Exam 2 ENTO 320
teneral
"baby bee", after emergence
Looking at the timing of queen sexual maturity, what happens around day 7?
"nuptial" or mating flights begin
In terms of economics, how much money per year do the results of honey bee pollination account for in the U.S.?
$15 billion
Mandibles
- "jaws" - move laterally and manipulate resources ( ingest pollen, cut and shape food) - nest construction - feed brood and queen - defense, grooming, carrying debris
Honeybee Wings
- 2 pairs, 1st is the largest - each wing has numerous veins on the surface that carry blood and nerve signals - veins create a network of cells and provide support to the wing - joines by hamuli
Egg Stage
- 3 days in all castes - Clued into vertical position - Egg-marking pheromones - Size ~ 0.12-0.22 mg, 1.3-1.8mm - Chorion (eggshell)
Honeybee legs
- 3 pairs, one on each segment - used for locomotion and sensory - work as pair of triangles -- 1 & 3 w/ opposite 2 - each pair has special adaptations
What is the epicuticle?
- A sclerotized, cement layer that protects the insect from abrasion and water loss
Diploid Drones
- Allele frequencies -- Natural Chance -- Inbreeding - Diploid drone larvae are eaten by workers hours after hatching
Obtect pupae
- Appendages are more or less stuck to the body -- Lepidoptera -- Chrsalis
Thoracic glands
- Arnhart glands
Two main head internal organs
- Brain - Subesophageal ganglion
Head Internal Organs
- Brain --Optic lobes -- Antennal lobes - Mushroom bodies - Subesophageal ganglion
How do bees "see"?
- By assembling a mosaic in the large optic lobes of the brain from hundreds of different facets - They distinguish patterns only if they are sufficiently different and image has enough brokenness
What are the functions of epicuticle?
- Communication - Thermoregulation - Water balance - Predator avoidance
Sting Gland
- Composed of Dufour's and Koschevnkov glands that release pheromones, isopentyl acetate, when a bees stings and causes the alarm behavior - Mandibular gland also aids in alarm - Alarm components increase with age
What are the major sense organs on the head?
- Compound Eyes - Ocelli - Antennae - Mouthparts - Sensory hairs
What are the leg segments?
- Coxa - Trochanter - Femur - Tibia - Tarsus
Drone Reproductive Organs
- Designed to evert the genital apparatus into the queen during mating - internal endophallus and a pair of copulatory claspers - mate once and die when endophallus breaks off in the queen
Head Glands
- Develop after emerged bees feed on pollen - only develop in workers - more developed in nurse bees to feed brood
What makes a queen?
- Different organisms can be generated from identical genomes - One genetic blue print to make 2 females - This can be done by epigenetic regulation
Sex Determination
- Diploid = Females - Haploid = Drones (larger cells and horizontal)
Stages of Cell Life
- Egg - 1st-5th instar - Larva spinning - larva stretching - Prepupa - Late prepupa - Pupa
How often do honey bees molt?
- Every 24 hours during first 4 days of life - Then, A few times in the pre-pupal stage
Where does the brain receives input?
- Eyes and Antennae
Larval stage
- Feeding machines - no legs, eyes, antennae, wings, or stinger - simple mouth parts, mostly midgut and hindgut - C-shape and lay at bottom of shell
Worker caste determination
- Female - Facultatively sterile - Small body size - Stinger - Smaller eyes - Pollen baskets - Wax and hypopharyngeal glands
Queen Caste Determination
- Female - Fertile - Larger body size - Ovipositor - Smaller eyes - No pollen basket - Mandibular glands (alter worker behavior)
What does the Malphighian tubules do?
- Filters waste from the hemolymph, dumped into the digestive tract as uric acid, then pass into the rectum where valuable ions, minerals, and water are reabsorbed before excretion
Glandular Functions
- Food processing - Wax production - Communication - Defense
What makes up an insect body plan?
- Head - Thorax - Abdomen
Honey bee Silk
- Helps with thermal and mechanical stability - Not as strong as spider or silkworm silk - led to evolution of social structure
What does the honey crop do?
- Holds nectar for returning to colony, not for personal use - Compressed when not in use - Closed by a muscular valve (proventriculus)
Head Glands
- Hypopharyngeal (maxillary) glands - Mandibular glands - Labial (salivary) glands
What makes up the hindgut?
- Ileum - Rectum
What is the antenna cleanser?
- Indented area on forelegs with special still airs that clean the antennae during grooming
Bee Flight Muscles
- Indirect wing muscles, flight muscles not directly attached to wing itself, are located in thorax and occrur as complimentary pairs
What are the four mouthparts?
- Labrum - Mandibles - Maxilla - Labium
Prepupal stage
- Last larval instar - stretches to the cap of cell and constructs the cocoon ~24-48 hours - Followed by quiescent period - called 6th instar, no ecdysis
Slumgum
- Left over waste, by product of making beeswax - Attractive to bees - Also used as fertilizer
What are the functions of the proboscis?
- Liquid ingestion (honey, nectar, water) - Exchange of liquids (trophallaxis) - Licking to transfer pheromones or for grooming - Pollen collection
Arnhart glands
- Located on the arolium - chemicals produced known as "footprint" pheromones - deposited as the bee walks - used to mark home and food - attractive to other bees
What is the thorax?
- Locomotor section of the body - Sclerotized to provide strength for muscle attachment - 3 segments - Where the legs and wings are attached
What is the description of Malpighian tubules?
- Long, tube-like structures that are suspended in the body cavity that are connected to the digestive tract and located between the ventriculus and intestine
Drone Caste Determination
- Male - Fertile - Large body size - No stinger - Larger body size - No stinger - Larger eyes - No pollen baskets - No glands for performing any tasks
What are the main excretory organs?
- Malpighian tubules
What are the exocrine glands?
- Mandibular - Hypopharyngeal - Head labial - Tergite - Nasonov - Koschevnikov's - Duflour's - Wax
What makes up the foregut?
- Mouth - Pharynx - Esophagus - Honey stomach/ crop
What makes up the internal anatomy?
- Musculature - Digestive System - Fat body - Respiration - Circulation - Nervous System - Endocrine/Exocrine - Reproductive system
Abdominal Glands
- Nasonov gland - Dufour's glans - Sting Gland - Koschevnkov gland
The Corpora Allata
- ONLY source of Juvenile Hormone, involved in queen-worker differentiation and division of labor in workers
Mushroom Bodies
- Olfactory learning and long- and short-term memory - Olfactory input and some visual input - Largest in foraging workers
Eclosion
- One last molt from pupae to adult - Called "teneral" - Remains in cell for several hours polt molt to allow cuticle to harden - Chews its way out of wax cap
Reproductive System
- Ovaries have 2 lateral groups of pairs 150-200 ovarioles per ovary - Queen lays up to 2000 eggs per day
Nurse Bees Head Glands
- Produces components for "Royal Jelly"
What are the segments of the thorax?
- Prothorax (T1) - Mesothorax (T2) - Metathorax (T3)
What makes up the midgut?
- Proventriculus - Ventriculus - *Malpighian tubules
Sex determination
- Queen lays eggs - Fertilized= workers or queens - Unfertilized = Drone
Female Caste Determination
- Royal jelly has higher quantity of pathorthenic acid -- Royalactin - protein - 34% vs 12% for workers' sugar quantity
Egg hatching
- Sags to cell bottom - Chorion begins to dissolve
What is the composition of the exoskeleton?
- Sclerotized plates with membranous areas - Consists of chitin
Larval Mortality Patterns
- Sealed workers brood survival ~ >85% - Drone broods ~ 60% - Queen brood ~ 53%
Endocrine Organs
- Secrete hormones that are key in chemical processes - Open to the outside and produce pheromones that strongly influence bee behavior
Homonal control: amTOR
- Signaling pathway involved in insulin/insulin-like frowth factors in response to nutrient status -- Affects growth, development, and sugar processing - Queens have more than workers
Pupal Stage
- Small Wing pads attach to thorax - All muscles broken down except for heart - New attachments form on inside of the cuticle - Most internal organs broken down and reformed - Neural regeneration from larval ganglia - Unsclerotized - Exarate - Claasified by eye color
Young Worker Emergence
- Soft, cuticle finishes hardening after ~24hrs - Completes development over next 8-10 days - Teneral bess are light colored, fuzzy until cuticle and body hairs harden - Cannot sting until cuticle around sting glands has hardened
What is PTTH?
