Delay swarm departure until queen cells are capped.

Match the animal to its system of group decision-making when deciding whether and where to relocate.

Democratic ---> B.Geese Despotic ---> C.Baboons Oligarchic ---> A.Honey bees

Which of the following does not factor in to whether or not a scout will dance for a resource she has found?

Density of bees on the comb where she will dance.

Phylogenetic trees and the underlying analyses involved allow scientists to do all of the following except which?

Determine which organisms are more advanced or evolutionarily "higher" than others

Young workers

Development finished in 8-10 days post-eclosion Cuticle finished hardening after ~24 hours Cannot sting until sting region hardens Protein feeding is critical at this point

In what geologic period did insects originate?

Devonian

Which of the following orders of insect possess only one pair of wings?

Diptera

The step of the scientific method in which you accept or reject your hypothesis is:

Draw a conclusion

A honey bee queen that has run out of sperm in her spermatheca but continues to lay eggs is called a _____ layer.

Drone

Which honey bee caste has the most ommatidia, implying the highest visual acuity or field of vision?

Drone

Which of the following is an example of QMP (queen mandibular pheromone), or its components, acting a releaser?

Drone attraction as a long range sex pheromone.

Why does the presence of 9-ODA from a virgin queen probably fail to attract drones inside the nest?

Drones don't response above a certain concentration of the pheromone.

Sex

Drones everts their genital apparatus during mating, with the internal endophallus breaks off during ejaculation, then he dies.

In general, beekeepers can observe that a dark colored queen bee will have dark sons (drones), but her daughters (workers) are often more variable. How might you explain this?

Drones have only maternal genetics while daughters have paternal component.

Why do honey bees show a preference for contaminated water over a pure source

Due to dissolved minerals, especially salts

The queen appears to use extracts from which of the following glands to prevent worker policing (and removal of the eggs)?

Dufour's

Queens use this gland to mark their eggs and reduce egg removal.

Dufour's gland

Which of the following glands appear to be important in marking eggs laid by the queen?

Dufour's gland

Queens use this gland to mark their eggs and reduce egg removal.

Dufours

Worker policing keeps egg-laying workers' offspring from being reared. What gland is important in indicating to workers that an egg was in fact laid by the queen?

Dufours

Stinger Complex

Dufours & Koschevnkov Glands produce alarm pheromone (isopentyl acetate) when the bee stings

Under what circumstance does the pattern of age polyethism nearly vanish?

During winter.

What characterizes the relationship between juvenile hormone and vitellogenin in the worker honey bee?

Each suppresses the other.

Why is a small nest entrance ideal for honey bees?

Easier to defend.

In the time-lapse bee development video, the narrator says that "in the last step, their skin shrivels up and they sprout hair." To what is he actually referring?

Ecdysis from pupa to adult.

Ventriculus

Effectively the stomach and intestine

Which is the only stage in which all castes of honey bees remain for the same amount of time?

Egg

Holometabolism

Egg - Larvae - Pupae - Adult; with distinct metamorphic changes between each stage

Hemimetabolism

Egg - Nymph - Adult

Dufours Gland

Egg marking by queen, any egg not marked doesn't get reared

Members of the subspecies Apis mellifera capensis are interesting because of which adaptation?

Emergent social parasitism

Why are empty cells of the lower comb surfaces preferred by dancing foragers?

Empty sounds transmit sounds best.

Honey bees utilize propolis for which of the following purposes (check all that apply)?

Enbalming large invaders Strengthening comb bases Insulating the cavity Sealing cracks

What is the rectum?

End of the digestive tract the reclaims reusable products and reabsorbs water to make a semisolid excretion

Bursicon is an insect hormone produced by neural tissues that acts on the epidermal cells to help harden the exoskeleton. To what system would bursicon belong?

Endocrine

Which of the following is a reason for signal redundancy in communication?

Ensure that the signal will be received.

Modern bee hives take into account natural nesting preferences of honey bees and ease of human manipulation. Which of the following characteristics of the common Langstroth hive is based mainly on the ease of human manipulation instead of bee biology?

Entrance located near ground level.

Which of the following layers of insect integument are always present (check all that apply)?

Epidermis & Epicuticle

What part of the digestive system runs through the bee's thorax?

Esophagus

Bees, Termites, and Ants

Eusocial organisms that only make up 2% of insect species, but over 2/3 of insect biomass

The most advanced level of social organization, as displayed by honey bees among many others, is called:

Eusociality

Phylogenetics deals with:

Evolutionary relationships among taxa

Honey bee pupae, in which the legs are free and the abdomen is mobile, are categorized as ______ pupae.

Exarate.

What characteristic may be used to determine the approximate age of honey bee pupae?

Eye pigmentation

What characteristic may be used to determine the approximate age of honey bee pupae?

Eye pigmentation.

"Supering" refers to extra space being placed below the brood nest area of bees.

False

A high population of open brood in the nest decreases pollen foraging.

False

A honey bee queen can re-mate later in life if she runs out of sperm.

False

A scout bee only visits a cavity one time to evaluate it as a potential nesting site.

False

A single gene is responsible for the differences demonstrated by high vs. low pollen hoarding strains of bees.

False

A swarm of bees never takes more than one day to decide upon its new nesting site.

False

According to all the research, the presence or absence of a single compound in royal jelly is the key to producing a queen bee.

False

Adipocytes are cells of the fat body that synthesize wax.

False

Adult drones forage for nectar themselves.

False

Africanized honey bees will likely continue their northerly spread into Canada.

False

All Apis spp. build nests of a single wax comb with cells that are repurposed for rearing brood or storing resources such as pollen or honey.

False

All flowers offer nectar and pollen.

False

All parasitic mites are phoretic.

False

Allogrooming in Apis mellifera is effective at controlling Varroa mite.

False

Cavity nesting Apis bees, such as Apis cerana, build only one wax comb.

False

Cell cleaning bees are responsible for only the cell they emerged from.

False

Colonies generally begin rearing queens for swarming long before drones are produced.

False

Cube shaped cavities are preferred over tall, elongate cavities by nest-site scouts.

False

Dancing foragers offer a sample of pollen to recruits so they will know the size and shape of the pollen grains.

False

Dancing pollen foragers offer samples of their located resource to recruits by trophallaxis.

False

Drones are kept in the nest in high numbers over the winter months.

False

Flight in honey bees is accomplished by muscles which attach directly to the wings.

False

Flower constancy demonstrated by foragers means they will never switch to a different plant species.

False

For honey bees, high quality natural nesting sites that are unoccupied tend to be common in the environment.

False

Forager recruits will follow several dancers to completion before choosing the best location to collect nectar from.

False

Foragers are more likely to perform the shaking signal If the nest has ample stores of nectar and honey.

False

Generally speaking, bees will prefer a nest with a large entrance to better provide ventilation.

False

Gravity must be sensed in order for honey bees to properly build wax comb.

False

Headless bees have lost their ability to walk and sting.

False

Hemolymph is kept within vessels, similar to humans.

False

High pollen hoarding strains of bees begin foraging later in life than low pollen strains.

False

Historically, European people were known to primarily consume the brood from honey bee nests as a protein source.

False

Honey bee hypopharyngeal glands produce compounds important in honey processing in young workers.

False

Honey bee larvae must chew their way out of eggs.

False

Honey bee scouts find food and lead recruits, who follow the scout closely, to a floral resource.

False

Honey bee workers are entirely sterile and unable to lay eggs.

False

Honey bees require gravity to build normal wax combs.

False

Honey bees use the same type of wax cells to store honey, pollen, rear workers, and rear queens.

False

Honey is commonly stored at the bottom edges of combs so that it doesn't drip onto the brood and suffocate them.

False

In emergency queen rearing, young worker larvae are transferred from their cells into queen cups.

False

In honey bee colonies, drones collect pollen to feed the brood.

False

In order to prevent anaphylactic shock, honey bee anti-venom must be given to a victim of massive stinging within minutes of exposure to prevent catastrophic blood pressure loss.

False

In termites, female reproductives can store viable sperm within their bodies for years.

False

In varroa mites, the phoretic phase takes place within brood cells.

False

Individuals of a "superorganism" are usually able to survive and flourish by themselves as well.

False

Insects in the informal group "Aculeata" lack the "waist" or petiole associated with the rest of the Hymenoptera.

False

Integrated Pest Management methods cannot be applied to manage honey bee pests.

False

It is more accurate to state that a swarm builds a consensus rather than a quorum when deciding which nest site to occupy.

False

Langstroth became rich off of his movable frame hive design.

False

Larger drone cells are not used for nectar storage like worker cells can be.

False

Managed hives are generally kept much smaller than wild/feral colonies of honey bees.

False

Most tree nests are apparently in cavities formed from lightning strikes that have rotted out after the tree has died.

False

Nectar being transported back to the hive in the forager's honey stomach is unchanged from when it was still in the plant nectary.

False

Nestmate recognition is a graded signal.

False

Nurses prefer to rear larvae that are more closely related to them as queens, compared to unrelated larvae.

False

Once a scout bee begins dancing for a specific nest site, her visits to the site and number of dances do not decrease with time.

False

Prepupae uncurl in the cell so that their head faces away from the wax cap.

False

Queens and drones are able to produce synergistic compounds in their Nasonov glands, making them more effective at forming aerial aggregations.

False

Queens are forced to lay eggs in queen cups by workers.

False

Since only around 4% of the swarm knows the location of the new nest site, when the swarm is travelling to its new home scout bees must release pheromone from their nasonov glands in order to keep the rest of the swarm on track.

False

Smaller colonies will generally produce more drone brood than larger colonies to at least reproduce before dying over the winter.

False

Social insects have many morphological castes, the most important are the "royals" which direct colony behavior and collate information in analogy to the human brain.

False

Solitary organisms are generally more efficient at a given task than highly social groups.

False

The "Sphecoidea" group has been found to be polyphyletic because it arbitrarily excludes members of the Apiformes.

False

The Africanized or "killer" bee is now known to have originated from the subspecies A. mellifera adansonii.

False

The bacterial disease American foulbrood can be successfully eliminated with antibiotic treatment.

False

The dances by foragers of different races and subspecies of Apis mellifera are all exactly alike.

False

The drone's reproductive system takes up a very small portion of its abdomen.

False

The endophallus is a modification of the insect's ovipositor, which is why only drones posess this modification.

False

The epicuticle contains large amounts of sclerotized chitin, which accounts for its strength.

False

The evolution of honey bees most likely evolved from carnivorous wasps shortly before the evolution of angiosperms.

False

The first nest site discovered by scout bees has a much higher likelihood of being chosen than subsequent sites.

False

The majority of flowering plants are wind or avian -pollinated.

False

The meaning of the species name mellifera is "honey maker".

False

The presence of empty cells in the pollen storage area of the nest would decrease the likelihood that a scout bee would dance for a located pollen source.

False

The presence of queen cups always means that bees are in the process of queen rearing.

False

The queen bee sting is sharper and more barbed than the worker's

False

The queen bee sting is sharper and more barbed than the worker's. T/F?

False

The temporary cluster of honey bees that forms outside the parental nest during swarming is often very aggressive.

False

The tenets of kin selection suggest that an animal ought only to behave altruistically towards individuals to which it is very closely related.

False

The term "honeybee" is the grammatically appropriate term for bees in the genus Apis.

False

The time a forager will commit to dancing about a particular resource decreases as the sugar concentration increases, since the forager will quickly return to foraging herself.

False

The underlying reason for robbing behaviors is to weaken/eliminate competing colonies.

False

The very first appearance of Africanized honey bees in the United States was in south Texas, October, 1990.

False

Unlike queens, drones are sexually mature at emergence and are capable of mating as soon as their wing muscles have developed enough to begin taking orientation flights.

False

Unlike the ants and most wasps, honey bees release a large number of queens who mate and found nests individually, producing a small initial generation of workers who then continue the tasks of building and maintaining the hive.

False

When compared to workers, the reproductive castes of Megapis show the greatest proportional difference in size among the Apis subgenera.

False

Worker honey bees come from unfertilized eggs.

False

Workers engorge themselves with pollen prior to swarming, in order to provide protein for rearing new brood upon settling a new nest site.

False

Younger bees tend to range throughout the nest when looking for work.

False

True or False: - Honeybees release feces in the hive

False - they wait until flight

Lipase

Fat digestion

Larvae

Feeding machine with lapping mouthparts lay in a C shape in the bottom of the cell Mostly midgut and hindgut

The behavior often seen in wax comb formation in which honey bee workers create living chains by holding onto one another is called:

Festooning

What will bees likely do if there is a gap larger than "bee space" inside a hive?

Fill it with wax comb.

Malpighian tubules

Filter waste from the hemolymph and concentrates it as uric acid in the rectum

The very tip of the honey bee glossa is called the ________.

Flabellum

Honey bees gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers, but a single forager will only collect from one type of plant during a foraging trip, and often for multiple trips. What is this phenomenon called?

Flower constancy.

The strong tendency for a bee to forage on only a single species of flower on a given foraging trip is called:

Flower constancy.

Maxilla and Labium

Fold together to form the proboscis (tongue)

Arnhart Gland

Footprint pheromones to mark locations

If you employ the concept of the superorganism, individuals in a eusocial group can be compared to cells or tissues within an organism. Based on your knowledge of honey bees, which of the following analogies does not make sense?

Foragers/Ovaries

If you employ the concept of the superorganism, individuals in a eusocial group can be compared to cells or tissues within an organism. Based on your knowledge of honey bees, which of the following analogies does not make sense?

Foragers; ovaries

Scout bees most likely performed which of the following tasks immediately prior to becoming scouts?

Foraging

How do adult small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, obtain their own nutrition while in the honey bee nest?

Forcing the bees standing guard over them to feed them by rubbing the bees' mandibles with their antennae.

What is the digestive system composed of?

Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut

Instar

Form taken during stadia

Instar

Form taken during stadia (Level)

Drones Head Glands

Formation of drone congregation areas

Francis Crick's central dogma of biology can be (very succinctly) summarized as, "genes, located on DNA are [1] into RNA which is then [2] into proteins."

Francis Crick's central dogma of biology can be (very succinctly) summarized as, "genes, located on DNA are transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins."

Made from processed nectar, honey is primarily a mixture of which two sugars? check all that apply

Fructose Glucose

What type of pathogen is the causal agent of chalkbrood?

Fungal

Which of the following is not specifically cited by Dr. Spivak as a change in our food system that negatively affects bees?

GMO (genetically modified organisms) crops

Generally speaking, one would expect a temperate-adapted colony to field a [1] proportion of nectar foragers compared to pollen foragers.

Generally speaking, one would expect a temperate-adapted colony to field a greater proportion of nectar foragers compared to pollen foragers.

Generally, one would expect [1] workers to follow the swarm, with [2] workers remaining at the original nest.

Generally, one would expect younger workers to follow the swarm, with older workers remaining at the original nest.

What force is correlated to the sun's position in the sky by dancing bees inside the dark nest?

Gravity

Copulatory Claspers

Grips queen during mating

Stadia

Growth period between molts

Stadia

Growth periods between molts (The Grind)

All surviving worker bees usually go through the tasks listed below at some point in their adult lives, except:

Guarding

Which letter denotes the honey bee analog to kidneys that are also the site for a parasitic ameoba Mapighamoeba mellificae?

H

Which of the following bee families is most likely to be metallic in color?

Halictidae

Which of the following is not a characteristic of termites?

Haplodiploid sex determination.

What is a name for the sex-determination system in which haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs?

Haplodiploidy

Coarctate

Hardened larval exuvium - Found in Diptera

How was Lindauer able to follow clouds of swarm bees to their chosen nest sites?

He ran along beneath them.

Communication Glands

Head- Mandibular Abdomen- Nasonov Sting- Dufour's & Koschevnikov Tarsi- Arnhart

Which is the only part of the honey bee's anatomy which is not broken down and reformed in some way during pupation?

Heart

What information does the wagtail dance not include?

Height above ground level.

Which of the following nest cavity features are most likely important in the defense of the colony? (check all that apply)

Height of the entrance above ground Size of the entrance

Varroa mites feed on bee:

Hemolymph

An individuals baseline probability to perform a particular task is most likely set by her ________.

Her genetics

Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of eusociality?

Hidden nests.

Environmental factors of the Hadean Era that may have favored the formation of the precursors of ribose sugars consist of which of the following? (check all that apply)

High concentrations of carbon dioxide high temperatures

Many studies have found that foraging honey bees can travel well over 5 kilometers to forage. What is a problem posed by these long flight distances?

High energy output during flight.

All members of the genus Apis share all of the following characteristics except which?

Hirsute wings

Which bee hives in a row of hives will generally gain bees from drifting?

Hives at the ends.

Which of the following hominid species/sub-species dominated the environment for the longest period of time (so far)?

Homo erectus

Which of the following hominid species/sub-species did not likely harvest honey bee nests (or honey hunt)?

Homo sapien neanderthalis

Diploid drones are ______ at the sex-determining locus.

Homozygous

Which resource is covered by a wax cap for storage?

Honey

The __________ is the primary organ foragers use to transport nectar back to the hive. (spelling counts)

Honey Stomach

In what major characteristic does the honey bee dance language differ from human language that results in the honey bee dances conveying less potential meaning than human gestures or words?

Honey bee dances are non-arbitrary and still strongly linked to actual behaviors communicated.

Humans can (and do) extract honey from some species of which of the following social animals? check all that apply

Honey bees Wasps Ants Stingless bees

Hypothetical Situation: A beekeeper in Florida opens up and inspects her hives on a day in late May. After looking through a few frames she still cannot find the queen, but she sees eggs in the brood nest area. She decides not to worry about finding the queen. Her inference is that this hive probably has a functional queen, she just isn't seeing it. What prior knowledge might have helped her make this inference?

Honey bees are not in the egg stage long, only about 3 days. (Using this knowledge and the data (eggs present), she knows that a queen was here and laying in the last few days.)

Honey bees progress through the following stages: they are first laid as a(n) [1], which elcoses to a(n) [2] and metamorphose into a(n) [3], emerging finally as a(n) [4].

Honey bees progress through the following stages: they are first laid as a(n) egg, which elcoses to a(n) larva and metamorphose into a(n) pupa, emerging finally as a(n) adult.

An interesting observation is that the genome of the honey bee contains a lower diversity of immune gene families for various protein cascades, meaning that their systems are somewhat less robust to novel immune threats. Among the reasons for this listed below, which are the most likely to be true? Check all that apply

Human management has removed most disease agents from the honey bee environment and as such their immune function has atrophied. Honey bees have additional levels of immunity such that individual disease resistance isn't as necessary. Honey bees have commensile bacteria in their gut, which suppresses their immunse system so they can survive.

Match the honey bee gland to the function or product.

Hypopharyngeal gland ---> D.Production of brood food and honey processing Nasonov gland ---> A.Orientation, particularly to the nest entrance Arnhart gland ---> B.Putatively, footprint trails for fine orientation Dufour gland ---> C.Putatively, to lubricate the sting or egg attachment

Members of which of the following family of Hymenopterans are parasitic wasps that are sometimes reared for use in biocontrol projects?

Ichneumonidae

Hindgut

Ileum and Rectum - reclaims usable chemicals then pass a semisolid excretion, no defecation in the hive

Which of the following are uses for honey bee venom? Check all that apply

Immunosuppressant relief of arthritis Attenuation treatment of allergic reactions

What are the advantages of signal reduncancy? (check all that apply)

Improving the likelihood that a signal will be received. Providing a continual stimulus for response.

In cavity nesting honey bees, where is pollen most likely to be stored?

In a narrow band between the honey and the brood nest

Which of the following is a situation in which an older female larva may begin being fed as a queen, instead of this happening from the very start?

In an emergency situation if old queen is dead.

What greatly increases the odds of producing diploid drone offspring?

Inbreeding.

The sum of direct and indirect fitness is called ______ fitness.

Inclusive

Which of the following results has been attributed to the royal jelly protein called royalactin?

Increased ovary development.

"Queen substance" has many important functions. Which of the following is not one of its functions?

Inhibits drone rearing.

You find an animal that has 2 pairs of wings, six legs, you can identify a head, thorax, and abdomen, and a pair of antennae. To what class would this animal most likely belong?

Insecta

Where does all varroa mite reproduction and development occur?

Inside a capped cell.

How and why where Africanized honey bees originally imported into Brazil?

Intentionally; as an alternative to European subspecies of Apis mellifera that were poorly adapted to the tropical climate.

Insect Abdomen

Internal organ, Defense, & Excretion

What enzyme, secreted by the hypopharyngeal glands of foragers, breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose?

Invertase

Alarm behavior pheromone

Isopentyl acetate

Why is the honey bee a good choice for a "model organism"?

It has been studied extensively.

What is meant by the term "bipotent" as it refers to the fertilized honey bee egg?

It has the ability to become either a queen or a worker

Why is the duration of the straight run of the wagtail dance extended by a strong headwind experienced by the dancing forager?

It indicates the energy expended, which is greater with a headwind.

What is the Johnston's organ?

It is found in the pedicel and detects motion of the flagellar segments, electric fields, and helps in mechanoreception

What was especially interesting about the discovery of the naked mole rat's eusociality?

Its life history traits were accurately predicted by Alexander.

In Oregon (a temperate environment from where the authors of your textbook hail), one can expect the peak of adult colony population to coincide with the peak nectar flow, which you would expect to occur when?

June

Corpora Allata Gland

Juvenile Hormone (JH)

Which of the following hive designs take advantage of bee space to allow relatively easy access to comb faces and bee products? Check all that apply

Kenyan top bar hive Tanzanian top bar hive Langstoth hive

Which head glands secrete sucrase, lipase, amylase, and invertase?

Labial glands

This structure serves analogously to the upper lip in mammals, protecting the mouth cavity and closing it off.

Labrum

This important figure in honey bees discovered "bee space" and invented the movable frame hive in the mid 19th century.

Langstroth

What is one morphological characteristic of honey bee drones?

Large eyes that meet on top of the drone's head.

Which of the following is not a morphological trait of varroa mites that makes them well-adapted honey bee ectoparasites

Large eyes to locate bees.

The guards seen in the eusocial shrimp have what distinctive feature?

Larger claws

What bees are most likely to suffer during a pollen dearth?

Larvae

What ultimately produces the numerous cascading genetic and hormonal effects that turn a female honey bee larva into a queen?

Larval nutrition.

The honey bee cocoon is made up of silk and what other component?

Larval waste products.

Prepupae

Last Larval instar - 6th overall instar Larva stretches out and begins building a cocoon lasts ~24-48 hours

Honey bees are oviparous, meaning that they _____________.

Lay eggs

What are fat bodies?

Layer of "creamy" tissues lining the inner abdominal cuticle with adipocytes and oenocytes

Fat Bodies

Layers of adipocytes and Oenocytes that store and release energy as needed, similar to the liver

What does a foraging bee use for orientation on heavily overcast days?

Learned landmarks and scents.

What will be done by honey bees if given an area of approximately "bee space" within their nest?

Left open and used to move around in.

What is a facet?

Lens of transparent exoskeleton that can "see" at a fixed focal length

How would the resource composition of a flower probably change in response to being transplanted into very poor soil?

Less abundant nectar with less sugar.

How are thin wax scales formed by the "wax mirrors" of worker bees?

Liquid wax is sandwiched between overlapping sternites.

Which of the following general life history traits are not common to eusocial groups?

Little communication between members.

In which of the following trees would you most likely expect to find a bee colony residing, assuming you were looking around in southeast Texas?

Live oak

Which of the following considerations are important for bees when choosing an apiary location? Check all that apply

Location is well circulated, with no stagnant air pockets Location is protected from wind, particularly during the winter Location has close access to multiple, untreated nectar sources Location is well drained and above the flood line

Insect Thorax

Locomotion

Of the three opsins studied in this paper, which one was the green opsin?

Lop1

Refer to Figure 1: Which of the three opsins had the lowest level of relative expression at P1 for workers?

Lop1

Which of the following apidologists is credited with the first patent based on bee space; that is a moveable frame hive using bee space as a founding principle?

Lorenzo Langstroth

Who, through the invention of the moveable-frame hive, revolutionized modern beekeeping, forming the major technological improvement in the practice of the last 200 years?

Lorenzo Langstroth

Cocoon

Made up of silk (made in "proto" salivary glands) and Feces

In which step of the scientific method would you most likely review the previous literature?

Make observations

Which of the following is not a function of the wax blooms of the epicuticle/cuticulin layer?

Making honey comb

Endophallus

Male reproductive organ that is everted during ejaculation

Which of the following organs filters nitrogenous waste, functioning similarly to mammalian kidneys?

Malpighian tubules

What is one way a beekeeper might know that they are seeing worker-laid eggs rather than eggs laid by the queen?

Many cells contain multiple eggs per cell.

Why are diploid drone eggs produced fairly rarely in nature?

Many possible alleles at the sex-determining locus

Which famous bee researcher discovered that waggle dances were used to advertise nest sites in the context of swarming bees?

Martin Lindauer

The endophallus from the last drone to mate with a queen is still present in her reproductive tract upon returning to the nest. What is this structure called?

Mating sign.

How do queens determine what cells to lay unfertilized, drone-destined eggs in?

Measures larger diameter with forelegs.

Which of the following insect orders is not considered to contain important pollinator species?

Mecoptera

Which of the following Apoidea taxa are known for being gregarious nesters and are used for the pollination of alfalfa?

Megachile

Which of the following families do not contain species that nest primarily in groundsoil?

Megachilidae

This family of bees has specialized pollen collecting hairs on the underside of the abdomen:

Megachilidae (This mass of hairs is usually called a "scopa")

Solitary Bees

Megachilidae: Leaf cutter bees Mass provision for their young Univoltine - one generation per year

Which two subgenera nest in the open on an exposed comb?

Megapis and Micrapis

Which of the following bee venom components is primarily responsible for the sensation of pain upon being stung?

Melettin

All of the following produce nests that are univoltine except which?

Meliponini

In terms of task diversity, which general age group of worker bees seems to have the most potential options?

Middle age (~days 11-20 post emergence).

Ecdysis

Molting - done at the end of each instar stage of development to advance to the next (Level up)

Ecdysis

Molting regularly

In _______ honey, the majority of the nectar used to produce the honey comes from a single plant species.

Monofloral

Which of the following would increase "C" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C)?

More nesting sites open, making altruist is more likely to successfully rear its own offspring.

Pupae

Most internal organs are reformed Wing pads Larval ganglia become Nervous system Exarate and classified by eye color

The Johnston's organ detects:

Motion of the flagellum

Foregut

Mouth, Pharanx, esophagus, Crop (honey stomach)

Which of the following are functions of the honey bee exoskeleton or components thereof (check all that apply)?

Muscle attachment points Protection from predators Communication Waterproofing Coloration

From a biological standpoint, which of the following is not a characteristic of communication?

Must be between members of the same species.

What factors may have contributed to the ability of Apis mellifera populations to survive in the most varied environments (relative to other Apis spp.)? (check all that apply)

NOT 1. Lower resource stores allow for a lesser cost of abandoning the nest in response to predation 2. Nesting in cavities provided protection from inclement weather 3. Clustering allows members to conserve energy and keep warm during cold months

Given our current understanding of the higher level phylogenetic relationships within the Hymenoptera, rank the following Families in order from least (1) to most (5) related to these bees (Apidae).

NOT 1. Mymaridae 2. Formicidae 3. Siricidae 4. Crabronidae 5. Megachilidae

Although not necessarily confined to the taxon, which of the following characteristics are indicative of the Aculeate Hymenoptera? (check all that apply)

NOT A caterpillar- like larva with legs

A [1] organism consists of [2] or more cells differentiated into layers consisting of [3], or body, cells and [4] cells.

NOT A somatic organism consists of two or more cells differentiated into layers consisting of reproductive, or body, cells and multicellular cells.

Individuals that are [1] at the sex locus will become [2], while individuals that are [3] at the sex locus will become [4].

NOT Individuals that are hemizygous at the sex locus will become male, while individuals that are heterozygous at the sex locus will become female OR Individuals that are hemizygous at the sex locus will become male, while individuals that are heterozygous at the sex locus will become female OR Individuals that are male at the sex locus will become hemizygous, while individuals that are female at the sex locus will become heterozygous. OR Individuals that are hemizygous at the sex locus will become female, while individuals that are heterozygous at the sex locus will become female.

The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where [1] are more related to each other than they are to their [2] and are even less related to their [3].

NOT The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where brothers are more related to each other than they are to their sisters and are even less related to their daughters.

The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where [1] are more related to each other than they are to their [2] and are even less related to their [3].

NOT The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where sisters are more related to each other than they are to their brothers and are even less related to their sons.

The hormonal pathway that responds to increased feeding and the improved food quality, inducing the switch to queen rearing is called what?

NOT JH PTTH Hint: You're looking for the most upstream pathway here, even if others listed are involved. Also, FYI, amFOR is a gene that is activated in starving larvae and appears to cause them to crawl out of their cells.

Rank the development of the eyesight of each caste of honey bee with 1 being the most developed and 3 being the least. You can use approximate # of ommatidia as a proxy for visual acuity.