- Stimulates production of ecdysteroids by the prothoracic gland
What are the functions of the exoskeleton?
- Structure and attachment - Protective - Conserves water - Provides structural support - Barrier
What do salivary glands secrete?
- Sucrase - Lipase - Amylase - Invertase
What is the adaptation for the hind legs?
- They have hairs arranged in a special pattern, known as the corbicula, to carry pollen from flower to hive
What is the ventriculus?
- This acts as a stomach - A bee eats food, the valve is opened and the food passes through - coiled and averages twice the length of the bee body
Spiracles
- Thoracic and abdominal air openings - 8 pairs - Largest behind the wings
What runs by each cell to carry oxygen?
- Tracheoles
Abdomen characteristics
- Wasp-waist (propodeum) - no external attachments - 7 segments with a spiracle on each
Wax Glands
- Wax is used to build comb - Located on 4th-7th abdominal segments - Shrink when wax is not produced - Wax collects on wax mirrors and hardens into scales
The Corpora Cardiaca
- a neurohemal organ that sores and releases the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)
Dufour's gland
- associated with egg-marking by the queen - workers cannot mate but some still lay eggs - workers prevent eggs from being reared so then queen's are not removed when they're marked
Musculature Description
- attached to processes on inner cuticle - takes up most of the volume of the thorax - muscles running between two segments may produce movement over a joint - abdomen contains smaller muscle groups than thorax
What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?
- direct muscles play a secondary role in flight -change angle and rotation
Hemimetabolous development
- egg, nymph, adult Incomplete- nymphs and adults look similar
Labrum
- front-most - serves as protective shield closing the mouth cavity
What is the stinger?
- highly modified ovipositor that has lost the egg laying function - has muscles that helps drive the stinger into victim - tiny barbs ensure it stays in the victim so the alarm chemical remains at the sting site
Cocoon
- made of silk from proteinaceous secretions (salivary gland) - Larvae defecate early in construction - Excretory tubules and midgut closed off until feeding is complete - Feces and substance from excretory tubules most used in construction
What is chitin?
- nitrogen containing polysaccharide - Generally arrayed in cuticular protein layer - Principal component of the exoskeleton
Spermatheca
- queen's sperm-storing organ - they mate with 5-20 males - can hold up to 3-6 million sperm cells
Nasonov gland
- scent gland - found beneath the tergite of last abdominal segment - worker uncovers a scent canal, raises the abdomen, and fans the wings, dispersing the chemicals - newly-emerged bees secrete little scent, foragers secrete max for orientation to home site - low levels in winter
What are bottom abdominal segments?
- sternites
What are top abdominal segments?
- tergites
What makes up the nervous system?
- two-part brain with 7 ventral ganglia in the thorax and abdomen
Eggs
0.12 - 0.22 mg 1.3 - 1.8 mm Laid in an upright, vertical position
Order the events of the origins of life in time from earliest (1) to latest (5).
1. Formation of the moon 2. First land plants 3. Cambrian explosion 4. First land animals 5. Humans
Order the following txonomic levels from most different kinds of animals (1) to least different kinds of animals (4)
1. Phylum 2. Order 3. Family 4. Genus
total amount of wax used to build nest
1.2 Kg
Honey bees use a number of cues in a hierarchical manner to navigate and orient to resources and return to the nest. Rank them in order from the most used (top) or primary mechanisms, to the most proximal (bottom) or subordinate cues.
1.Visible compass direction of the sun 2.Direction of polarization of light 3.Landmarks 4.Earth's magnetic field
About what percentage of a colony's foragers are usually scouts seeking out new resources?
10%
total number of cells built
100,000
The earliest evidence of human interaction with bees is found from approximately how long ago?
10000 years
typical nests
100k cells, 8 vertical combs, 1/3 stores neccessary to survive winter
How many segments do the antennae have?
12
cells are angled
13.5 degrees upward to prevent dripping
Queen bees require how many days of development from egg to adult?
16
haploid
16 chromosomes
Egg -> Queen
16 days
egg to emergence time for queen
16 days
ripened honey is what percent water
18
At what water concentration is honey considered to be ripe, that is, it will not undergo fermentation?
18.6
Salivary Gland
2 pairs, dilute food and bind pollen with Sucrase, amylase, and lipase
honey bees have ___ compound eyes and ____ ocelli
2, 3
A queen in her prime can be expected to produce around ______ eggs in a day.
2,000
Isopentyl acetate (IPA) is produced by the glands of the sting apparatus. What is the other major alarm pheromone and where is it produced?
2-heptanone; worker mandibular glands.
total surface area built
2.5 m^2
The minimum colony size is a queen plus ___ workers.
200
Worker bees require how many days of development from egg to adult
21
Worker bees require how many days of development from egg to adult?
21
Worker honey bees take approximately ____ days to develop from egg to adult emergence.
21
Egg -> Adult worker
21 days
eggs to emergence time for worker
21 days
Foraging behavior
21 days to death collect nectar, pollen, resin, and water
How fast are wings?
230 beats/sec 23 km/hr (empty)
Drones require how many days of development from egg to adult?
24
Egg -> Drone
24 days
egg to emergence time for drones
24 days
length of prepupal stage
24-48 hrs
About what percent of the colony is committed to collecting resources in a particular day?
25
The earliest examples of humans keeping bees in hives come from Egypt at around what date?
2500 BC
When is wax production maximal?
2nd-3rd week of life
Approximately when is the "critical age" concerning worker vs. queen development?
3 day old larva
egg stage length
3 days in all castes
At the point at which a honey bee worker begins the job of foraging, about how much longer will she live?
3 more weeks.
A queen bee's spermatheca can hold up to how many sperm cells?
3-6 Million
A queen bee's spermatheca can hold up to how many sperm cells?
3-6 million
a queen bee's spermatheca can hold up to how many sperm cells
3-6 million
range of middle aged bees
3-7 days
diploid
32 chromosomes
brood temperature inside nest
33-36 degrees celcius
Which of the following is an alarm pheromone that is only produced by Africanized honey bees?
3M2BA
Of the potential nest sites described below, which is most likely to be chosen by a swarm of honey bees?
40 L cavity, not completely watertight.
Assess the volume of the cavity using the formula provided in lecture. V=(MFPL*SA)/4 Where the scout's estimate of the surface area is 2000 cm2 And the mean free path length is 80 cm Your answer will be in cm3 or milliliters.
40,000 ml
What volume of cavity would usually be preferred by bees when choosing a nest site?
40L
Wax Glands
4th - 7th abdominal segments, covered by wax mirrors, maximal at 2-3 weeks
During which larval instar does the bulk of the growth occur?
5
How many eyes (total) does a honey bee adult have?
5
How many segments do honey bee tarsi have?
5
larval stage length
5 days
Mating Flights
5-30+ minute flights up to 1-3 miles away 50% of queens will go on one flight, 45% on two, and 5% of queens will go on 3 mating flights
What is the average adult lifespan for a worker bee in the (temperate) summer?
6 weeks.
The first animals arose on the Earth approximately __________ million years ago.
600
A traditional use of beeswax is in casting, in which a model is carved from the wax and used to make a mold which may or may not be reused. The wax is then melted out (lost-wax technique) and the final material can be poured into the mold. What is the melting temperature (°C) of wax that makes this process effective?
62
How many facets does each compound eye have?
6900
Approximately how much honey is required to make the wax combs of a complete nest (say around 100,000 cells)? Your answer should be in kilograms.
7.5 gm
Honey has been the primary sugar source for humans (and hominins) for millenia. Sugar cane, a modern alternative, was not available to Mediterranean peoples (the major beekeeping cultures) until approximately what date?
700 AD
Full sisters in honey bees share, on average, what percentage of their genetic material?
75%
total # of combs built
8
length of time it takes the teneral adult to complete development
8-10 days
At what internal thoracic temperature are bees capable of flight?
86° F (30° C)
Which of the following compounds is a major part of queen mandibular pheromone?
9 ODA (9-oxodecenoic acid)
What is the long-range sex attractant sensed by drones and produced by virgin queens?
9-ODA
Which letter represents the esophagus?
A
"Queen substance" is:
A blend of QMP plus other glandular secretions.
Integrated Pest Management programs rely on what type of control measures?
A combination of all available methods.
A decrease in the level of [1] appears to trigger queen rearing behaviors, but a decrease in the level of [2] seems to signal the colony to supersede the queen as she is no longer viable.
A decrease in the level of queen pheromone appears to trigger queen rearing behaviors, but a decrease in the level of brood pheromone seems to signal the colony to supersede the queen as she is no longer viable.
Burying beetles of both sexes show high investment into parental care of their offspring. Based on this fact, which of the following is probably true about burying beetles as compared to species with little parental care.
A higher percentage of offspring make it to reproductive age.
A honey bee [1] is kept in a [2] which is located in a [3].
A honey bee Colony is kept in a Hive which is located in a Apiary.
All superorganisms extant today are most likely evolved from subsocial behaviors, which consist of all of the following except which?
A mother spawning eggs to be distributed randomly by wind or water to be fertilized.
Which of the following is not a possible mechanism of reproductive isolation in closely related species occupying the same geographic area?
A mountain range forms between the species which neither can cross.
What is the proboscis?
A sucking tube with inner and outer chamber ending in the spoon-shaped labellum and glossa
To which subspecies does the Africanized honey bee present in the Americas belong?
A. m. scutellata
Which was the earliest subspecies of honey bee to be brought to the Americas by European settlers?
A.m. mellifera
Africanized honey bees are more resistant to Varroa mite, a parasite of brood. Which of the following traits of AHB do not contribute to this resistance?
AHB collect less nectar and therefore visit fewer flowers, making it harder for the mite to be transmitted from one colony to the next
Wax is secreted by honey bees by paired glands in their ______________ and then harden into _______________.
Abdomen/Scales
Based on the characteristics of a good home, where would be the best place to place a bait box if the intent is to catch a swarm?
About 3 m up in a tree and at least partially in the shade
Which of the following determines the threshold of response of the honey bee swarm, integrating the signals from the scouts and effecting the decision to a particular nest site.
About 30 scout bees at a particular nest site at the same time All the scouts dancing for a particular nest site Nasonov secretions reaching the swarm from the potential nest site
Tracheal Mites
Acarapis woodi
[1] evaporation involves bees drawing nectar into bubbles or droplets between their mandibles, while [2] evaporation involves bees fanning to circulate air throughout the nest while honey ripens in cells.
Active evaporation involves bees drawing nectar into bubbles or droplets between their mandibles, while Passive evaporation involves bees fanning to circulate air throughout the nest while honey ripens in cells.
According to the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, what have the reproductive regulatory networks have been co-opted for in the case of the worker caste of honey bees?
Adaptive behaviors associated with foraging division of labor.
Which of the following cell types are most likely to be involved in the storage of vitellogenins or glycogen?
Adipocytes
The historical definition of a "superorganism" relies on a population of animals has which of the following traits? (check all that apply)
Adults are divided in to reproductive castes where some individuals are highly reproductive while others are nonreproductive (or partially so) Multiple generations of individuals cohabitate Individuals of diminished reproductive potential care for the offspring
After returning to the nest, foragers carrying [1] pass their contents to receiving bees directly through [2], while foragers carrying [3], deposit it directly into a cell, where it is [4] by processing bees later.
After returning to the nest, foragers carrying nectar pass their contents to receiving bees directly through trophallaxis, while foragers carrying pollen, deposit it directly into a cell, where it is moistening by processing bees later.
Eclosion
After the last molt the "teneral" adult will wait for several hours to harden then chew its way out of its cell
Sexual Maturity
After which, Reproductive castes will fly out to mate Drones: ~12 days Queen: ~5-6; Nuptual flights at ~7 days old, laying after ~10 days
Swarms of bees that occur after an initial swarm has already departed the nest are called:
Afterswarms
What is the key difference between age polyethism and reproductive division of labor in honey bees?
Age polyethism is based on age.
A _________ is a group of individuals gathered in the same place but who do not construct nests or rear offspring in a cooperative manner. be mindful of spelling and part of speech
Aggregation
Which type of signal/s are most likely to be communicated between species?
Alarm and defense.
Eusocial Species
All Termites, All Ants, Several Bees, Naked Mole rat
The same cell in the wax comb of Apis bees may be used for honey or:
All of the above
The development time of a honey bee from egg to adult is affected by which of the following factors?
All of these
All of the following members of Apoidea mass provision their young except some members of which?
Alladapini
Semisocial Bees
Allodapini Larvae are not reared in cells Some are more or less social Weak hierarchy with no clear morphological division and flexible division of labor
Which of the following diseases has a causative agent that is a rod-shaped bacterium and is singly responsible for the loss of up to 1% of colonies worldwide?
American foulbrood
Where are queen cells for emergency queen rearing most likely to be found?
Amidst worker brood cells.
What is a Honeybee's circulatory system?
An open system with a major organ, 4-chambered heart, and the aorta that carries blood to the head
Select all of the following superorganisms that commonly contain morphologically distinct subclasses of workers.
Ants (Formicidae) Termites (Blattodea)
Which of the following insects produce excretions, called honeydew, that is a source of nectar for honey?
Aphids
Bees occasionally forage on honeydew for its sugar. What is the source of honeydew?
Aphids and related insects.
Truely Eusocial Bees
Apis Melifera Our model organism, which forms the superorganism that is the colony
Varroa mites made a fairly recent host shift from ______ to Apis mellifera.
Apis cerana
Which species is most likely responsible for the creation of these nests?
Apis dorsata
Select all of the following honey bee species that are considered to be members of the Megapis subgenus commonly known as giant honey bees.
Apis dorsata Apis laboriosa
This nest was collected in India, which of the following honey bee species most likely made the nest pictured?
Apis florea
Which of the following bee species dances on the top of their comb, with their dance pointing directly at the resource?
Apis florea
Which of the following honey bee species do not nest in cavities?
Apis florea
Which of the following cavity nesting species is least Asian in distribution?
Apis mellifera
Which of the following is a correct binomial representation of the universal name for the honey bee?
Apis mellifera
Select the three months that you would expect the most swarming to occur if you kept bees in Texas. (choose 3)
April May September
Following the collapse of the Roman empire, most of Europe reverted to primitive skep-building to keep bees excepting Spain, who owing to the cultural influence resulting from the invasion of which people revitalized beekeeping (and other) technology?
Arabs
Although all of South America was populated by Africanized honey bees by 1983, some countries were less affected than others. Which of the following countries retained feral poluations that were largely European, due in large part to their geography?
Argentina
The ____________ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones.
Arnhart
Which of the following animal phyla do the honey bees belong?
Arthropoda
Match the taxon to its appropriate taxonomic level.
Arthropoda A. Phylum Crabronidae B. Family Lepidoptera C. Order Bomini F. Tribe Varroa E. Genus destructor D. Species
Where is the honey crop?
At the anterior end of abdomen
Where are endocrine organs?
Attached to the nerve chords, by the esophagues
Which letter denotes the structure used for carrying nectar back to the hive for processing into honey?
B
How is the old queen most often killed under circumstances of supersedure?
Balling by workers.
Bees leave a space between comb faces, bridges, and tunnels that is pretty much the height of a worker. In a spark of nomenclatural genius, we call this measurement, _________. (be mindful of spelling and spacing....pun intended).
Bee space
Which of the following scenarios is most likely an example of communication? (check all that apply)
Bees buzzing around your face prior to stinging Honey bee waggle dance
Drone Pupae
Bigger than workers, so larger cells that are usually on the edges of the frame
What is the function of melanin in insect immune function?