NOT 1.Worker 2.Drone 3.Queen

The average pollen load of a forager is 15 mg (milligrams), the amount of pollen consumed during a season is 20 kg (kilograms), a forager generally makes 15 trips in a day and the average foraging career lasts 4 days. How many foragers does it take to feed the colony pollen during a season? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

NOT 154,000 OR 150,000 OR 7700

Larvae older than about how many days would not be expected to be capable of being reared as queens if they have not already been fed royal jelly?

NOT 16

Based on experiments with moving landmarks, most bees show an ability to count to ________ without trouble.

NOT 4 Hint: Look at slide 17 of lecture 05 and see where the strong peaks start to fall apart.

An African drone expressing the dominant allele for the gene sting1 mates with a European queen. How probable is it that the offspring will express a high propensity to sting? Express your answer as a percent, so 2/2 =100, 2/4 = 50, etc.

NOT 75

What is the purpose* of festooning? *at least one of the purposes

NOT A bridge for the queen to move from one frame to the other

Which of the following subspecies does not likely form part of the American honey bee gene pool?

NOT A. m. scutellata

One of the chemical cues of death in the honey bee _________. Treatment of a live bee with this chemical will result in undertaker bees dragging her from the colony even though she is alive. (two words, be mindful of spelling)

NOT Acarapis Woodi OR paint wood

When observing a colony, you notice that among the bees working and resting, there is a single bee meandering throughout the hive, occasionally inspecting cells before resuming her wandering. Over the course of your observations, she traverses a large area of the hive without ever doing anything other than making trophallactic exchanges with a few bees and antennating a few cells. Of which caste do you suppose this bee is most likely a member?

NOT Brood tenders, young bees

Given your understanding of the waggle dance, which dance would be performed toward the indicated resource? The white square represents the location of the colony, the flower the resource, and the sun is the current sun's direction in the sky.

NOT C OR D

Which of the following statements is false about the characteristics of brood food?

NOT Components from the salivary glands appear to provide additional growth factors to the royal jelly flavor of brood food. Hint: We're pulling in some information from several lectures here, but it may help you to know that royal jelly, because of the glandular secretions it's primarily composed of, is chock full of sugars and protein.

Based on your understanding of drift, which of the following colonies would most likely have the highest population?

NOT F or G

In cavity nesting honey bees, where is the honey most likely to be stored?

NOT In small cups dnagling from the bottom of the comb or projecting from the comb face OR On the edge of a comb face

Like so much of our scientific language, the term, Apis, most likely comes from the ________, for "oxen-borne bees," reflecting an early belief in the spontaneous generation of bees from cow or oxen carcasses.

NOT Latin

Select the conditions under which supersedure is likely (check all that apply).

NOT Little or no larvae in the broodnest Hint: Think basically the opposite of swarming and you've gotten it. Remember that supersedure occurs as a result of a queen failing in her egg laying duties.

Where do the majority of migratory beekeepers overwinter their hives?

NOT Maine OR Cali

Which of the following pesticide classes was first produced in the 1980s and is recently under scrutiny as a potential factor in pollinator decline?

NOT Organochlorines

An adult bee with high hemolymph titers of juvenile hormone (JH) is most likely to be found performing which of the following tasks?

NOT Performing undertaking tasks OR foraging for nectar

Consider the following scenario: When approaching one of your colonies, you notice an unusually large number of dead bees in front of them. You find that there are dying bees on the bottom board and the larvae appear to be attempting to crawl from their cells. You're apiary is located next to a cotton field. What is most likely afflicting your colonies?

NOT Pesticide chronic poisoning

The following phylogenetic tree represents the classification of the reptiles. This taxon would be considered which of the following?

NOT Polyphyletic

Select all the members of a colony that are likely to be female.

NOT Queens Hint: Okay, if you selected princesses I was kidding, sorry, couldn't help myself. The young queens are called young queens or virgin queens. No Disney™ storybook here (your illusions of honey bee royalty should be destroyed after the nesting and mating module). If you're confused by the others, may I hint that you look and see what subsets of workers might be called?

Which of the following undesirable traits of Apis mellifera scutellata, did Dr. Kerr intend to select out of his hybrib populations prior to general release of the stock to beekeepers? check all that apply

NOT Tendency to collect more dilute nectar

Which of the following statements does not provide an evolutionary rationale for what nepotism is not practiced in honey bees?

NOT There's a high cost to kin-based conflict in rearing queen or larvae in that search times to related brood become longer (energy wasted), larval mortality increases, etc. potentially resulting in a weaker colony. OR Because queens mate with so many different males, workers are relatively unlikely to encounter supersisters all that often so there's little opportunity to act nepotistically.

In addition to sensing light, honey bee compound eyes also have structures within the juncture of the facets of their eyes that are used in sensing what?

NOT angle of light polarization or movement

What might be the probable reason that honey bees show only very weak morphological divergence among the castes?

NOT both workers and queens arise from the same genotype OR genetic drift

What is a necessary colony condition if swarming is to occur?

NOT cessation of worker brood rearing activity

A ___________ signal is one that may be made up of multiple components from many different sources. In the honey bee, these signals are often chemical. (be mindful of spelling)

NOT defense

Prior to leaving the nest on a mating flight, drones stop at the nest entrance to carefully clean themselves (date preparation is apparently common among all species). What anatomical features important in locating and orienting to the queen are cleaned? (check all that apply)

NOT eyes

Prior to mating flights, workers vibrate and cling to the queen, generally treating her roughly and driving her from the nest. Queens perform ___________ behavior to "freeze" the workers and provide the queen some limited respite. spelling counts

NOT hygienic OR quacking

Which of the following predators primarily feed on honey bees by disturbing the nest entrance and catching guards that fly out? Check all that apply

NOT just flies

Honey bee larvae lack all of the following morphological features except which?

NOT legs

Which of the following factors does not appear to lead to increased defensiveness on the part of a colony?

NOT more empty comb OR higher temp OR larger colony size

Which of the following is untrue about honey bee wings and wing musculature?

NOT most of the thorax is filled with the muscles involved in beating the wings OR Muscles attached to the wing do not cause flapping Hint: Really the key here is to focus on what the hamuli are and how (and when) they function, both the anatomy chapter and the lectures discuss this.

In cavity nesting honey bees, drone larvae are mostly likely to be reared where?

NOT near the base of the comb, where it's anchored to the cavity OR In a narrow band between the honey and the brood nest

The primary protein source for the honey bee is ____________.

NOT nectar Hint: Beef isn't what's for dinner

Specialized hairs on the honey bee called _________ appear to be responsible for detecting gravity.

NOT plumose hairs Hint: Read about the Bee sense of touch to find out about this interesting piece of research.

The fatty acid esters making up brood pheromone may, based on structure, be breakdown products of what?

NOT pollen protein

The concept of __________, or a change in the timing of the expression of a particular trait or suite of traits, is central to the theory of the reproductive ground plan. (spelling counts)

NOT response threshold

The _______ is made up of interlocking sclerites connected by flexible membranes. (spelling counts)

NOT rigid plate Hint: Think skin and bones of an insect.

Because a guard's recognition template is primarily based on floral odors, guards are more likely to accept foreign honey bee workers during a __________ rather than during a dearth. (be mindful of spelling)

NOT robbing

A bee that lands on the underside of a flower to avoid touching its pollen while extracting nectar is __________ the plant. (be mindful of spelling)

NOT scouting OR protecting

What abiotic factor is thought to have stabilized early RNA polymers so that they weren't immdiately broken down by the harsh conditions of the Hadean Era?

NOT thermal vents

Brood guarding, larval provisioning, alloparental care, and diving into a river to save someone are all examples of _________ behaviors (at least according to biologists). (spelling counts)

NOT unselfish Hint: Define selflessness

Scout bees perform which of the following behaviors to initiate a cluster to move to a new nest site?

NOT waggle dance

These pests will rob the nests of honey bee of stored nectar, particularly during dearths, and have characteristic wounds and wear from grappling guards.

NOT yellowjackets

The RGPH is supported in great part by a number of measurable differences between lines of artificially selected bees. What specific characteristic was artificially selected for to develop these lines of bees?

NOT- juvenile hormone titers ** colony-level pollen hoarding **stored pollen

What is an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest in the naked mole rat?

NOT- reproductives take shifts so individual reproduction occurs for most members **other members are out foraging food **They are all highly related

According to the Reproductive Ground Plan Hypothesis, what type of worker bee would be most analogous to a solitary insect in a reproductive stage?

NOT- worker with relatively low vitellogenin titers

Which of the following would increase "C" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C)?

NOT: altruistic behavior is foraging; food becomes rarer in the environment

Carpenter bees in the subfamily Xylocopinae best represent which type of social behavior?

NOT: eusocial *traditionally considered solitary bees, though some species have simple social nests in which mothers and daughters may cohabit.

The superior defense system often seen in eusocial colonies to protects valuable resources is one example of:

NOT: sib-social care *an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest

Once the swarm has found a nest site, it is common for the first bees arriving to release _________ pheromone to assist in guiding the rest of the swarm to the nest entrance.

Nasonov

scout bees land at new nest site and release what pheromone

Nasonov gland pheromone

Which of the following pheromones are likely to be transmitted throughout the hive through similar, if not identical, mechanisms as queen retinue pheromone? (check all that apply)

Nasonov pheromone brood (ester) pheromone Forager pheromone (putatively ethyl oleate) E-β-ocimene

What gland is used to attract swarm bees to a new nest entrance and for general orientation to the nest?

Nasonovs

EXTRA CREDIT

National Animal of Scotland: Unicorn When you blush the lining of the stomach also turns red Slinkys: 87 feet long when stretched out

The primary source of carbohydrates (sugars) for honey bees is honey, which is processed from __________ that is collected from flowers. (spelling counts)

Nectar

What resource/s do the largest proportion of foragers collect?

Nectar

Which of the following starting materials is the primary source of energy for honey bees?

Nectar

Which of the following is not a factor proven to affect the exact blend of QMP (queen mandibular pheromone) components in an individual queen bee?

Nectar source of stored honey in the nest.

Which of the following scenarios would you expect to increase the proportion of scout bees among the forager population?

Nectar sources becoming depleted.

Which bees constitute a bee swarm's "search committee"?

Nest site scouts.

Depending on physiological or behavioral context, the mandibular glands of the honey bee function in all of the following ways except which?

Nestmate recognition compounds

Which bees are responsible for cleaning larval debris from cells?

Newly emerged workers.

Given your understanding of the adaptive significance of cavity volume to honey bee survival, would you expect honey bees adapted to the environment of Texas be more likely to make larger nests?

No

Can headless bees still fly?

No, but they can walk and sting

Honey of which of the following water contents would be most likely to ferment?

Not 18.6%.

Approximately when is the "critical age" concerning worker vs. queen development?

Not 5 day old larva. Not immediately after eclosion from the egg.

Which bee family has the most members that demonstrate the more advanced forms of social order?

Not Braconidae

Which of the following are tribes within the family Apidae? (check all that apply)

Not Megachilidae, Meliponini & Bombini

The largest percentage of foragers in a colony collect:

Not both nectar and pollen.

What type of communication is the honey bee waggle dance?

Not cognitive

What is the primary reason that there is so much variation between and even within the different geographic races of Apis mellifera?

Not differential selection by beekeepers. Not adapted to utilize different resources in the same environment.

The giant honey bee with a more mountainous distribution is Apis _________.

Not dorsata

In the wax comb, drone pupae visibly differ from worker pupae by:

Not eye color.

Which of the following is not a task performed by workers within a hive that is just about to swarm.

Not force the queen to the entrance.

What best describes the primary function of vitellogenin in a solitary female insect?

Not increases female receptiveness to males for mating.

Which stage basically defines holometabolous insects?

Not larva.

Which of the following is an advantage that the remnant colony (remaining at the old nest) has after swarming?

Not majority of workers

The superior defense system often seen in eusocial colonies to protects valuable resources is one example of:

Not parental manipulation.

Why are the wax caps over pupae brown in color?

Not pupal waste is actively added to the cappings.

What element of information is completely missing in the round dance that is present in the wagtail dance?

Not quality of resource.

What is an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest in the naked mole rat?

Not queen suppresses worker reproduction via interactions.

The following is based on Pettis et al. 2016. Which of the following was not proposed by the authors as a suggestion to improve honey bee queen quality?

Not reduce pesticide exposure, especially to drones and queens. Not reduce Nosema levels in breeding populations.

Which of the following parts of the honey bee abdomen is least sclerotized (i.e. is the most membranous)?

Not sternites

Which of the following would not be included in judging the overall resource profitability of a located resource?

Not sugar concentration.

The waggle dance recruits other bees to a potential nest site if performed in the context of:

Not the nest entrance. Not the brood nest.

What added benefit to the colony is gained by the oldest workers foraging outside the hive?

Not they do not consume precious nest resources.

What must occur before a drone is sexually mature enough for successful mating?

Not they must begin generating sperm.

Which of the following accurately describes the wax glands of worker bees?

Not two total located at apex of abdomen.

The name Hymenoptera means:

Not two wings

What would likely contribute to a flower's degree of visual "brokenness" as seen by a foraging honey bee?

Not uniformity of color and large size.

Which of the following is not a way that excess water is evaporated from nectar to form honey?

Not wing fanning of cells.

When present, the usual location of queen cells in the honey bee nest is:

Not within areas of drone comb.

What is most likely to happen to a 5th instar honey bee larva if the colony experiences a major pollen shortage?

Not workers will break down their own tissues to feed it longer.

How is the actual "goodness" of a potential nest site communicated by waggle (wagtail) dances?

Number of dance circuits increase with quality of site.

Mandibular Glands

Nurse: Component of Royal Jelly Guard: 2-Heptanone (Alarm pheromone) Queen: QMP Drones: Drone congregation areas

What affects developmental time?

Nutrition, Temp, and race of bee

Honey bees use which of the following characteristics to evaluate pollen as favorable or not?

Odor

Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care?

Offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity

Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care.

Offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity.

Where are the glands that produce wax located?

On the underside of the abdomen

One of the ways bees appear to be organized into task groups is through the variable attraction to light. Young bees are [1] phototactic and perform tasks deep within the nest, while older bees grow to be [2] phototactic and are willing to venture outside to perform peripheral tasks or forage.

One of the ways bees appear to be organized into task groups is through the variable attraction to light. Young bees are negatively phototactic and perform tasks deep within the nest, while older bees grow to be positively phototactic and are willing to venture outside to perform peripheral tasks or forage.

Termites

One or a few Kings and Queens per colony Detrivorus - Require a gut symbiote that is passed on genetically

Which of the following does not accurately describe honey bee pheromones?

Only produced by the queen.

Circulatory System

Open system with 4 chambered heart and aorta to carry hemolymph to head

Head Structure

Optic Lobes, Antennal Lobes, Mushroom Bodies (scent learning and memory), Subesophageal ganglion (Controls mouthparts)

The colony-level result of individual choices made by scout bees and foragers, as well as the decisions made by bees attending forager dances, is called:

Optimum foraging strategy.