Bind to surface elements of foreign cells and aid phagocytosis by haemocytes
Releasing lady bugs to predate on aphids in a garden would be an example of what type of pest control measure?
Biological
Which of the following species definitions cannot be applied to extinct animals?
Biological
Eusocial insects in which current Order are unique in having both male and female workers.
Blattodea
Proventriculus
Blocks nectar from passing, filters out pollen from the crop to concentrate it. Triangular lips with stiff hairs and pouches
Plant diversity creates a more nutritionally balanced diet for honey bees, especially in terms of pollen. What other benefit do honey bees gain through this diversity?
Blooms available more of the year.
Conditionally/Primitively Eusocial Bees
Bombini Hierarchy breaks down at reproductive times
The social structure of which member of Apoidea tends to break down once males are produced?
Bombini/Bumble Bees
The social structure of which member of Apoidea tends to break down once males are produced?
Bombini: bumble bees
Consider the following scenario, you have a hive box that you've made out of balsam fir, a tree you later learn produces a chemical that functions like juvenile hormone. Your colony does not develop normally. Which of the following symptoms would you attribute to the characteristics of the balsam fir?
Both A & B
What characteristic do cells of the wax comb containing bee bread and cells containing drone larvae share?
Both are in open cells.
What would be the simplest and safest way to purchase bees for the first time?
Buying bees as a package
The dance that induces a cluster to break up and take flight is the _________.
Buzzing run
A smoker is used to calm bees and suppress guarding or defensive behavior during inspections. How does the smoke purportedly function? check all that apply
By clogging their antenna with material, making it difficult to orient to the beekeeper and 1 more choice, NOT By drugging the bees and making them lazy.
Which letter denotes the proventricular valve?
C
Match the following important events in the evolution of insects with their purported timeframe.
Cambrian explosion (Trilobites) --> C. 542 million years ago Insects colonize land --> D. 400 million years ago Insects develop flight --> A. 325 million years ago Hymenoptera evolved --> B. 150 million years ago
Tracheioles
Can carry O2 to every cell in the body
Which of the following biologists was the inventor of the system of binomial nomenclature that is used in taxonomy today?
Carl Linneus
Quasisocial Bees
Carpenter Bees Environment dictates sociality (eg. in a time of plenty, they'll work solo, in a time of famine, they'll pool resources) Univoltine - one generation per year
In addition to surface tension, why does liquid nectar not run out of the cells of wax comb?
Cells built at upward angle.
The stingless bee genera Melipona and Trigona produce some honey, but are only distantly related to Apis honey bees. Where do stingless bees naturally occur?
Central and South America
Where are newly emerged worker bees most likely to be found?
Central brood nest.
The outer shell of insect eggs is called the:
Chorion
Which of the following preparations of honey consists of honey-filled comb with liquid honey added to it?
Chunk honey
______ pupa pupate within the last hardened larval exuvium (shed exoskeleton).
Coarctate
Based on their shared characteristics with wasps, which family of bees is considered to be most primitive?
Colletidae
When choosing an apiary location, which of the following considerations are most important for the beekeeper rather than the bees? Check all that apply
Colonies are screened from view Accessible via vehicle during all seasons Flight paths from the apiary are high above local fauna
The prinicple target of natural selection in social insects (particularly the honey bee) is the ___________. (spelling counts)
Colony
What information about the resource is not conveyed in a waggle dance?
Color
Comb consists of two basic cell sizes [1] cells average about 2 cells per cm, while [2] cells average 1.6 cells/cm.
Comb consists of two basic cell sizes worker cells average about 2 cells per cm, while drone cells average 1.6 cells/cm.
What significant piece of information does the external cuticle of dancing foragers provide to recruits?
Communicates the floral source's odor.
Holometabolous development
Complete metamorphosis; egg, larva, pupa, adult - honeybees
Queen mandibular pheromone is an example of a ________ signal.
Composite
In a hypothetical study, bees in group A are sprayed with a new fungicide mixed into water. Another set of bees, group B, is sprayed with water only. Both groups are kept in the same environment thereafter, and daily mortality of the groups is compared at the end of the study. If group A has higher mortality than group B, it would support that this fungicide may negatively affect bees. Which of the following best describes the group of bees sprayed with water only (group B)?
Control group.
Invertase
Converts carbohydrates of nectar and fat of pollen into useful substances
Which of the following structures unique to the Apiformes are essentially anatomical modifications for carrying pollen? (check all that apply)
Corbicula, Plumose hairs, & Scopa
What specialized structure exists on the outer tibia of the worker bee hind leg?
Corbiculum
Which of the following structures makes up the bulk of the honey bee worker brain and is involved in learning and memory?
Corpora peduncula
An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is set up for failure if what key component is missing?
Correct identification of the pest.
Small hive beetles, a pest of honey bee hives, must pupate in moist soil as part of their life cycle. A beekeeper placing his hives in full sunlight to reduce this pest by keeping the soil surrounding the hives drier would be an example of what type of control measure?
Cultural
The animal family with the most described species is which of the following?
Curculionidae
Which letter denotes a structure in which you would expect to find a large amount of microvilli?
D
What aspect of honey bee queen mating flights lessens the chances of mating with related drones from their own colony?
DCA of drones is a shorter distance from the hive than the mating flight distance for queens.
Which of the following characteristics of drone congregation areas (DCAs) are presumably a mechanism for reducing inbreeding? check all that apply
DCAs are typically far away from the nest There are many DCAs within the flight range of queens and drones to choose from
The dance utilized to regulate the level of foraging or initiate an increase in colony level foraging effort is the ____________ dance.
DVAV
Which of the following characteristics is unique to Apis florea?
Dancing on horizontal surfaces
Who published On the Origin of the Species in 1859?
Darwin
What is the beekeeping term for a period during which little or none of a particular resource is available in the environment?
Dearth
Individuals in a Eusocial society
Death of the few is not detrimental to the whole
What honey bee virus is highly correlated with varroa mite infestation?
Deformed wing virus.
Which honey bee disease is highly correlated with varroa mite infestations?
Deformed wing virus.
Colonies that are preparing to swarm do all they can to ensure that at least one queen will emerge to take over the nest. What is one strategy they use to help achieve this goal?
Delay swarm departure until queen cells are capped.
Match the animal to its system of group decision-making when deciding whether and where to relocate.
Democratic ---> B.Geese Despotic ---> C.Baboons Oligarchic ---> A.Honey bees
Which of the following does not factor in to whether or not a scout will dance for a resource she has found?
Density of bees on the comb where she will dance.
Phylogenetic trees and the underlying analyses involved allow scientists to do all of the following except which?
Determine which organisms are more advanced or evolutionarily "higher" than others
Young workers
Development finished in 8-10 days post-eclosion Cuticle finished hardening after ~24 hours Cannot sting until sting region hardens Protein feeding is critical at this point
In what geologic period did insects originate?
Devonian
Which of the following orders of insect possess only one pair of wings?
Diptera
The step of the scientific method in which you accept or reject your hypothesis is:
Draw a conclusion
A honey bee queen that has run out of sperm in her spermatheca but continues to lay eggs is called a _____ layer.
Drone
Which honey bee caste has the most ommatidia, implying the highest visual acuity or field of vision?
Drone
Which of the following is an example of QMP (queen mandibular pheromone), or its components, acting a releaser?
Drone attraction as a long range sex pheromone.
Why does the presence of 9-ODA from a virgin queen probably fail to attract drones inside the nest?
Drones don't response above a certain concentration of the pheromone.
Sex
Drones everts their genital apparatus during mating, with the internal endophallus breaks off during ejaculation, then he dies.
In general, beekeepers can observe that a dark colored queen bee will have dark sons (drones), but her daughters (workers) are often more variable. How might you explain this?
Drones have only maternal genetics while daughters have paternal component.
Why do honey bees show a preference for contaminated water over a pure source
Due to dissolved minerals, especially salts
The queen appears to use extracts from which of the following glands to prevent worker policing (and removal of the eggs)?
Dufour's
Queens use this gland to mark their eggs and reduce egg removal.
Dufour's gland
Which of the following glands appear to be important in marking eggs laid by the queen?
Dufour's gland
Queens use this gland to mark their eggs and reduce egg removal.
Dufours
Worker policing keeps egg-laying workers' offspring from being reared. What gland is important in indicating to workers that an egg was in fact laid by the queen?
Dufours
Stinger Complex
Dufours & Koschevnkov Glands produce alarm pheromone (isopentyl acetate) when the bee stings
Under what circumstance does the pattern of age polyethism nearly vanish?
During winter.
What characterizes the relationship between juvenile hormone and vitellogenin in the worker honey bee?
Each suppresses the other.
Why is a small nest entrance ideal for honey bees?
Easier to defend.
In the time-lapse bee development video, the narrator says that "in the last step, their skin shrivels up and they sprout hair." To what is he actually referring?
Ecdysis from pupa to adult.
Ventriculus
Effectively the stomach and intestine
Which is the only stage in which all castes of honey bees remain for the same amount of time?
Egg
Holometabolism
Egg - Larvae - Pupae - Adult; with distinct metamorphic changes between each stage
Hemimetabolism
Egg - Nymph - Adult
Dufours Gland
Egg marking by queen, any egg not marked doesn't get reared
Members of the subspecies Apis mellifera capensis are interesting because of which adaptation?
Emergent social parasitism
Why are empty cells of the lower comb surfaces preferred by dancing foragers?
Empty sounds transmit sounds best.
Honey bees utilize propolis for which of the following purposes (check all that apply)?
Enbalming large invaders Strengthening comb bases Insulating the cavity Sealing cracks
What is the rectum?
End of the digestive tract the reclaims reusable products and reabsorbs water to make a semisolid excretion
Bursicon is an insect hormone produced by neural tissues that acts on the epidermal cells to help harden the exoskeleton. To what system would bursicon belong?
Endocrine
Which of the following is a reason for signal redundancy in communication?
Ensure that the signal will be received.
Modern bee hives take into account natural nesting preferences of honey bees and ease of human manipulation. Which of the following characteristics of the common Langstroth hive is based mainly on the ease of human manipulation instead of bee biology?
Entrance located near ground level.
Which of the following layers of insect integument are always present (check all that apply)?
Epidermis & Epicuticle
What part of the digestive system runs through the bee's thorax?
Esophagus
Bees, Termites, and Ants
Eusocial organisms that only make up 2% of insect species, but over 2/3 of insect biomass
The most advanced level of social organization, as displayed by honey bees among many others, is called:
Eusociality
Phylogenetics deals with:
Evolutionary relationships among taxa
Honey bee pupae, in which the legs are free and the abdomen is mobile, are categorized as ______ pupae.
Exarate.
What characteristic may be used to determine the approximate age of honey bee pupae?
Eye pigmentation
What characteristic may be used to determine the approximate age of honey bee pupae?
Eye pigmentation.
"Supering" refers to extra space being placed below the brood nest area of bees.
False
A high population of open brood in the nest decreases pollen foraging.
False
A honey bee queen can re-mate later in life if she runs out of sperm.
False
A scout bee only visits a cavity one time to evaluate it as a potential nesting site.
False
A single gene is responsible for the differences demonstrated by high vs. low pollen hoarding strains of bees.
False
A swarm of bees never takes more than one day to decide upon its new nesting site.
False
According to all the research, the presence or absence of a single compound in royal jelly is the key to producing a queen bee.
False
Adipocytes are cells of the fat body that synthesize wax.
False
Adult drones forage for nectar themselves.
False
Africanized honey bees will likely continue their northerly spread into Canada.
False
All Apis spp. build nests of a single wax comb with cells that are repurposed for rearing brood or storing resources such as pollen or honey.
False
All flowers offer nectar and pollen.
False
All parasitic mites are phoretic.
False
Allogrooming in Apis mellifera is effective at controlling Varroa mite.
False
Cavity nesting Apis bees, such as Apis cerana, build only one wax comb.
False
Cell cleaning bees are responsible for only the cell they emerged from.
False
Colonies generally begin rearing queens for swarming long before drones are produced.
False
Cube shaped cavities are preferred over tall, elongate cavities by nest-site scouts.
False
Dancing foragers offer a sample of pollen to recruits so they will know the size and shape of the pollen grains.
False
Dancing pollen foragers offer samples of their located resource to recruits by trophallaxis.
False
Drones are kept in the nest in high numbers over the winter months.
False
Flight in honey bees is accomplished by muscles which attach directly to the wings.
False
Flower constancy demonstrated by foragers means they will never switch to a different plant species.
False
For honey bees, high quality natural nesting sites that are unoccupied tend to be common in the environment.
False
Forager recruits will follow several dancers to completion before choosing the best location to collect nectar from.
False
Foragers are more likely to perform the shaking signal If the nest has ample stores of nectar and honey.
False
Generally speaking, bees will prefer a nest with a large entrance to better provide ventilation.
False
Gravity must be sensed in order for honey bees to properly build wax comb.
False
Headless bees have lost their ability to walk and sting.
False
Hemolymph is kept within vessels, similar to humans.
False
High pollen hoarding strains of bees begin foraging later in life than low pollen strains.
False
Historically, European people were known to primarily consume the brood from honey bee nests as a protein source.
False
Honey bee hypopharyngeal glands produce compounds important in honey processing in young workers.
False
Honey bee larvae must chew their way out of eggs.
False
Honey bee scouts find food and lead recruits, who follow the scout closely, to a floral resource.
False
Honey bee workers are entirely sterile and unable to lay eggs.
False
Honey bees require gravity to build normal wax combs.
False
Honey bees use the same type of wax cells to store honey, pollen, rear workers, and rear queens.
False
Honey is commonly stored at the bottom edges of combs so that it doesn't drip onto the brood and suffocate them.
False
In emergency queen rearing, young worker larvae are transferred from their cells into queen cups.
False
In honey bee colonies, drones collect pollen to feed the brood.
False
In order to prevent anaphylactic shock, honey bee anti-venom must be given to a victim of massive stinging within minutes of exposure to prevent catastrophic blood pressure loss.
False
In termites, female reproductives can store viable sperm within their bodies for years.
False
In varroa mites, the phoretic phase takes place within brood cells.
False
Individuals of a "superorganism" are usually able to survive and flourish by themselves as well.
False
Insects in the informal group "Aculeata" lack the "waist" or petiole associated with the rest of the Hymenoptera.
False
Integrated Pest Management methods cannot be applied to manage honey bee pests.
False
It is more accurate to state that a swarm builds a consensus rather than a quorum when deciding which nest site to occupy.
False
Langstroth became rich off of his movable frame hive design.
False
Larger drone cells are not used for nectar storage like worker cells can be.
False
Managed hives are generally kept much smaller than wild/feral colonies of honey bees.
False
Most tree nests are apparently in cavities formed from lightning strikes that have rotted out after the tree has died.
False
Nectar being transported back to the hive in the forager's honey stomach is unchanged from when it was still in the plant nectary.
False
Nestmate recognition is a graded signal.
False
Nurses prefer to rear larvae that are more closely related to them as queens, compared to unrelated larvae.
False
Once a scout bee begins dancing for a specific nest site, her visits to the site and number of dances do not decrease with time.
False
Prepupae uncurl in the cell so that their head faces away from the wax cap.
False
Queens and drones are able to produce synergistic compounds in their Nasonov glands, making them more effective at forming aerial aggregations.
False
Queens are forced to lay eggs in queen cups by workers.
False
Since only around 4% of the swarm knows the location of the new nest site, when the swarm is travelling to its new home scout bees must release pheromone from their nasonov glands in order to keep the rest of the swarm on track.
False
Smaller colonies will generally produce more drone brood than larger colonies to at least reproduce before dying over the winter.
False
Social insects have many morphological castes, the most important are the "royals" which direct colony behavior and collate information in analogy to the human brain.