The oldest worker bees are probably doing tasks:

Outside the nest.

The queen honey bee ovary is made up of a large number of ___________, in which eggs mature.

Ovarioles

Refer to Figure 1 for the following question. At what stage was UVop, BLop and Lop1 expression levels were found to be relatively the same in the worker?

P7

The nutritional hypothesis and facultative subfertility are both aspects of which of the following evolutionary routes to eusociality?

Parental manipulation

Which of the following best describes the usual foraging environment encountered by honey bees?

Patchy resources of variable quality.

What is not a characteristic of the diet provided for queen-destined larvae?

Phenolic compounds from honey and bee bread.

What does royal jelly lack?

Phenolic compounds.

Which of the following species definitions relies on the comparative weighting of traits or characteristics to place animals as being either of the same or different species?

Phylogenetic

Using screened instead of solid bottom boards has been shown to somewhat decrease varroa mite pests levels in managed honey bees. The idea is that any mites that fall through the screen to the ground are unable to climb back in. Screened bottom boards are an example of what type of control measure?

Physical/mechanical

The steady rise followed by the cessation of which of the following signals appears to immediately precede swarming?

Piping

What is the main protein source for honey bees?

Pollen

Which two specific stages of honey bees are within a capped cell?

Prepupa to pupa

What is the actual difference between bright white vs. darker capped honey on the comb?

Presence or absence of air trapped between the wax cap and honey is responsible for the difference in appearance.

Bees that assume middle-aged tasks in early spring after overwintering as adults are:

Probably much older than 11-20 days.

Salivary Glands

Produce a watery saliva that is used to dilute food and hold pollen together

Guard Bees Head Glands

Produces 2-heptanone

What do honey bees use to line the interior of their nesting cavity?

Propolis

_______ is the substance made from collected plant resins that is used by honey bees to fill small cracks and crevices within their nest.

Propolis

Chorion

Protective "eggshell" that dissolves away to release the 1st instar larvae

Corpora Cardiaca Gland

Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)

Which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen grains out of nectar?

Proventriculus

Midgut

Proventriculus, Ventriculus. Place of digestion

Which stage shows the most variation in development time between the different castes of honey bees?

Pupal

Carpenter bees in the subfamily Xylocopinae best represent which type of social behavior?

Quasisocial

Honey bee colonies demonstrate reproductive division of labor. Which caste is responsible for female reproduction?

Queen

Which of the following puts the length of developmental time for each caste from egg to adult emergence in the correct order?

Queen < worker < drone

What is most likely to occur if two emerged queens are present in one colony at the same time?

Queen duel to the death.

Which of the following is true if you are comparing the diet of worker vs. queen-destined larvae?

Queen larvae receive more mandibular gland secretions from nurse bees.

Queens Head Glands

Queen mandibular pheromone

A hypothetical colony is headed by a queen that was only able to mate with 1 drone. Which of the following is most likely to occur given those circumstances?

Queen supersedure.

Honey bee colonies demonstrate reproductive division of labor. Which caste is responsible for female reproduction?

Queen.

Times of development

Queen: 16 days Worker: 21 days Drone: 24 days

Honey bee larva fed like queens starting at 1 day of age are likely to be:

Queens of high reproductive quality.

The larval stage of honey bees is primarily for:

Rapid growth

What is key to survival given the unpredictable nature of the honey bee foraging environment?

Rapidly acquiring resources as they become available.

Which of the following is characteristic common to winter-adapted honey bee subspecies?

Rarely abscond.

The honey bee digestive tract expands and contracts with the ______________, which is found in the hindgut.

Rectum

What does the spermathecal valve do?

Regulates egg fertilization

What is the most likely reason that Karl von Frisch's step experiment, which sought to establish accuracy of distance information in the wagtail dance, failed to show high accuracy by the trained bees?

Resource odor was the same at all stations.

Mature, mated honey bee queens alternate between egg laying and what other state?

Resting

Which of the following environmental factors appears to be most important in regulating the occurance of social behavior in carpenter bees?

Restriction of nesting sites

Dance vigor and the time spent performing a round dance communicates which of the following?

Reward level (or sugar concentration) of the resource

Two modern cellular components whose existence support the concept of the RNA world are which?

Ribosomes and ATP

Which side of the honey bee brain apears to be utilized in the recognition of nestmates?

Right

When is a honey bee larva attractive to varroa mites?

Right before capping.

Maxillary Gland

Royal Jelly

Which of the following glands are believed to involved in the production of social hormones by larvae?

Salivary glands

Queen Pupae

Same as Worker pupae, except bigger

Which scenario would be the most parsimonious choice given a group of five birds in which only one species has a blue beak: 1) A gene mutation for blue beaks occurred once in the most recent ancestor of that species. 2) An ancestor common to all the birds in the group had a blue beak. Blue beaks were then lost independently several times over all but that one lineage.

Scenario 1

The specific posture assumed by a worker bee while releasing Nasonov gland compounds is called:

Scenting

_____ bees are foragers that are actively looking for new food sources.

Scout

Which bees are responsible for finding emerging or unknown resources in the foraging landscape?

Scouts

What will bees likely do if there is a gap smaller than "bee space" inside a hive?

Seal it with propolis.

What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?

Secondary effect, check lecture 5 slides

How did Darwin solve the evolutionary problem that arose from, in his words, "the neuters or sterile females of insect societies"?

Selection could apply to the family rather than the individual.

Altruism

Selfless action and support of the Hive

Insect Head

Sensory & Consumption

Which of the following colony observations is not a sign that you might correlate with having a "drone layer" queen?

Sharp increase in honey production.

What will likely happen to a pollen forager if demand for pollen drops in the hive?

She will be unemployed.

Transplanting ovarioles into an adult worker (or treating her such that her ovarioles would develop in greater number) would have which of the following effects?

She would most likely develop more rapidly and collect pollen when she initiates foraging

Which of the following is not a way that varroa mites are spread?

Shipping capped queen cells.

Orientation flights

Short (5-10 mins) flights around the area of the hive to get orientated and find Drone Congregation Areas Drones: ~8 Days old Queen: ~3 Days old

When does sclerotization occur?

Shortly after each molt

What are ocelli?

Simple eyes that are light-sensitive organs to assist bess with sun orientation and circadian rhythms but cannot form an image

What do honey bee larvae have as far as external anatomy is concerned?

Simple mouthparts

Why are shallower boxes often used by beekeepers for honey storage areas in managed bees?

Simply lighter when full of honey.

Nasonov lures can be used for all of the following except which?

Singinalling that workers are present

An early version of a bee hive made using woven plant parts (such as straw or wicker) is called a:

Skep

Why is outward flight speed usually faster than return flight speed for a foraging bee?

Slowed by weight of resource.

Social insects utilize the hexagon as a cell shape because it allows for the [1] number of [2] in the [3] amount of [4].

Social insects utilize the hexagon as a cell shape because it allows for the greatest number of cells in the least amount of space.

Social Continuum

Solitary -> Communal -> Quasisocial -> Semi-social -> Primitively Eusocial -> Truly Eusocial

Lindauer noticed two things about waggle dancers on swarms that did not make sense if they were dancing for a food source. One of these was that they did not unload any food. What was the other?

Some were dirty, covered in dust or soot.

What best describes the key to good honey bee nutrition regarding pollen?

Source diversity.

A major component of honey bee alarm pheromone is called [1] or [2] and smells of bananas. (be mindful of spelling, order doesn't matter, & no acronyms)

Specified Answer for: 1 isopentyl acetate Specified Answer for: 2 isoamyl acetate

During periods of increased activity bees pump their abdomens to pull air through holes in their cuticle called [1], which travel through a series of tubes, or [2], which transport the air to the cells of the body. (spelling counts)

Specified Answer for: 1 spiracles NOT Specified Answer for: 2 sternites

How is the quality of a resource indicated by dancing foragers?

Speed and vigor of dances.

Spermatheca

Sperm storage from up to 5-20 males, can hold up to 3-6 Million sperm cells up to 8 years

The following is based on Pettis et al. 2016. The authors of this article were investigating factors affecting honey bee queen quality and colony health. They proposed one factor that may play a large role in queen success or failure as well as colony health. They then measured this in the majority of their experiments. What was this major factor?

Sperm viability.

The following question is based on watching the video link: a closer view of pollen: Which of the following pollen grains would most likely be from a plant that relies upon insects for pollination?

Spike-covered pollen.

Respiratory system

Spiracles, trachea, air sacks, tracheioles Air enters at Thorax or midsection and exits at abdomen

What key characteristic of the bacterium itself makes American foulbrood so difficult to actually cure and capable of causing disease after many years in the environment?

Spore formation.

When's the best time to start a bee colony for the first time (in a subtropical or temperate environment)?

Spring, because the colony will have time to collect resources and prepare for winter dearths

Amylase

Starch digestion

How are scouts deterred from dancing for a losing nest site?

Stop signal of head butt and "beep".

Adipocytes

Storage of fat, protein, and glycogen

Sucrase

Sugar Breakdown

It is sometimes helpful when trying to understand the functionality of a colony of eusocial organisms to think of the colony as one collective, living unit. This is the concept of the:

Superorganism

What is the term for additional boxes that a beekeeper places on top of the brood area for honey storage in managed bees?

Supers

Observation hives are tools used for education purposes. They are often made from 2-3 frames sandwiched between glass with a remote entrance. These hives allow people a look inside the honey bee nest while removing any fear of being stung. Unfortunately for the honey bees, observation hives are often far smaller than is ideal. Consider the problem that results from honey bees nesting in a cavity that is too small. How might a beekeeper counteract this particular nest problem to maintain an observation hive colony longer?

Supplement them with honey since they cannot store enough resources.

What keeps the queen larva from falling out of the queen cell?

Surface tension of royal jelly.

Which of the following is an emergent property of a honey bee colony?

Swarm formation.

What characterizes the relationship between juvenile hormone and vitellogenin in the worker honey bee?

THE ANSWER IS NOT- juvenile hormone increases the response to vitellogenin **JH surpresses vitellogenin

What best describes the primary function of vitellogenin in a solitary female insect?

THE ANSWER IS NOT- responsible for female specific morphology ** honeybee vitellogenin is now recognized as a behavioural affector protein that builds a direct connection between worker reproductive physiology and foraging behavioural control **vitellogenin was used in worker brood-rearing behavior

Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have the shortest range?

Tactile

Which of the following pests are more likely to damage the nest than they are to directly feed on the bees? Check all that apply

Termites Wax moths

The Africanized bee, nominally a tropically-adapted strain, will generally prefer a nest cavity that is [1] than that preferred by temerate-adapted strains.

The Africanized bee, nominally a tropically-adapted strain, will generally prefer a nest cavity that is smaller than that preferred by temerate-adapted strains.

According to human mitochondrial DNA evidence, which of the following is the earliest, although not necessarily the most prominent, passage of humans to the Americas?

The Atlantic crossing, from Europe to the eastern coast of North America

According to human mitochondrial DNA evidence, which of the following is the most significant crossing of humans into the Americas (meaning the majority of Native Americans are descended from humans making this crossing), though not necessarily the earliest?

The Bering straight crossing from Russia to Alaska and then south throughout the new world continents.

What are the last 10 distal segments of antennae called?

The Flagellum

What is the 2nd segment of antennae?

The Pedical - flexible elbow joint

What is the 1st segment of antennae?

The Scape - Longest and most flexible - Positioned halfway on the head

What coordinates overall and has nerve centers for vision, smell, taste, and touch perception?

The brain

According to the authors, what does the concept of the superorganism completely fail to explain?

The developmental evolution of this social structure at the genetic level.

Which of the following is true about the communication of nest site location using the waggle dance?

The duration of the waggle run is proportional to the distance the site is from the swarm.

The prepupa is actually what?

The last specialized larval stage.

The life history trait of larval [1] represents a case of [2] in the honey bee.

The life history trait of larval phytophagy represents a case of derived reversion in the honey bee.

What are fat bodies compared to?

The liver

Match the segments of the antenna to their structural attributes

The longest segment serves as an attachment point to the head ---> A. scape The "elbow" of the structure primarily serving as an articulation point ---> C. pedicel Composed of ten distinct segments, this is primarily responsibly for olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) sensation ---> B. flagellum

Distinguish a nuc hive from a standard super hive.

The nuc is usually about half the number of frames

The presence of brood as measured through the presence of brood pheromone represents a [1] stimulus for pollen foraging, while the presence of pollen represents a [2] stimulus.

The presence of brood as measured through the presence of brood pheromone represents a positive stimulus for pollen foraging, while the presence of pollen represents a negative stimulus.

What is the midgut?

The primary site of digestion

In terms of collective decision making, why does Dr. Seeley call it a honey bee democracy instead of a monarchy?

The queen does not have ultimate decision making power.

Why did Dr. Seeley's artificial swarms remain clustered on the platform provided?

The queen was caged there.

What happens if Apis mellifera is experimentally forced to perform wagtail dances on a horizontal wax comb?

The straight run points directly toward the resource.

The underlying assumptions of Cladistics are founded largely on which of the following biological theories?

Theory of Evolution

Why is supersedure in which the old queen is killed well before the new one emerges called "inefficient" supersedure?

There is a longer break in the brood cycle.

A characteristic common to eusocial aphids and thrips is:

They are gall-forming species.

In the time-lapse video on honey bee development, why do larvae swim circles in their cells?

They are moving forward as they consume food left in the cell.

How do the cells in which worker-destined eggs are laid differ from cells normally used to rear drones?

They are smaller in diameter.

Young adult worker bees are negatively phototactic, though this characteristic reverses as they age. What does negatively phototactic mean?

They avoid light.

How can bees navigate on cloudy days?

They can detect polarized light

What is the adaptation for the middle legs?

They have a stout spine or spur to spear wax scales from the abdominal wax glands to pass to mandibles where it is shaped and positioned on newly built comb

What are the functions of antennae?

They smell, taste, perceive humidity and temperature, feel, monitor gravity and flight speed, and detect sound waves

What are the functions of fat bodies?

They store and release energy according to the bee's demands

How would young bees engaged in nursing be affected by a large influx of emerging workers in a colony?

They would soon be pushed into middle-aged tasks.

The largest spiracles on the body are on which body segment?

Thorax

Stadium

Time between ecdysis

Why would factors associated with female reproductive biology affect foraging behavior in a solitary ancestor of the honey bee?

To coordinate reproduction and foraging for resources to provision offspring.

What is the function of mouhtparts?

To manipulate solids and lap up liquids

In cavity nesting honey bees, worker larvae are mostly likely to be reared where?