False
Solitary organisms are generally more efficient at a given task than highly social groups.
False
The "Sphecoidea" group has been found to be polyphyletic because it arbitrarily excludes members of the Apiformes.
False
The Africanized or "killer" bee is now known to have originated from the subspecies A. mellifera adansonii.
False
The bacterial disease American foulbrood can be successfully eliminated with antibiotic treatment.
False
The dances by foragers of different races and subspecies of Apis mellifera are all exactly alike.
False
The drone's reproductive system takes up a very small portion of its abdomen.
False
The endophallus is a modification of the insect's ovipositor, which is why only drones posess this modification.
False
The epicuticle contains large amounts of sclerotized chitin, which accounts for its strength.
False
The evolution of honey bees most likely evolved from carnivorous wasps shortly before the evolution of angiosperms.
False
The first nest site discovered by scout bees has a much higher likelihood of being chosen than subsequent sites.
False
The majority of flowering plants are wind or avian -pollinated.
False
The meaning of the species name mellifera is "honey maker".
False
The presence of empty cells in the pollen storage area of the nest would decrease the likelihood that a scout bee would dance for a located pollen source.
False
The presence of queen cups always means that bees are in the process of queen rearing.
False
The queen bee sting is sharper and more barbed than the worker's
False
The queen bee sting is sharper and more barbed than the worker's. T/F?
False
The temporary cluster of honey bees that forms outside the parental nest during swarming is often very aggressive.
False
The tenets of kin selection suggest that an animal ought only to behave altruistically towards individuals to which it is very closely related.
False
The term "honeybee" is the grammatically appropriate term for bees in the genus Apis.
False
The time a forager will commit to dancing about a particular resource decreases as the sugar concentration increases, since the forager will quickly return to foraging herself.
False
The underlying reason for robbing behaviors is to weaken/eliminate competing colonies.
False
The very first appearance of Africanized honey bees in the United States was in south Texas, October, 1990.
False
Unlike queens, drones are sexually mature at emergence and are capable of mating as soon as their wing muscles have developed enough to begin taking orientation flights.
False
Unlike the ants and most wasps, honey bees release a large number of queens who mate and found nests individually, producing a small initial generation of workers who then continue the tasks of building and maintaining the hive.
False
When compared to workers, the reproductive castes of Megapis show the greatest proportional difference in size among the Apis subgenera.
False
Worker honey bees come from unfertilized eggs.
False
Workers engorge themselves with pollen prior to swarming, in order to provide protein for rearing new brood upon settling a new nest site.
False
Younger bees tend to range throughout the nest when looking for work.
False
True or False: - Honeybees release feces in the hive
False - they wait until flight
Lipase
Fat digestion
Larvae
Feeding machine with lapping mouthparts lay in a C shape in the bottom of the cell Mostly midgut and hindgut
The behavior often seen in wax comb formation in which honey bee workers create living chains by holding onto one another is called:
Festooning
What will bees likely do if there is a gap larger than "bee space" inside a hive?
Fill it with wax comb.
Malpighian tubules
Filter waste from the hemolymph and concentrates it as uric acid in the rectum
The very tip of the honey bee glossa is called the ________.
Flabellum
Honey bees gather nectar and pollen from a wide variety of flowers, but a single forager will only collect from one type of plant during a foraging trip, and often for multiple trips. What is this phenomenon called?
Flower constancy.
The strong tendency for a bee to forage on only a single species of flower on a given foraging trip is called:
Flower constancy.
Maxilla and Labium
Fold together to form the proboscis (tongue)
Arnhart Gland
Footprint pheromones to mark locations
If you employ the concept of the superorganism, individuals in a eusocial group can be compared to cells or tissues within an organism. Based on your knowledge of honey bees, which of the following analogies does not make sense?
Foragers/Ovaries
If you employ the concept of the superorganism, individuals in a eusocial group can be compared to cells or tissues within an organism. Based on your knowledge of honey bees, which of the following analogies does not make sense?
Foragers; ovaries
Scout bees most likely performed which of the following tasks immediately prior to becoming scouts?
Foraging
How do adult small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, obtain their own nutrition while in the honey bee nest?
Forcing the bees standing guard over them to feed them by rubbing the bees' mandibles with their antennae.
What is the digestive system composed of?
Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut
Instar
Form taken during stadia
Instar
Form taken during stadia (Level)
Drones Head Glands
Formation of drone congregation areas
Francis Crick's central dogma of biology can be (very succinctly) summarized as, "genes, located on DNA are [1] into RNA which is then [2] into proteins."
Francis Crick's central dogma of biology can be (very succinctly) summarized as, "genes, located on DNA are transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins."
Made from processed nectar, honey is primarily a mixture of which two sugars? check all that apply
Fructose Glucose
What type of pathogen is the causal agent of chalkbrood?
Fungal
Which of the following is not specifically cited by Dr. Spivak as a change in our food system that negatively affects bees?
GMO (genetically modified organisms) crops
Generally speaking, one would expect a temperate-adapted colony to field a [1] proportion of nectar foragers compared to pollen foragers.
Generally speaking, one would expect a temperate-adapted colony to field a greater proportion of nectar foragers compared to pollen foragers.
Generally, one would expect [1] workers to follow the swarm, with [2] workers remaining at the original nest.
Generally, one would expect younger workers to follow the swarm, with older workers remaining at the original nest.
What force is correlated to the sun's position in the sky by dancing bees inside the dark nest?
Gravity
Copulatory Claspers
Grips queen during mating
Stadia
Growth period between molts
Stadia
Growth periods between molts (The Grind)
All surviving worker bees usually go through the tasks listed below at some point in their adult lives, except:
Guarding
Which letter denotes the honey bee analog to kidneys that are also the site for a parasitic ameoba Mapighamoeba mellificae?
H
Which of the following bee families is most likely to be metallic in color?
Halictidae
Which of the following is not a characteristic of termites?
Haplodiploid sex determination.
What is a name for the sex-determination system in which haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs?
Haplodiploidy
Coarctate
Hardened larval exuvium - Found in Diptera
How was Lindauer able to follow clouds of swarm bees to their chosen nest sites?
He ran along beneath them.
Communication Glands
Head- Mandibular Abdomen- Nasonov Sting- Dufour's & Koschevnikov Tarsi- Arnhart
Which is the only part of the honey bee's anatomy which is not broken down and reformed in some way during pupation?
Heart
What information does the wagtail dance not include?
Height above ground level.
Which of the following nest cavity features are most likely important in the defense of the colony? (check all that apply)
Height of the entrance above ground Size of the entrance
Varroa mites feed on bee:
Hemolymph
An individuals baseline probability to perform a particular task is most likely set by her ________.
Her genetics
Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of eusociality?
Hidden nests.
Environmental factors of the Hadean Era that may have favored the formation of the precursors of ribose sugars consist of which of the following? (check all that apply)
High concentrations of carbon dioxide high temperatures
Many studies have found that foraging honey bees can travel well over 5 kilometers to forage. What is a problem posed by these long flight distances?
High energy output during flight.
All members of the genus Apis share all of the following characteristics except which?
Hirsute wings
Which bee hives in a row of hives will generally gain bees from drifting?
Hives at the ends.
Which of the following hominid species/sub-species dominated the environment for the longest period of time (so far)?
Homo erectus
Which of the following hominid species/sub-species did not likely harvest honey bee nests (or honey hunt)?
Homo sapien neanderthalis
Diploid drones are ______ at the sex-determining locus.
Homozygous
Which resource is covered by a wax cap for storage?
Honey
The __________ is the primary organ foragers use to transport nectar back to the hive. (spelling counts)
Honey Stomach
In what major characteristic does the honey bee dance language differ from human language that results in the honey bee dances conveying less potential meaning than human gestures or words?
Honey bee dances are non-arbitrary and still strongly linked to actual behaviors communicated.
Humans can (and do) extract honey from some species of which of the following social animals? check all that apply
Honey bees Wasps Ants Stingless bees
Hypothetical Situation: A beekeeper in Florida opens up and inspects her hives on a day in late May. After looking through a few frames she still cannot find the queen, but she sees eggs in the brood nest area. She decides not to worry about finding the queen. Her inference is that this hive probably has a functional queen, she just isn't seeing it. What prior knowledge might have helped her make this inference?
Honey bees are not in the egg stage long, only about 3 days. (Using this knowledge and the data (eggs present), she knows that a queen was here and laying in the last few days.)
Honey bees progress through the following stages: they are first laid as a(n) [1], which elcoses to a(n) [2] and metamorphose into a(n) [3], emerging finally as a(n) [4].
Honey bees progress through the following stages: they are first laid as a(n) egg, which elcoses to a(n) larva and metamorphose into a(n) pupa, emerging finally as a(n) adult.
An interesting observation is that the genome of the honey bee contains a lower diversity of immune gene families for various protein cascades, meaning that their systems are somewhat less robust to novel immune threats. Among the reasons for this listed below, which are the most likely to be true? Check all that apply
Human management has removed most disease agents from the honey bee environment and as such their immune function has atrophied. Honey bees have additional levels of immunity such that individual disease resistance isn't as necessary. Honey bees have commensile bacteria in their gut, which suppresses their immunse system so they can survive.
Match the honey bee gland to the function or product.
Hypopharyngeal gland ---> D.Production of brood food and honey processing Nasonov gland ---> A.Orientation, particularly to the nest entrance Arnhart gland ---> B.Putatively, footprint trails for fine orientation Dufour gland ---> C.Putatively, to lubricate the sting or egg attachment
Members of which of the following family of Hymenopterans are parasitic wasps that are sometimes reared for use in biocontrol projects?
Ichneumonidae
Hindgut
Ileum and Rectum - reclaims usable chemicals then pass a semisolid excretion, no defecation in the hive
Which of the following are uses for honey bee venom? Check all that apply
Immunosuppressant relief of arthritis Attenuation treatment of allergic reactions
What are the advantages of signal reduncancy? (check all that apply)
Improving the likelihood that a signal will be received. Providing a continual stimulus for response.
In cavity nesting honey bees, where is pollen most likely to be stored?
In a narrow band between the honey and the brood nest
Which of the following is a situation in which an older female larva may begin being fed as a queen, instead of this happening from the very start?
In an emergency situation if old queen is dead.
What greatly increases the odds of producing diploid drone offspring?
Inbreeding.
The sum of direct and indirect fitness is called ______ fitness.
Inclusive
Which of the following results has been attributed to the royal jelly protein called royalactin?
Increased ovary development.
"Queen substance" has many important functions. Which of the following is not one of its functions?
Inhibits drone rearing.
You find an animal that has 2 pairs of wings, six legs, you can identify a head, thorax, and abdomen, and a pair of antennae. To what class would this animal most likely belong?
Insecta
Where does all varroa mite reproduction and development occur?
Inside a capped cell.
How and why where Africanized honey bees originally imported into Brazil?
Intentionally; as an alternative to European subspecies of Apis mellifera that were poorly adapted to the tropical climate.
Insect Abdomen
Internal organ, Defense, & Excretion
What enzyme, secreted by the hypopharyngeal glands of foragers, breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Invertase
Alarm behavior pheromone
Isopentyl acetate
Why is the honey bee a good choice for a "model organism"?
It has been studied extensively.
What is meant by the term "bipotent" as it refers to the fertilized honey bee egg?
It has the ability to become either a queen or a worker
Why is the duration of the straight run of the wagtail dance extended by a strong headwind experienced by the dancing forager?
It indicates the energy expended, which is greater with a headwind.
What is the Johnston's organ?
It is found in the pedicel and detects motion of the flagellar segments, electric fields, and helps in mechanoreception
What was especially interesting about the discovery of the naked mole rat's eusociality?
Its life history traits were accurately predicted by Alexander.
In Oregon (a temperate environment from where the authors of your textbook hail), one can expect the peak of adult colony population to coincide with the peak nectar flow, which you would expect to occur when?
June
Corpora Allata Gland
Juvenile Hormone (JH)
Which of the following hive designs take advantage of bee space to allow relatively easy access to comb faces and bee products? Check all that apply
Kenyan top bar hive Tanzanian top bar hive Langstoth hive
Which head glands secrete sucrase, lipase, amylase, and invertase?
Labial glands
This structure serves analogously to the upper lip in mammals, protecting the mouth cavity and closing it off.
Labrum
This important figure in honey bees discovered "bee space" and invented the movable frame hive in the mid 19th century.
Langstroth
What is one morphological characteristic of honey bee drones?
Large eyes that meet on top of the drone's head.
Which of the following is not a morphological trait of varroa mites that makes them well-adapted honey bee ectoparasites
Large eyes to locate bees.
The guards seen in the eusocial shrimp have what distinctive feature?
Larger claws
What bees are most likely to suffer during a pollen dearth?
Larvae
What ultimately produces the numerous cascading genetic and hormonal effects that turn a female honey bee larva into a queen?
Larval nutrition.
The honey bee cocoon is made up of silk and what other component?
Larval waste products.
Prepupae
Last Larval instar - 6th overall instar Larva stretches out and begins building a cocoon lasts ~24-48 hours
Honey bees are oviparous, meaning that they _____________.
Lay eggs
What are fat bodies?
Layer of "creamy" tissues lining the inner abdominal cuticle with adipocytes and oenocytes
Fat Bodies
Layers of adipocytes and Oenocytes that store and release energy as needed, similar to the liver
What does a foraging bee use for orientation on heavily overcast days?
Learned landmarks and scents.
What will be done by honey bees if given an area of approximately "bee space" within their nest?
Left open and used to move around in.
What is a facet?
Lens of transparent exoskeleton that can "see" at a fixed focal length
How would the resource composition of a flower probably change in response to being transplanted into very poor soil?
Less abundant nectar with less sugar.
How are thin wax scales formed by the "wax mirrors" of worker bees?
Liquid wax is sandwiched between overlapping sternites.
Which of the following general life history traits are not common to eusocial groups?
Little communication between members.
In which of the following trees would you most likely expect to find a bee colony residing, assuming you were looking around in southeast Texas?
Live oak
Which of the following considerations are important for bees when choosing an apiary location? Check all that apply
Location is well circulated, with no stagnant air pockets Location is protected from wind, particularly during the winter Location has close access to multiple, untreated nectar sources Location is well drained and above the flood line
Insect Thorax
Locomotion
Of the three opsins studied in this paper, which one was the green opsin?
Lop1
Refer to Figure 1: Which of the three opsins had the lowest level of relative expression at P1 for workers?
Lop1
Which of the following apidologists is credited with the first patent based on bee space; that is a moveable frame hive using bee space as a founding principle?
Lorenzo Langstroth
Who, through the invention of the moveable-frame hive, revolutionized modern beekeeping, forming the major technological improvement in the practice of the last 200 years?
Lorenzo Langstroth
Cocoon
Made up of silk (made in "proto" salivary glands) and Feces
In which step of the scientific method would you most likely review the previous literature?
Make observations
Which of the following is not a function of the wax blooms of the epicuticle/cuticulin layer?
Making honey comb
Endophallus
Male reproductive organ that is everted during ejaculation
Which of the following organs filters nitrogenous waste, functioning similarly to mammalian kidneys?
Malpighian tubules
What is one way a beekeeper might know that they are seeing worker-laid eggs rather than eggs laid by the queen?
Many cells contain multiple eggs per cell.
Why are diploid drone eggs produced fairly rarely in nature?
Many possible alleles at the sex-determining locus
Which famous bee researcher discovered that waggle dances were used to advertise nest sites in the context of swarming bees?
Martin Lindauer
The endophallus from the last drone to mate with a queen is still present in her reproductive tract upon returning to the nest. What is this structure called?
Mating sign.
How do queens determine what cells to lay unfertilized, drone-destined eggs in?
Measures larger diameter with forelegs.
Which of the following insect orders is not considered to contain important pollinator species?