Towards the center of the comb, the area most likely to be attended by adult bees

Which of the following parasites have a recommended treatment of Menthol to control infestations?

Tracheal mite

Which of the following parasites is considered to be the cause of the Isle of Wight disease around the turn of the 20th century?

Tracheal mite

One way that young worker bees are encouraged to fill the role of nectar unloaders/processors is through:

Tremble dances.

What does the proventriculus do?

Triangular lips with stiff and pouches to concentrate pollen and filter pollen from crop

How does the adult queen bee obtain nutrition?

Trophallaxis from retinue members.

A 3 day old larva is more likely to be cannibalized by worker experiencing a pollen shortage than a 4 day old larva.

True

A benefit of having a correct phylogenetic tree is that it can be used to make better predictions about taxa.

True

A common predicate of eusocial evolution is the presence of a stable cache of resources to defend.

True

A drone honey bee has no father but does have a grandfather.

True

A foraging bee's departure from a flower is when she learns the landmarks to find her way back to that patch.

True

A male donkey and a female horse can mate even though they are different species. These interspecific matings produce offspring called mules, which are reproductively sterile. The sterility of these hybrid offspring is an example of postzygotic reproductive isolation that exists between donkeys and horses.

True

A mutualistic relationship is one where both parties benefit from the interactions (for example honey bees and flowering plants).

True

A newly emerged (teneral) honey bee cannot deliver venom through stinging.

True

A successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus.

True

About 9 out of every 10 described animals is an insect.

True

Afterswarms are headed by virgin queens.

True

Alarm pheromone production increases as worker bees age.

True

All of the ants (Formicidae) are eusocial.

True

An empty queen cell from which a queen recently emerged will have a neat emergence hole cut out of the bottom.

True

An important factor in most concepts of what makes a species is reproductive isolation.

True

An important factor in most concepts of what makes a species is reproductive isolation. T/F?

True

An unfertilized honey bee egg with the allele "A" at the sex-determining locus is fertilized by sperm that contains the allele "C". This scenario would result in a female bee.

True

Approximately 15 bees at a potential nest site constitute the correct number to meet the quorum for choosing a nest site.

True

Bee declines are due to a combination of problems rather than one specific problem.

True

Beekeepers themselves add certain pesticides directly into their hives.

True

Bumble bee colonies (in those species that are social) are annual in nature.

True

Coleoptera is the largest order of insects.

True

Contact with honey bee larvae inhibits the formation of the behavioral effect of circadian rhythms.

True

Drone cells are larger in diameter than worker cells.

True

Drones are ejected from the nest when honey stores are scarce.

True

Drones have more ommatidia than workers.

True

Eusocial organisms are more likely to sacrifice their lives to defend their colony.

True

Evolutionarily, the propodeum is anscestrally part of the abdomen.

True

Floral scent is retained in honey bee memory longer than visual cues.

True

Food for honey bee larvae is placed in the cell rather than being directly fed to them.

True

Honey bee drones die in the process of mating.

True

Honey bee larva can be seen in open cells curled into a position that resembles the letter "C" up until the prepupal stage.

True

Honey bee sex is determined by heterozygosity or homozygosity at a single gene locus as opposed to the presence or absence of a sex chromosome as in humans.

True

Honey bee workers usually begin foraging around 21 days after emerging as an adult.

True

Honey bees are not native to the Americas, but were rather brought there by humans.

True

Honey bees cannot evaluate the nutritive quality of pollen.

True

Honey bees had arrived in the Americas by 1622.

True

Honey bees initiate swarming takeoff through an oligarchic method, where a few individuals have the information to initiate takeoff and communicate their intentions through complex signals.

True

If a person removes a colony of honey bees a structure where they are unwanted, it is a good idea to remove all the wax comb to prevent re-establishment by another swarm.

True

If you are feeding your baby brother a bottle, you are expressing alloparental care behaviors.

True

In honey bee larvae, the hindgut is disconnected from the rest of the digestive system until the prepupal stage.

True

Integrated Pest Management may allow for pest tolerance at certain levels where no additional control measures are taken.

True

Juvenile hormone basically acts to prevent metamorphosis from accompanying an ecdysis.

True

Members of the family Siricidae have an ovipositor modified for sawing into hardwood.

True

Most of the cells being full of bee bread in the pollen storage area of the nest decreases overall pollen foraging.

True

Muscle attachment points occur through interactions of muscle cell fibers with the pore canals of the cuticle.

True

Nest site scouts begin their search for new nest sites independently of each other.

True

Nestmate recognition in honey bees is accomplished by each colony, and all its individual bees, having a specific odor blend.

True

One way in which populations accumulate large enough genetic differences to become reproductively incompatible, and eventually separate species, is through geographic isolation.

True

One way in which populations accumulate large enough genetic differences to become reproductively incompatible, and eventually separate species, is through geographic isolation. T/F?

True

Patrolling behavior may help middle-aged bees correctly allocate tasks based on the status of the hive.

True

Pollination services provided by honey bees far outweigh the economic value of honey.

True

Quacking and tooting are both terms for different forms of queen piping.

True

Queens exhibit a polyandrous mating pattern, meaning they mate with several drones during their mating flights.

True

Regardless of whether a particular resource is considered high or low quality by a scout, she will eventually stop dancing in advertisement towards it. The rate of decay, or the rate of decrease in number of dance circuits performed, is constant or equal among high and low quality sites.

True

Regulation of diet leading to increased storage molecule (vitellogenin) titers and a longer living bee.

True

Repeatability is an important part of hypothesis testing.

True

Scout bees, those that seek and assess new nest sites, are mostly made up of older bees.

True

Seasonal lows in bee populations correspond to winter in temperate areas and the wet season in the tropics.

True

Swarming bees are not generally aggressive and are unlikely to sting.

True

The 'L' in Apis mellifera L. stands for Linneaus because he was first to describe the species.

True

The Kingdom Animalia and the species mellifera can both be referred to as taxa.

True

The danger associated with allocated tasks increases as workers age.

True

The death of a few individuals often has little effect on the functioning of the superorganism as a whole

True

The death of a few individuals often has little effect on the functioning of the superorganism as a whole.

True

The epidermis secretes the new cuticle during ecdysis.

True

The eusocial shrimp shown in the video make their home inside sponges.

True

The excavation of the ant hill in the video link demonstrates the immobile nest sites common to many eusocial organisms.

True

The exocuticle is typically found in areas where mechanical strength is most important eg: the thorax or mandibles.

True

The further away a resource is, the longer a forager dancing in reference to it will take to complete a single circuit, making the tempo of the dance slower.

True

The number of times a scout returns to a potential nest site is porportional to her perceptions of its quality.

True

The queen's stinger is unbarbed and does not tear out if used for stinging.

True

The rake of one hind leg collects pollen from the combs of the opposite hind leg. T/F?

True

The sensation of gravity is important for Apis mellifera scouts to properly perform a waggle dance to a potential nest site.

True

The straight run of the wagtail dance would point directly downward on the wax comb to indicate a resource located in the direction opposite the sun.

True

Two closely related species of fruit flies have elaborate courtship dances involving wing fanning by the males. The dances and wing spots differ so much between the species that interspecific matings only occur in unnatural (laboratory) situations. This is an example of a prezygotic barrier that leads to reproductive isolation of each fly species in natural situations.

True

Typically, one would expect workers to be slightly smaller than drones.

True

Under the right circumstances, worker honey bees are capable of laying unfertilized eggs.

True

Varroa destructor, a major pest in managed honey bees, was incorrectly identified as Varroa jacobsoni for a period of time.

True

Very young workers may actively avoid the queen, while foragers will often ignor her. This is despite the fact that queen tenders and retinue bees spread her phermone throughout the hive.

True

Virgin honey bee queens are smaller in size and receive less worker bee attention than fully mated, egg laying queens.

True

Waggle dances for food sources were discovered prior to waggle dances used by scouts to advertise potential nest sites in swarms.

True

Wax comb is built downward from the top of the honey bee nesting cavity.

True

What we call "distance" that is communicated in the waggle dance is more accurately described as energy expended during flight.

True

Which of the following dances is performed primarily to inform colony members of a resource in the near vicinity of the nest?

True

While a honey bee loses its sting after use (stinging something), it's death is offset by the ability of the sting to continue pumping venom into the victim for up to a minute, while releasing alarm pheromones.

True

Winter bees can survive for much longer than bees working in the summer months.

True

Worker ants have different jobs based on their morphological caste.

True

Worker larvae receive a larger proportion of nurse bee hypopharyngeal gland secretions than mandibular gland secretions in their diet.

True

Workers are largely sterile, but under certain circumstances, namely the loss of the queen and any developing queen larvae, may lay unfertilized eggs that develop into drones.

True

You are more likely to find bees collecting water from a fetid, stagnant puddle than from a fresh, clean tap.

True

The most likely point of radiation of the Apis mellifera population is within which of the following regions?

Turky-Iran (near east)

Reproductive system

Two ovaries of latterally paired ovarioles, ovaiducts converge @ 150-200 ovarioles per ovary. Up to 2k eggs per day can be layed

Hygienic behavior is a series of behaviors that are primarily effective in the control of brood diseases, but have also been bred into honey bee lines to control Varroa mites. Hygienic behavior consists of which of the following sub-behaviors? (check all that apply)

Uncapping pupae Removing brood

Highly hygienic lines of bees will also tend to have more:

Undertakers

Upon returning to the nest with a nectar load, a forager must be "unloaded" by a nectar processor. If the wait time until being unloaded is short, the forager is more likely to perform the [1] dance, if the wait is very long, she is more likely to perform the [2] dance.

Upon returning to the nest with a nectar load, a forager must be "unloaded" by a nectar processor. If the wait time until being unloaded is short, the forager is more likely to perform the waggle dance, if the wait is very long, she is more likely to perform the tremble dance.

Flight

Uses two pairs of muscles that deform the thorax to push and pull the wings

Bee hives are traditionally painted white, however hobbyist beekeepers will often paint their hives bright and varied colors. What benefit can bees derive from this practice?

Variagated colors help limit drift and allow bees to find their specific hive more easily.

What parasite can be seen during the pupal stage in the time-lapse bee development video?

Varroa mites.

Which of the following selected lines or hybrid populations of honey bee are bred primarily for their resistance to mite parasites?

Varroa sensitive hygiene

Exact development time and quality of the emerging adult bee can vary based on all of the following except:

Varying number of larval instars.

What is often the first (or earliest) task performed in the outer periphery/outside of the nest?

Ventilation

The Japanese Giant Hornet, a rather memorable predator of honey bees, is a member of which of the following families?

Vespidae

The antimicrobial properties of honey, especially darker varieties, is attributed to everything except?

Viscosity

An alerted guard bee's characteristic posture of raised forelegs and even open mandibles is an example of a ________ signal.

Visual

Workers exposed to ocimene would be expected to respond with a decrease in the circulating titers of which of the following hormones?

Vitellogenin

Match the dance to its function.

Waggle ---> D.Communicate location of sites Shaking ---> C.Excitation and inducement of activity Piping (workers) ---> A.Stimulate the increase of body temperature Buzzing run ---> B.Breakup the swarm and initiate flight

What activity appears to be important for nest site scouts to determine the volume of a discovered nesting cavity?

Walking

In the temperate north (eg: Massachusetts) bees prefer cavities with southerly facing nests but in Eastern Texas, bees appear to prefer nests oriented either northwest or southeast. Which of the following reasons most contribute to this? (check all that apply)

Warmer temperatures make it less necessary to have an entrance that receives morning sunlight. Winds coming from the southwest make a southerly or southeasterly entrance more drafty. Wind coming from the southeast disrupts forager takeoff and landing and providing a windbreak is important. Light from the sun falling into the entrance is necessary for bees to measure cavity volume acuratley and therefore entrances angled toward the west or east are preferred depending on the time of day scouts arrive to inspect the site.

Who was the Brazilian scientist responsible for the original importation of Africanized honey bees to the Americas?

Warwick Kerr

In hymenoptera, there is a constricted segment connecting the first abdominal segment (which is fused to the thorax) with the rest of the abdomen, termed the gaster. This structure is called a petiole, but your book, erroneously (but poetically) calls this a ___________. be mindful of spelling and include the hyphen

Wasp-waist

Which of the following pests is most likely to damage beekeeping equipment being kept in storage?

Wax moths

Honey bees in temperate climates undergo seasonal fluctuations such as population increases in spring/summer and decreases over the winter. What dictates the annual cycles of honey bees in more tropical areas of the world?

Wet and dry seasons.

While the ideal for the beekeeper is that each comb is nicely aligned within its frame, colonies can ignore this and build [1] comb which sticks from the center of a comb-face to fill space, [2] comb which can serve to strengthen comb and prevent movement, or they can build [3]-comb which is basically a middle-finger to the beekeeper and makes the frames unmoveable (which, if you've read ahead, you know is the main beekeeping innovation in the last few thousand years).

While the ideal for the beekeeper is that each comb is nicely aligned within its frame, colonies can ignore this and build burr comb which sticks from the center of a comb-face to fill space, brace comb which can serve to strengthen comb and prevent movement, or they can build cross-comb which is basically a middle-finger to the beekeeper and makes the frames unmoveable (which, if you've read ahead, you know is the main beekeeping innovation in the last few thousand years).

Haplo-Diploidy

Worker bees are 75% related to their sister and only 50% related to their daughter, so it's more beneficial to help take care of sisters and sacrifice fertility

Which caste of bees is involved in the topic of age polyethism?

Workers

If one were to experimentally remove a large number of workers from a colony, how would the development of remaining young workers' behavioral repertoires be affected?

Workers would most likely initiate foraging at an earlier age to make up for the loss in ability to collect resources.

Which of the following symptoms would support a diagnosis of European foulbrood?

Yellow larvae that are twisted in cells.

Brood pheromone is a blend of 10 fatty acid esters that, when added to a group of bees over the period of several days, results in the increased development of mandibular glands. Is this an example of a primer effect?

Yes

What is a mating sign?

a broken piece of a drone's endophallus

Which of the following is not a way that excess water is evaporated from nectar to form honey?

a cap is placed on the cell

What would a honey bee likely see best?

a dark, moving object in front of a light background

what would a honey bee likely see best

a dark, moving object in front of a light background

Which of the following is NOT one of the three defining characteristics of eusociality?

a female biased sex ratio

Which of the following external factors is least likely to influence evolution by natural selection?

a genetic disease that only affects individuals past the age of reproduction

Burying beetles of both sexes show high investment into parental care of their offspring. Based on this fact, which of the following is probably true about burying beetles as compared to species with little parental care.

a higher percentage of offspring make it to reproductive age

What is a kleptoparasite?

a social parasite that steals provisions to feed its young

Wax is secreted by honey bees by paired glands in their _____ and then harden into _______.

abdomen, scales

Wax is secreted by honey bees by paired glands in their ______________ and then harden into _______________.

abdomen, scales

If a beekeeper or an animal keeps bothering a colony (particularly a tropically-adapted colony) or if a colony is facing a drought or a dearth in nectar during warm months when it can fly, the colony might just leave and ___________, or abandon its nest. (be mindful of spelling and part of speech)

abscond

nectar unloaders and processors

accept nectar from foragers via trophallaxis

Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have the highest energetic cost to produce?

acoustical

According to the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, what have the reproductive regulatory networks been co-opted for in the case of the worker caste of honey bees?

adaptive behaviors associated with foraging division of labor

In Figure 2, Drones appear to develop UVop, BLop, and Lop1 before or after emergence?

after

A particularly successful colony may reproduce multiple times, producing several groups of bees that leave the colony accompanied by a virgin queen. These groups are called what?

afterswarms

Afterswarms typically differ from the prime swarm by which of the following characteristics? check all that apply

afterswarms are headed by virgin queens afterswarm populations are smaller

division of labor comes from... for workers

age

Honey Stomach

aka Crop. Stores nectar, can inflate in size

guard bees release what pheromones and from where

alarm, sting and mandibular glands

The same cell in the wax comb of Apis bees may be used for honey or:

all of the above

Which of the following examples gives a character and possible character state?

all of the above

semi-social species

allodapini

A speciation event that occurs because of a separation of populations, possibly due to the formation of mountain ranges, deserts, or changes in sea levels, is called __________ speciation.

allopatric

Which of the following are bees unable to communicate using their dances? (check all that apply)

altitude or vertical position of the resource the most favorable path, or way around obstacles

queens have higher expression of

amTOR mRNA than workers because they eat/assimilate more food

Where are queen cells for emergency queen rearing most likely found?

amidst worker brood cells

parental investment cost and benefit

amount of energy input vs. number of offspring

Hypothetical Situation: You see a bee land at a hive. Other bees at the hive entrance approach it, touch it with their antennae, then appear agitated and begin pulling at its legs with their mandibles. You decide that the first bee probably did not belong to that colony. What does this decision represent?

an inference

Insects pollinators demonstrate high levels of coevolution with what large plant group?

angiosperms

how bees measure comb

antennal pore plate sensors for comb construction, flagellar segments used to measure wall thickness

Bright colors and striking patterns, like those of many wasps, serve to warn potential predators of danger. What is this called?

aposematism

The ______ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones

arnhart

the ____________ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones and are found on the arolium

arnhart

The pad-like structure located between the tarsal claws at the end of honey bee legs is called:

arolium

Which is the largest phylum of animals?

arthropoda

cavity volume preferences

average 40 L

The favored form of execution of an old queen that is no longer producing enough queen pheromone and eggs to sustain the colony is ________ which entails the bees surrounding her and killing her by suffocation, and hyperthermia (cooking). (be mindful of spelling)

balling

Which of the below has NOT been used for apitherapy purposes?

bee eggs

propolis

bee glue, tree resin

What other honey bee pest is often mistaken for a varroa mite?

bee louse, Braula coeca.

The main purpose of a _______ is to prevent stings to the face and head.

bee veil

apairies

bee yard, location where beehives are kept and managed for human use

Apiculture is another word for:

beekeeping

orientation flights

before leaving the colony, occur on warm, sunny, windy days about 1 week before actually foraging to learn the local terrain

intercaste

between queens and workers

primitively eusocial

bombini (bumble bees)

In terms of observational science, an inference is based on:

both prior knowledge and data

Which of the following hive parts forms the entrance to the nest.

bottom board

3-10 days old

brood nurses

Which insects are capable of sonication, or buzz pollination, of flowers like that of tomatoes?

bumble bees

threatening behaviors

buzzing, charging, pre-stinging, biting

This subspecies is unusual in that these bees can lay eggs that develop into females without mating and/or fertilization. A concept called parthenogenesis. (spelling counts)

capensis

0-2 days old

cell cleaners, ~ 40 hrs for this process

What component of the cuticle is responsible for protection from abrasion?

cement layer

what component of the cuticle is responsible for protection from abrasion

cement layer

The proboscis extension reflex (PER) is used often in training honey bees via sugar reward. This reflex is elicited by touching a dissolved sugar solution to the antenna. This is the sensation commonly called, "taste" or the gustatory sense. What sensilla (antennal structures), are involved in the gustatory sense? check all that apply

chaetic sensilla & basiconic sensilla

What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?

change angle and roation (the major movements creating wing beats are from the indirect muscles, but direct muscles do play a smaller role)

what effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing

change angle and rotation

What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?

change angle and rotation (Yes, the major movements creating wing beats are from the indirect muscles, but direct muscles do play a smaller role.)

Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have potentially the greatest specificity, meaning that only the intended target can sense or respond to it appropriately?

chemical

Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have the slowest rate of transmission?

chemical

Refer to the Introduction: In this study, the authors state that it is unknown when opsins are expressed during retinal development nor is it known what the mechanisms are for photoreceptor arrangement is. What hypothesis was created to assess these questions?

circadian control (page 2)

The method for generating phylogenetic trees is called ______________. (spelling counts)

cladistics

What classification rank falls between Phylum and Order?

class

1st job preformed by worker bees

cleaning the cell

For what purpose do bees use their body hairs? check all that apply

cleanliness protection collecting pollen sensation (eg: touch, scent, taste) thermoregulation

nest entrance height

closer to the ground, higher cavities in forested areas

3 types of pupae in insects

coarctate, obtect, exarate

A plant is fed on by a caterpillar. Over time, the plant species evolves toxins that lead to the caterpillar becoming sick and eating less when it feeds on this species of plant. The caterpillar slowly evolves detoxification mechanisms to render this plant toxin useless against it. What process does this exemplify?

coevolution

traits of eusocial species

colony persists beyond life of parents, reproductively diminished class, cooperative groupcare, live in large groups, multiple generational coexisting, sessile, homeostasis, defended/hidden nests

What information about the resource is not conveyed in a waggle dance?

color

Which of the following is the first place pollen from the body is accumulated in the process of getting it ready for transport back to the hive?

comb

which of the following is the first place pollen from the body is accumulated in the process of getting it ready for transport back to the hive

comb

generaized hive task

comb building

Animals exhibiting this kind of behavior share the same nest or nest site, but do not cooperate to rear brood.

communal

holometabolous

complete metamorphosis, eggs to larvae to pupa to adult

TOR

component of the signaling pathway involved in insulin/growth factors in response to nutrient status

Flower _________ is the concept of a forager collecting resources from a single plant species for an extended period of time. (spelling counts)

constancy

Another term for pollen basket is ___________.

corbicula

Give the more scientific term for a worker bee's pollen baskets

corbicula

Give the more scientific term for a worker bee's pollen baskets.

corbicula

The _________, or pollen basket, is a structure on the hind leg of a honey bee that is designed for carrying pollen and propolis. (spelling counts)

corbicula

What specialized structure exists on the outer tibia of the worker bee hind leg?

corbiculum

Which of the following crops does not require any type of insect pollination?

corn

Which major endocrine glands produce prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) to initiate the process of ecdysis?

corpora cardiac

Which major endocrine glands produce prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) to initiate the process of ecdysis.

corpora cardiaca

What is the function of hamuli?

couple fore- and hind wings of Hymenoptera

name the insect leg segments in order from proximal to distal

coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus

What is the fate of a drone that is lucky enough to mate with a queen

death stemming from the eversion process

What is the fate of a drone that is lucky enough to mate with a queen?

death stemming from the eversion process

4 major basic processes that trigger polyethism

decreased exposure to brood pheromone, decreased exposure to QMP, exposure to novel task stimuli endogenous rise in neurochemical titers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the action produced by indirect flight muscles?

deform the thorax

What is the general effect that the piping of an emerged queen has on the subsequent queens about to emerge from their cells

delays their emergence

Which of the following is the most developed part of a larval honey bee's anatomy?

digestive tract

fertilized eggs

diploid , fed either royal jelly or worker diet

inclusive fitness

direct fitness+indirect fitness

What is a symptom of Colony Collapse disorder?

disappearance of the majority of the adult workers

richard alexander

discovered eusociality outside of hymenoptera and isoptera

Langstroth

discovered modern hive with removable frame

In the wax comb, drone pupae visibly differ from worker pupae by:

doomed caps

In a bee, the heart and aorta are located _________. The nerve cord and ganglia are _________.

dorsally; ventrally

climate of nest preference

drafty and dry

Though in many cases, she would be killed upon entry, occassionally (particularly when carrying pollen and nectar) workers from a different hive will be allowed entry and perhaps make permanent residence with the new colony. This event is called ____________. be mindful of spelling and part of speech.

drifting

Which of the following castes is almost exclusively determined by genetics?

drone

Mature drones wait in places called ____ to try and mate with a queen on her mating flight

drone congregation areas

Mature drones wait in places called _________ to try and mate with a queen on her mating flight.

drone congregation areas

transitional areas comb imperfections

drone-to-worker comb, tunnels, and spurs, areas around obstacles

In general, beekeepers can observe that a dark colored queen bee will have dark sons (drones) but her daughters (workers) are often more variable. How might you explain this?

drones have only maternal genetics while daughters have paternal component

In general, beekeepers can observe that a dark colored queen bee will have dark sons (drones), but her daughters (workers) are often more variable. How might you explain this?

drones have only maternal genetics while daughters have paternal component

Which of the following taxa do not have a discovered eusocial member?

duck-billed platypus

Why do honey bees show a preference for contaminated water over a pure source?

due to dissolved minerals, especially salts

queens use this gland to mark their eggs and reduce egg removal

dufour's gland

How are eggs deposited in the aculeate Hymenoptera?

dumped out at the base of the modified ovipositor

When are the reproductive castes reared in perennial colonies of eusocial insects?

during times of abundant resources

Even though they are ____________, bees are able to elevate their body temperature by contracting their wing muscles to produce heat.

ectothermic

Contrary to a solitary indiviudal, that must perform all tasks of brood rearing individually, individuals in groups can cooperate and individuals can specialize at performing particular tasks, leading to increased ________, or a greater result for less individual effort. (be mindful of spelling)

efficiency

Which is the only stage in which drones, workers, and queens have the same developmental time?

egg

chorian

eggshell

The wing of the beetle is sclerotized, hardened, into a protective sheild that gives the insect its characteristic shape; this modified wing is called a(n) _________________. (spelling counts)

elytron

The system of self organization relies on the idea that individuals behave based on cues in the local environment and its interaction with internal factors. The behaviors individuals perform afect the environment in such a way as to present new information for either inducing a behavior in others or in themselves. Over time, even though individuals may be performing small actions based on local cues, a large effect can occur. Examples of this can be schooling in fish, traffic jams, bee swarms, and macroeconomics. THe process by which simple individuals lead to complex global effects is called ________. (be mindful of spelling)

emergence

eclosion

emergence from cell

superorganism traits

emergent properties, eusocial societies, individual behaviors for the collective unit

Bursicon is an insect hormone produced by neural tissues that acts on the epidermal cells to help harden the exoskeleton. To what system would bursicon belong?

endocrine

What part of the drone reproductive tract remains in the queen for a while after mating?

endophallus

what part of the drone reproductive tract remains in the queen for a while after mating

endophallus

characteristics of apiaries

entrance low to ground, extreme colony density, humans are predators, physiographic characteristics similar to nest selection criteria

What part of the digestive system runs through the bee's thorax?

esophagus

Homo sapiens most likely evolved in or near which of the following (modern) countries?

ethiopia

Larvae, while largely unsclerotized and grub-like are described as __________, meaning that they have a sclerotized head capsule adapted to imbibing liquid food. (spelling counts)

eucephalous

An animal that forms societies complex enough to be defined as superorganisms are referred to as __________. (spelling counts)

eusocial

all termite species are

eusocial

naked mole rat is

eusocial mammal

superorganisms

eusocial species usually live in tightly interdependent groups

Honey bee pupae are _________ which means that their legs are free from the body, rather than fused to the body as is found in the lepidoptera (for example). spelling counts

exarate

The pupa of the honey bee is __________ meaning its legs are not fused to the body. (spelling counts)

exarate

nutritional hypothesis

explained superorganism evolution, food received can regulate fertility

epigenetic regulation

expression of genes, jelly turns on queen gene

instars are classified by

eye color

What characteristic may be used to determine the approximate age of honey bee pupae?

eye pigmentation

t/f when scout bees land at a new site, they release Koschevnikov gland pheromones to mark the entrance so that the swarm can find their way

f

A 4-day old larva is more likely to be cannibalized in a time of extreme pollen shortage than a 3-day old larva.

false

A high response threshold for a particular task means an individual is extremely likely to perform that task.

false

A single gene is responsible for the differences demonstrated by high vs. low pollen hoarding strains of bees.

false

Adipocytes are cells of the fat body that synthesize wax

false

Adipocytes are cells of the fat body that synthesize wax.

false

Adult drones forage for nectar themselves.

false

All nectaries are located within flowers

false

Because of the difficulty in caring for diseased, defensive bees, the majority of people who keep bees are commercial beekeepers.

false

Drone congregation areas (DCAs) are very unstable and will change locations annually

false

Early, horizontal hives, were popular in Northern Europe owing to the need to keep combs small to prevent them from collapsing under their own weight.

false

Eusociality has evolved only once in the animal kingdom

false

Headless bees have lost their ability to walk and sting.

false

Hemolymph is kept within vessels, similar to humans.

false

High pollen hoarding strains of bees begin foraging later in life than low pollen strains.

false

Honey bee larvae must chew their way out of eggs.

false

It is common for queens to be out on their mating flights and enter drone congregation areas to find there are no drones present.

false

Male honey bees are killed to collect semen for artificial, or instrumental insemination of queens, but they may survive natural matings.

false

Male honeybees are killed to collect semen for artificial, or instrumental insemination of queens, but they may survive natural matings

false

Nectar being transported back to the hive in the forager's honey stomach is unchanged from when it was still in the plant nectary

false

Newly emerged adult bees begin defending the hive right away with their stingers

false

Newly emerged adult bees begin defending the hive right away with their stingers.

false

Package bees can generally be shipped by standard carriers like the US postal service or UPS.

false

Prepupae uncurl in the cell so that their head faces away from the wax cap

false

Royal jelly, though difficult to extract, is often sold in lotions or in capsules for the treatment of arthritis.

false

The Corpora Cardiaca is the only source of Juvenile hormone

false

The Corpora Cardiaca is the only source of Juvenile hormone (JH).

false

The dorsal-ventral flight muscles are responsible for the downstroke of honey bee wings.

false

The fact that most animal olfactory systems have receptors that are highly specific for many different chemicals improves the possibility of a particular chemical being used as (or evolving into) a pheromone in the future.

false

The queen bee sting is sharper and more barbed than the worker's.

false

There is a sharp transition point at around 15 m where the round dance is abandoned in favor of the waggle dance.

false

a 4-day old larva is more likely to be cannibalized in a time of extreme pollen shortage than a 3-day old larva

false

larger drone cells are not used for nectar storage like worker cells can be

false

t/f due to diploid-diploid nature of honey bees, sister workers are more closely related to e/o rather than to their drone brothers

false

the dorsal-ventral flight muscles are responsible for the downstroke of honeybee wings

false

Individuals of a "superorganism" are usually able to survive and flourish by themselves as well.

false (It takes at least several hundred workers and a queen to have a viable colony in honey bees)

hive ventilation job

fanned with head facing the nest to preform rhythmic "breathing"

behaviors against invertebrates

fanning, kicking, shimmering, balling

honey bee cocoon substances

feces, and white excretory tubule substance

queen tending job

feed, groom, sense, and move pheromone

gender of castes

female only

The very tip of the honey bee glossa is called the:

flabel

the very tip of the honey bee glossa is called the _______

flabellum

The honey bee species that dances on the horizontal surface of the crown of its nest is Apis _________.

florea

All of the following are historical uses for beeswax except which?

food preservation

11-20 days old

food storage

Which of the following characteristics can affect the tempo to a forager's waggle dance? (check all that apply)

forager age race/subspecies of the forager energy expenditure temperature

nest-site scouts

foragers that scout out new potential homes, evaluate several variables during nest-site regulation

if you employ the concept of the superorganism, individuals in a eusocial group can be compared to cells or tissues within an organism. Based on your knowledge of honey bees, which of the following analogies does not make sense?

foragers; ovaries

instar

form taken during stadia

What is not a part of the process by which honey bees turn nectar into honey?

formation of sucrose

Exarate

freely moving - wings and legs are free from the body

exarate pupae

freely moving, found in Apidae

established colonies build comb when current comb is

full and there is high nectar intake, except when when preparing for swarming

sex determining locus

gene coding for sex

factors that affect stinging

genetics, adaptation, temperature, colony size, age

flexibility in the polyethism system

genetics, colony state, foraging environment

Under Linnaeus' system of binomial nomenclature, the scientific name of an organism consists of two parts. The first of these two parts is the __________, which is capitalized and in italics.

genus

What are the two names that unambiguously identify a given organism in the binomial nomenclature system?

genus and species

The __________ or tongue of the honey bee, extends from the proboscis to pump liquids via suction and also is covered in hairs which incidentally collect pollen. (spelling counts)

glossa

Honey is rather acidic (pH ~4). Which processing enzyme is primarily responsible for this acidity?

glucose oxidase

Which of the following enzymes, produced by the honey bee, is used to acidify and produce hydrogen peroxide to contribute to the antimicrobial properties of honey?

glucose oxidase

Consider the following figure from Maisonasse et al., 2010 paper on E-β−ocimene, showing its effects on modulation of worker age of foraging onset and decide whether this chemical represents a graded or discrete signal.

graded

While ripened honey will not spoil, it will form crystals in a process known as _________.

granulation

stadia

growth period between molts

The hind wings of Diptera are modified into structures called:

halteres

The hooks which hold the forewing and hindwing together (the disarticulation of which is a symptom of deformed wing virus transmitted by Varroa mite) are called _____________. (spelling counts)

hamuli

unfertilized eggs

haploid drones

Which is the only part of the honey bee's anatomy which is not broken down and reformed in some way during pupation

heart

during pupal stage, all but the... is broken down

heart

honey bee silk

helps with thermal and mechanical stability, evolved from the social structure of Hymenoptera

The decoupling of brood rearing behaviors from reproduction associated with alloparental (sib-social) care is an example of _____________. (spelling counts)

heterochrony

what shape are cells

hexagons, arranged abck-to-back

bees prefer nest entrances that are

hidden

Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of eusociality?

hidden nests (Hidden and/or well defended nests are typical, but not a defining character)

-low sucrose response threshold -greater ovary development

high pollen hoarding line

Managed bees are provided a convenient domicile to make their nest in. What is this called?

hive

What segment of beekeeping society has seen dramatic increases in recent years?

hobby beekeepers

Donkeys and rabbits share the following characteristics: long ears, hair, and placental development. Their last common ancestor also had hair and placental development, so these two characters could probably be called ___________, whereas the long ears is likely a ___________ character.

homologous, homoplastic

in honey bees allele... at the sex-determining locus leads to the development of diploid drones

homozygocity

Which of the following sugar sources is the most effficient in terms of caloric value?

honey

Which of the following animals are most likely to reproduce by swarming?

honey bees

truly eusocial

honey bees

A period of heavy nectar flow associated with a large crop of harvestable honey is referred to as a _________.

honeyflow

While both are classifications for chemicals used in communication, pheromones pass outside the body from one individual to another, while _____________ are used within an organism for cell-to-cell communication. (be mindful of spelling and part of speech)

hormones

specialized tasks

hygienic behavior, undertakers, guards

Bees, ants, and wasps are all members of the order ________________.

hymenoptera

Which glands appear to be responsible for producing brood food (what your book might erroneously term,"royal jelly")?

hypopharyngeal

Brood food is fed to larvae by nurse bees. It is a glandular secretion made by which two glands?

hypopharyngeal glands & mandibular glands

comb construction begins

immediately and nearly the entire hive makes wax over the nest 24 hrs

when do honeybees defecate as immatures

immediately before the cocoon is spun

Which of the following is a situation in which an older female larva may begin being fed as a queen, instead of this happening from the very start

in an emergency situation if old queen is dead

Which of the following is a situation in which an older female larva may begin being fed as a queen, instead of this happening from the very start?

in an emergency situation if old queen is dead

bees sense gravity so they can build combs...

in orbit (free fall)

as workers age, JH titers

increase

What is an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest in the naked mole rat?

increased workforce to dig through hard soils

individuals who are stung repeatedly by honey bees can desensitize to the venom, which is mediated by the switch from an [1] reaction, which is mediated by [2] and causes the release of histamine, to an [3] reaction mediated by [4], which simply phagocytose (consume and digest) the venom proteins.

individuals who are stung repeatedly by honey bees can desensitize to the venom, which is mediated by the switch from an IgE reaction, which is mediated by Mast cells and causes the release of histamine, to an IgG reaction mediated by Macrophages, which simply phagocytose (consume and digest) the venom proteins.

Lamarck's mechanism of evolution could be described best as:

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Although some of these may be of dubious scientific validity, all are recognized uses of honey except which?

insulation

What is the term for a honey bee that displays both worker-like and queen-like characteristics?

intercaste

female honeybees that are intermediate in characteristics between workers and queens are called ____

intercastes

What is meant by the term "bipotent" as it refers to the fertilized honey bee egg?

it has the ability to become either a queen or a worker

Which of the following is the best explanation of the importance of taxonomic work?

it provides the basis of all further study involving that taxon

how do the bees escape from the cell

it takes them several hours to chew their way out of the wax cap as their cuticle hardens

The nutritional quality of pollen varies based on its total protein content and also

its specific amino acid profile

The nutritional quality of pollen varies based on its total protein content and also:

its specific amino acid profile

What is a characteristic demonstrated by all members of the phylum Arthropoda?

jointed appendages

One of the "internal control mechanisms" that workers may use in the regulation of the development of age-dependent tasks is glandular development or hormones. Which of the following hormones is most important in the regulation of worker age polyethism?

juvenile hormone

Varroa mite is a parasite that feeds on honey bee larvae. From behavioral studies, it appears that Varroa mite are attracted to a chemical produced by larvae (particularly drone larvae) by which the mite will locate and enter cells with developing brood. These chemicals are also involved in the mechanisms by which honey bees assess the number of larvae present in the colony. From your reading, this chemical would be most specifically defined as which of the following?

kairomone

Functional analogies can be made between the Malpighian tubules and _________, and the fat bodies and _________ of vertebrates.

kidneys; liver

The portion of the proboscis that forms a spongy structure used to pull liquids into the tube is called what?

labellum

An extended drought affecting the Galapagos Islands led to a relative increase in fitness for finches with what characteristic?

larger beaks

The guards seen in the eusocial shrimp have what distinctive feature?

larger claws

Of the following honey bee stages, which would have the most extensive fat bodies?

larvae

of the following honey bee stages, which would have the most extensive fat bodies

larvae

Honey bees undergo complete metamorphosis, meaning that they undergo which of the following life stages? (check all that apply)

larvae egg pupae adult

what occurs during the prepupal stage

larvae stretches to the cap of the cell and begins to construct the cocoon

Why do paralyzing wasps only paralyze and not kill prey items?

larval food stays fresh

What ultimately produces the numerous cascading genetic and hormonal effects that turn a female honey bee larva into a queen?

larval nutrition

Refer to the Introduction: According to literature, what stage are the photoreceptors and rhabdoms initially start to develop in Apis mellifera

late larval stage

slumgum

leftover waste in cell from ecdysis

Match the factor affecting division of labor with its effect.

level of stimuli for performing a task, the necessity of a task to be performed ---> C.colony enviornment regulate individual responses through communication and demographics ---> D.social environment sets a baseline of response for each individual B.genetics the possibility that a task can be performed, e.g.: that resources are available ---> A.foraging environment

Typically considered the most popular bee subspecies used in beekeeping, this honey bee has a natural range in Italy, but is now found all over the world. (spelling counts)

ligustica

under normal conditions, brood mortality is

low

-higher likelihood of nectar collection -moderate and stable adult vitellogenin titers

low pollen hoarding line

A new graduate student reviews the scientific literature pertaining to a subject they plan to research. What step of the scientific process does this represent?

make observations

Which of the following represents an ecdysteroid?

makisterone A

hygienic behavior

manage brood diseases, detect and uncap sick, deas, or infested brood

What bee mouthpart/s would most likely be used to pull a dead larva from its cell?

mandibles

Nurse bees are workers that feed larvae from secretions of which of the following glands? (check all that apply)

mandibular hypopharyngeal

The honey bee proboscis is used for all of the following, except:

manipulating wax

the honey bee proboscis is used for all of the following, except:

manipulating wax

What is one way a beekeeper might know that they are seeing worker-laid eggs rather than eggs laid by the queen

many cells contain multiple eggs per cell

The only use drones have in the colony is to ___________.

mate with virgin queens

Which life stage overwinters in primitively eusocial insects, such as bumble bees?

mated adult female (This new queen must single-handedly establish the nest next year, so she is often called a "foundress".)

Portions of what mouthparts fold together to form the honey bee "tongue" or proboscis?

maxillae and labium

The honey bee proboscis is made up of which two structures?

maxillae and labium

solitary species

megachilidae (alfalfa leafcutter bee)

comb builders

middle age, extrude and shape wax

patrolling for work job

middle aged workers in 3 behavioral states: working, resting, patrolling

Of the 3 broad regions of the honey bee digestive system, only the __________ is not affected by ecdysis.

midgut

About 25% of beekeepers report the loss of up to half their colonies each winter. What is the primary cause of these deaths?

mites

In _______ honey, the majority of the nectar used to produce the honey comes from a single plant species.

monofloral

Which of the following would increase "C" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C)?

more nesting sites open, making altruist is more likely to successfully rear its own offspring

The following traits all describe Apis cerana (as compared to Apis mellifera) except:

more winter adapted

The Johnston's organ detects:

motion of the flagellum

the johnston's organ detects

motion of the flagellum

What is not a function of the corpora pedunculata in the honey bee brain?

motor control of mouthparts

ecdysis as a larvae

must molt regularly

Which of the following is one of the only two known species of eusocial mammals?

naked mole rat

A bee that has a high sucrose response threshold is most likely to be found returning to the nest with which of the following resources?

nectar

Which of the following starting materials is the primary source of energy for honey bees?

nectar

Surplus food is brought in and stored in large quantities in the hive during periods known to beekeepers as:

nectar flows

Honey bees do not show __________, meaning that they do not segregate by patriline or prefer to rear super-sister brood or queens. (spelling counts)

nepotism

The Plan to Promote Pollinator Health announcement indicated areas where the general public could help. Which of the following suggestions was not listed?

never use pesticides

Honey bee brood phermone is a blend of 10 fatty acid esters that, when applied to a colony, causes foragers to leave the nest and return with pollen. Foragers generally leave the nest 5 min after treating colonies with esters. Is this an example of a primer effect?

no

after the 3rd instar, can a larvar become a queen after never being fed royal jelly?

no

parts of the larvar

no nonessential parts (legs, eyes, antennae, wings, sting)

do brood nurses feed only 1 larvae

no, they feed many

Which of the following bees, identified as the job she is performing, would you expect to have the most highly developed mandibular glands?

nurse

Which group of worker bees provision the larvae with food derived from glands?

nurses

how are queen/worker eggs differentiated

nutrition

development times depends on

nutrition, temperature, and race of the bee

Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care

offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity

Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care.

offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity

Nasonov Gland

on Last tergite of abdomen- scent chemicals for home marking for foragers

bees' 1st defacation

orientation flights

The queen honey bee ovary is made up of a large number of ___________, in which eggs mature.

ovarioles

the queen honey bee ovary is made up of a large number of _____, in which eggs mature

ovarioles

Bees belong to a group known as the Aculeata, or aculeate hymenopterans. Unlike their parasitic cousins, the Aculeata have a sting. What body structure is modified to become the sting, aka stinger?

ovipositor

What is the defining structure of the aculeate Hymenoptera?

ovipositor modified into a sting

Insect blood is properly called hemolymph; it is responsible primarily for all of these functions but which?

oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange

royal jelly has higher quantity of

pantothenic acid

The assumption used in phylogenetics that says the simplest explanation is the most likely to be correct is called:

parsimony

guards

patrol nest entrance for nest odor derived from comb odors

A chemical used for communication among members of the same species is called a _____________.

pheromone

mechanism behind polyethism

physiological component, juvenile hormone and other hormones

What is the special term used to describe the branched body hairs of bees?

plumose

Although they may superficially resemble each other, social wasps can be separated from bees because they lack what?

plumose hairs

Honey bees can navigate using the sun even on cloudy days because they can detect _________ light.

polarized

Patches of ommaditia on the top of the eye that are sensitive to UV light are also sensitive to __________ light, allowing them to detect the position of the sun. (spelling counts)

polarized

honey bees can navigate using the sun even on cloudy days because they can detect _________ light.

polarized

Though a current fad food advocated (with varying degree of scientific credence) for treatment of sterility, body conditioning, etc., which of the following bee products can occassionally result in fatal allergic reactions?

pollen

Foragers collect which of the following resources for the colony? check all that apply

pollen water propolis nectar

Bee hives are most commonly managed for what two things?

pollination services and honey

Queen bees mate with multiple drones on their mating flights. This is referred to as ________.

polyandry

Accidentally using non-homologous characters, so those not due to common ancestry, is likely to result in what types of groupings?

polyphyletic

nest entrance dirction

position based on morning sun

foragers are... phototaxic, while nurse bees are... phototaxic

positively... negatively

presence an old comb is

prefered

last larval instar

prepupal stage

polyrthism

presence of different work task among different members of a eusocial insect's life

what does not affect stinging

presence of nectar flow

What is the actual difference between bright white vs. darker capped honey on the comb?

presence or absence of air trapped between the wax cap and honey is responsible for the difference in appearance

egg hatching

prior to hatching the gg sinks to the cell bottom, chorian gradually dissolves, releasing the 1st instar larvae

The main reason Dr. Warwick Kerr was hired by the Brazilian government was to breed bees that would ___________.

produce a lot of honey

What does the waggle dance communicate? (check all that apply)

profitability of the resource distance to the resource direction of the resource

Apis bees demonstrate ________ provisioning of brood.

progressive

The 1'st abdominal segment which has become fused to the posterior thorax in the Apocrita is called the:

propodeums

According to the talk by Dr. Spivak, one product important to honey bee social immunity, or social healthcare, is:

propolis

This product is important for sealing and protecting the hive and has its own antifungal and antibacterial properties and is often used as rural medicine in the treatment of wounds and burns.

propolis

edges off hive is coated in

propolis

when identifying a new nest site, entrance ways that are too large can be modified by what hive product

propolis

parts of the hive

propolis layer, honey strorage, pollen storage, brood nest, drone comb, queen cell

royalactin

protein in royal jelly

Which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen gains out of nectar?

proventriculus

Which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen grains out of nectar?

proventriculus

which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen grains out of nectar

proventriculus

feral honey bee nests do not take into account

proximity to water source

Which stage shows the most variation in development time between the different castes of honey bees?

pupal

longest instar

pupal stage

Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in ________________ averages around 53%

queen

which of the following puts the length of developmental time for each caste from egg to adult emergence in the correct order?

queen < worker < drone

What is most likely to occur if two emerged queens are present in one colony at the same time?

queen duel to the death

food with higher sugar content

queen food

which of the following is true if you are comparing the diet of worker vs. queen destined larvae

queen larvae receive more mandibular gland secretions from nurse bees

a hypothetical colony is headed by a queen that was only able to mate with 1 drone. Which of the following is most likely to occur given those circumstances?

queen supersedure

Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in ____ averages around 53%

queens

Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in _____ averages around 53%.

queens

Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in ________________ averages around 53%.

queens

Honey bee larva fed like queens starting at 1 day of age are likely to be

queens of high reproductive quality

Honey bee larva fed like queens starting at 1 day of age are likely to be:

queens of high reproductive quality

In commercial queen rearing, what will happen if the beekeeper loses track of time and allows a queen to emerge freely among the other queen cells?

queens still in cells will be stung to death

The idea of altruism is difficult to reconcile with the theory of natural selection because natural selection is predicated on the survival and reproduction of individuals (thus passing along their genes). Altruistic behavior, as it occurs in nature, involves an individual sacrificing itself, sometimes even dying, in order to protect another. Thus a gene for altruistic behavior at first glance appears to be contradictory because the organism expressing the behavior will simply kill itself in aid of others and the genes will never be passed along. Hamilton's rule of inclusive fitness delineates the conditions under which a hereditary altruistic trait is likely to spread through the population as follows: rb>c Match the constants to their associated definitions to explain, at least in part, how altruistic behaviors could arise through natural selection.

r A. the coefficient of relatedness or the fraction of genes that an altruist shares with the recipient of its altruistic behaviors b B. the fitness the recipient of altruism gains in number of future offspring c C. the fitness loss the altruist suffers by aiding the recipient

Hamilton's Rule and inclusive fitness

rB > C; r = Relatedness B = Benefit to recipient C = reproductive cost to self An example is parental investment into young

hamilton's rule

rB>C

The honey bee digestive tract expands and contracts with the _____, which is found in the hindgut.

rectum

the honey bee digestive tract expands and contracts with the ______________, which is found in the hindgut

rectum

undertakers

removal of dead bees

grooming job

remove parasites, debris, and communication

The "b" of hamilton's equation (rB>C) stands for what exactly?

reproductive benefit gained by recipient of altruistic act

The "B" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C) stands for what exactly?

reproductive benefit gained by recipient of the altruistic act

According to the RGPH, which of the following sterile worker traits is influenced by a pathway associated with reproduction in solitary incests?

responsiveness to sucrose levels

Honey from which of the following plants is toxic to humans and may have been responsible for madness and illness reported by ancient Greek and Roman generals after consuming honey from a particular region.

rhododendron

Your book describes toxic honey that led to the downfall of at least two armies traveling through the Black Sea region. What plant likely produced this toxic honey?

rhododendron

A molecule made up of RNA that acts as both a genotype And a phenotype of catalyzing chemical reactions is called what? (spelling counts)

ribozymes

queen eggs are fed

royal jelly in a queen cup

The larvae forms the pupal cocoon from which of the following materials? check all that apply

salivary secretions & faeces

The name Lepidoptera means:

scale wings

This subspecies is most similar to the Africanized bee, sometimes referred to in popular media, hyperbolically, as the "killer" bee. (spelling counts)

scutellata

Hypopharyngeal glands

secrete royal jelly of "bee milk" which is high in sugar, proteins, and vitamins

Oenocytes

secretion of wax, cuticular lipids

theory behind altruism

selection can be applied to a family (genetic relatedness)

autogrroming

self cleaning

altruism

selflessness

Any chemical involved in communication is called a ___________. (spelling counts)

semiochemical

5 main characteristics in feral honey bee nests

sheltered darkened enclosure, small defensible entrance, size of adequate volume, parallel comb constructed with bee space, separation of brood and food in the comb

Which of the following is a behavior used by Apis bees to regulate the nest temperature when it is too cold?

shivering

cocoon composition

silk made from the salivary glands in adults

nest entrance size

smaller preferred because of thermoregulation and defense

allogrooming

social cleaning

Which of the following best describes the previous* consensus among researchers about the effects of social evolution on the function of reproductive gene and endocrine pathways of the sterile worker caste?

sociality reduces the functionality of these networks

bee space

space between vertical combs, discovered by Lorenzo Langstroth in 1851

What is the most specific taxonomic level? (spelling counts)

species

The causative agent of European foulbrood is Melissococcus pluton, a Gram+ bacterium which has a ____________-shaped cell.

spherical

What makes honey bees actually attract pollen once they arrive at a flower?

static charge developed during flight

Which of the following honeys from other insects, is actively produced for uses in traditional medicine?

stingless bees

An animal that exhibits behaviors of parental care can said to be __________.

subsocial

[1] animals simply exhibit parental care whereas [2] animals exhibit a division of reproductive labor, but among cofoundresses/individuals of the same generation.

subsocial animals simply exhibit parental care whereas semisocial animals exhibit a division of reproductive labor, but among cofoundresses/individuals of the same generation.

Which of the following enzymes, more regularly termed invertase, is produced by honey bees to break sugars down to monosaccharides?

sucrase

It is sometimes helpful when trying to understand the functionality of a colony of eusocial organisms to think of the colony as one collective, living unit. This is the concept of the _____

superorganism

5% of trees have...

survivable, accessible cavities

Which of the following is an emergent property of a honey bee colony?

swarm formation

Populations of animals occupying the same geographic area are called:

sympatric

The insect body plan is divided broadly into three regions called what?

tagmata

The science of identifying, describing, classifying, and applying universal names to organisms is called _____________? (spelling counts)

taxonomy

The science of identifying, describing, officially naming, and classifying organisms is called _____________.

taxonomy

The science of identifying, describing, officially naming, and classifying organisms is called:

taxonomy

A newly emerged bee, that still appears fuzzy and soft because her (or his) cuticle hasn't finished drying from its final ecdyses is called ___________. (spelling counts)

teneral

An insect that is light in color and soft because it recently underwent ecdysis is called what?

teneral

What does the round dance communicate? (check all that apply)

that the resource is close resource profitability

According to the authors, what does the concept of the superorganism completely fail to explain?

the developmental evolution of this social structure at the genetic level

What is the difference between a queen cell and a queen cup

the presence of an egg/larva in a queen cell

Workers of the subspecies Apis mellifera capensis, are (almost) uniquely possessing of the ability to lay female eggs without having previously mated. This type of parthenogenesis is called __________. (be mindful of the tricky spelling)

thelytoky

what happens to diploid drone larvae

they are eaten by workers after hatching before emergence

In the time-lapse video on honey bee development, why do larvae swim circles in their cells?

they are moving forward as they consume food left in the cell

why are honeybees truly social

they have all 3 aspects of eusociality: overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and reproductive division of labor

how do queens determine cells

they sense them using their forelegs, based on diameter of cell

how bees regulate temperature

they sit by the entrance to fan their wings and shiver

The ____________ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones.

thoracic

The largest muscle groups are located within the ________, which is one of the three major segments of insects.

thorax

the largest muscle groups are located within the ________, which is one of the three major segments of insects

thorax

Why would factors associated with female reproductive biology affect foraging behavior in a solitary ancestor of the honey bee?

to coordinate reproduction and foraging for resources to provision offspring

why are cells hexagons

to maximize space usage

Acarapis woodi is a honey bee parasite that lives within the _______ of the respiratory system

trachea

Acarapis woodi is a honey bee parasite that lives within the __________ of the respiratory system.

trachea

Which of the following dances is involved in the transition of bees into nectar processing?

trambling

comb imperfection categories

transitional areas and deformation over time

Nectar processors receive nectar from foragers by _________ and evaporate it on their mandibles, while adding salivary and head gland secretions to process the sugars. (be mindful of spelling)

trophallaxis

The sharing of liquid food among members of the hive is called ____________. (spelling counts)

trophallaxis

How does the adult queen bee obtain nutrition?

trophallaxis from retinue members

A successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus

true

A successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus.

true

Africanized honey bees behave most similarly to high-pollen hoarding lines, implying a connection between pollen collection and survivability in tropical and sub-tropical environments.

true

Afterswarms are headed by virgin queens

true

Afterswarms are headed by virgin queens.

true

Alarm phermone production increases as worker bees age

true

Alarm pheromone production increases as worker bees age.

true

All of the ants (Formicidae) are eusocial

true

All of the ants (Formicidae) are eusocial.

true

Because Africanized bees develop more quickly from the larval and pupal stages to adults, they are more resistant to build-up of mite populations in their colonies.

true

Bees can sting through most fabric if it is touching your skin.

true

Consuming herbivorous insects, like honey bee brood, ants, termites, or locusts, is an efficient way to add protein to the human diet on par with chicken. This may be one way future generations use to tackle the problem of feeding increased populations.

true

Drones have more eye facets (lenses) than workers

true

Drones will all perish before winter

true

Eusocial organisms are more likely to sacrifice their lives to defend their colony

true

Honey bee larva can be seen in open cells curled into a position that resembles the letter "C" up until the prepupal stage

true

Inbreeding may cause the occurrence of diploid drones to increase

true

Interbreeding may cause the occurrence of diploid drones to increase

true

The epidermis secretes the new cuticle during ecdysis.

true

The eusocial shrimp shown in the video make their home inside sponges.

true

The same pheromone (or pheromone complex) in honey bees serves as a sex pheromone or attractant and as a regulator of worker ovary function, depending on the context.

true

The study of pollen is known as Palynology

true

There are expression differences between female and male honey bees.

true

Worker larvae receive a larger proportion of nurse bee hypopharyngeal gland secretions than mandibular gland secretions in their diet

true

a successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus

true

drones have more eye facets than workers

true

drones will perish before winter

true

honey bee workers have the longest proboscis of all the castes

true

in tests using PER, a honey bee is trained to extend her proboscis after a stimulus is given

true

the epidermis secretes the new cuticle during ecdysis

true

under normal conditions brood mortality is low

true

Nervous System

two part Brain with 7 ganglia along ventral thorax and abdomen and can operate on their own

What wavelength of light is bee vision shifted toward as compared to human vision?

ultraviolet

Wax glands are found on which portion of the body?

underside of the abdomen

What specialized group of worker bees removes dead bees from the nest?

undertakers

eggs laid in horizontal cells are

unfertilized

What type of nitrogenous waste is dumped into the hindgut by the Malpighian tubules?

uric acid

what type of nitrogenous waste is dumped into the hindgut by the Malpighian tubules

uric acid

festooning

used when constructing a new comb

What parasite can be seen during the pupal stage in the time-lapse bee development video?

varroa mites

Exact development time and quality of the emerging adult bee can vary based on all of the following except

varying number of larval instars

The antimicrobial properties of honey, especially in darker varieties, is attributed to everything except

viscosity

In hymenoptera, there is a constricted segment connecting the first abdominal segment (which is fused to the thorax) with the rest of the abdomen, termed the gaster. This structure is called a petiole, but your book, erroneously (but poetically) calls this a ___________. be mindful of spelling and include the hyphen

wasp-waist

A bee that is very sensitive to sugar (eg: her probscosis extension reflex occurs at a very low sucrose concentration) is most likely to be found returning to the nest with which of the following resources?

water

The small body size of insects makes them subject to proportionally greater:

water loss

propolis does what for the hive

waterproofing, temperature regulation, disease prevention

What resource is not gathered by foragers (or "field bees" per the text)?

wax; it is instead secreted by the bees themselves

deformation over time comb imperfections

weight and heat, build up of cocoons and waste

What color is extruded wax or fresh drawn comb?

white

Which of the following castes represents the somatic tissue of the colony?

worker

Why are worker-laid eggs not as neatly placed in cells as the queen's?

worker abdomen is too short to reach the bottom of cells

hollow space is the size of the

worker cell (about the size of a worker)

Mushroom bodies are largest in which bee caste?

workers

mushroom bodies are largest in which bee caste

workers

critical age

workers can still feed larvae jelly for the first time before the 3rd instar and it can change into a queen

Quasi-social species

xylocopinae (carpenter bees)

Isoamyl acetate, or banana oil, has a molecular formula of C7H14O2 and a mass of 130 grams/mol. Based exclusively this information, would you expect this to be a volatile (airborne) pheromone?

yes

Match the queen term to her (reproductive) behavior.

young queen who does not lay eggs ---> C.virgin queen reproductively active queen that lays many fertile eggs ---> D.mated queen an old or damaged or simply unlucky queen that lays only male eggs ---> A.drone layer


संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

Ch. 1: Accessing Your Health Quiz

View Set

Unit 9 Real Estate Agency (Weight 8%)

View Set

History of the Internet and World Wide Web

View Set