Mecoptera
Which of the following Apoidea taxa are known for being gregarious nesters and are used for the pollination of alfalfa?
Megachile
Which of the following families do not contain species that nest primarily in groundsoil?
Megachilidae
This family of bees has specialized pollen collecting hairs on the underside of the abdomen:
Megachilidae (This mass of hairs is usually called a "scopa")
Solitary Bees
Megachilidae: Leaf cutter bees Mass provision for their young Univoltine - one generation per year
Which two subgenera nest in the open on an exposed comb?
Megapis and Micrapis
Which of the following bee venom components is primarily responsible for the sensation of pain upon being stung?
Melettin
All of the following produce nests that are univoltine except which?
Meliponini
In terms of task diversity, which general age group of worker bees seems to have the most potential options?
Middle age (~days 11-20 post emergence).
Ecdysis
Molting - done at the end of each instar stage of development to advance to the next (Level up)
Ecdysis
Molting regularly
In _______ honey, the majority of the nectar used to produce the honey comes from a single plant species.
Monofloral
Which of the following would increase "C" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C)?
More nesting sites open, making altruist is more likely to successfully rear its own offspring.
Pupae
Most internal organs are reformed Wing pads Larval ganglia become Nervous system Exarate and classified by eye color
The Johnston's organ detects:
Motion of the flagellum
Foregut
Mouth, Pharanx, esophagus, Crop (honey stomach)
Which of the following are functions of the honey bee exoskeleton or components thereof (check all that apply)?
Muscle attachment points Protection from predators Communication Waterproofing Coloration
From a biological standpoint, which of the following is not a characteristic of communication?
Must be between members of the same species.
What factors may have contributed to the ability of Apis mellifera populations to survive in the most varied environments (relative to other Apis spp.)? (check all that apply)
NOT 1. Lower resource stores allow for a lesser cost of abandoning the nest in response to predation 2. Nesting in cavities provided protection from inclement weather 3. Clustering allows members to conserve energy and keep warm during cold months
Given our current understanding of the higher level phylogenetic relationships within the Hymenoptera, rank the following Families in order from least (1) to most (5) related to these bees (Apidae).
NOT 1. Mymaridae 2. Formicidae 3. Siricidae 4. Crabronidae 5. Megachilidae
Although not necessarily confined to the taxon, which of the following characteristics are indicative of the Aculeate Hymenoptera? (check all that apply)
NOT A caterpillar- like larva with legs
A [1] organism consists of [2] or more cells differentiated into layers consisting of [3], or body, cells and [4] cells.
NOT A somatic organism consists of two or more cells differentiated into layers consisting of reproductive, or body, cells and multicellular cells.
Individuals that are [1] at the sex locus will become [2], while individuals that are [3] at the sex locus will become [4].
NOT Individuals that are hemizygous at the sex locus will become male, while individuals that are heterozygous at the sex locus will become female OR Individuals that are hemizygous at the sex locus will become male, while individuals that are heterozygous at the sex locus will become female OR Individuals that are male at the sex locus will become hemizygous, while individuals that are female at the sex locus will become heterozygous. OR Individuals that are hemizygous at the sex locus will become female, while individuals that are heterozygous at the sex locus will become female.
The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where [1] are more related to each other than they are to their [2] and are even less related to their [3].
NOT The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where brothers are more related to each other than they are to their sisters and are even less related to their daughters.
The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where [1] are more related to each other than they are to their [2] and are even less related to their [3].
NOT The concept of haplodiploidy means that males (drones) are laid from unfertilized eggs, while females (workers and queens) are laid from fertilized eggs. This results in a unique pattern of relatedness where sisters are more related to each other than they are to their brothers and are even less related to their sons.
The hormonal pathway that responds to increased feeding and the improved food quality, inducing the switch to queen rearing is called what?
NOT JH PTTH Hint: You're looking for the most upstream pathway here, even if others listed are involved. Also, FYI, amFOR is a gene that is activated in starving larvae and appears to cause them to crawl out of their cells.
Rank the development of the eyesight of each caste of honey bee with 1 being the most developed and 3 being the least. You can use approximate # of ommatidia as a proxy for visual acuity.
NOT 1.Worker 2.Drone 3.Queen
The average pollen load of a forager is 15 mg (milligrams), the amount of pollen consumed during a season is 20 kg (kilograms), a forager generally makes 15 trips in a day and the average foraging career lasts 4 days. How many foragers does it take to feed the colony pollen during a season? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
NOT 154,000 OR 150,000 OR 7700
Larvae older than about how many days would not be expected to be capable of being reared as queens if they have not already been fed royal jelly?
NOT 16
Based on experiments with moving landmarks, most bees show an ability to count to ________ without trouble.
NOT 4 Hint: Look at slide 17 of lecture 05 and see where the strong peaks start to fall apart.
An African drone expressing the dominant allele for the gene sting1 mates with a European queen. How probable is it that the offspring will express a high propensity to sting? Express your answer as a percent, so 2/2 =100, 2/4 = 50, etc.
NOT 75
What is the purpose* of festooning? *at least one of the purposes
NOT A bridge for the queen to move from one frame to the other
Which of the following subspecies does not likely form part of the American honey bee gene pool?
NOT A. m. scutellata
One of the chemical cues of death in the honey bee _________. Treatment of a live bee with this chemical will result in undertaker bees dragging her from the colony even though she is alive. (two words, be mindful of spelling)
NOT Acarapis Woodi OR paint wood
When observing a colony, you notice that among the bees working and resting, there is a single bee meandering throughout the hive, occasionally inspecting cells before resuming her wandering. Over the course of your observations, she traverses a large area of the hive without ever doing anything other than making trophallactic exchanges with a few bees and antennating a few cells. Of which caste do you suppose this bee is most likely a member?
NOT Brood tenders, young bees
Given your understanding of the waggle dance, which dance would be performed toward the indicated resource? The white square represents the location of the colony, the flower the resource, and the sun is the current sun's direction in the sky.
NOT C OR D
Which of the following statements is false about the characteristics of brood food?
NOT Components from the salivary glands appear to provide additional growth factors to the royal jelly flavor of brood food. Hint: We're pulling in some information from several lectures here, but it may help you to know that royal jelly, because of the glandular secretions it's primarily composed of, is chock full of sugars and protein.
Based on your understanding of drift, which of the following colonies would most likely have the highest population?
NOT F or G
In cavity nesting honey bees, where is the honey most likely to be stored?
NOT In small cups dnagling from the bottom of the comb or projecting from the comb face OR On the edge of a comb face
Like so much of our scientific language, the term, Apis, most likely comes from the ________, for "oxen-borne bees," reflecting an early belief in the spontaneous generation of bees from cow or oxen carcasses.
NOT Latin
Select the conditions under which supersedure is likely (check all that apply).
NOT Little or no larvae in the broodnest Hint: Think basically the opposite of swarming and you've gotten it. Remember that supersedure occurs as a result of a queen failing in her egg laying duties.
Where do the majority of migratory beekeepers overwinter their hives?
NOT Maine OR Cali
Which of the following pesticide classes was first produced in the 1980s and is recently under scrutiny as a potential factor in pollinator decline?
NOT Organochlorines
An adult bee with high hemolymph titers of juvenile hormone (JH) is most likely to be found performing which of the following tasks?
NOT Performing undertaking tasks OR foraging for nectar
Consider the following scenario: When approaching one of your colonies, you notice an unusually large number of dead bees in front of them. You find that there are dying bees on the bottom board and the larvae appear to be attempting to crawl from their cells. You're apiary is located next to a cotton field. What is most likely afflicting your colonies?
NOT Pesticide chronic poisoning
The following phylogenetic tree represents the classification of the reptiles. This taxon would be considered which of the following?
NOT Polyphyletic
Select all the members of a colony that are likely to be female.
NOT Queens Hint: Okay, if you selected princesses I was kidding, sorry, couldn't help myself. The young queens are called young queens or virgin queens. No Disney™ storybook here (your illusions of honey bee royalty should be destroyed after the nesting and mating module). If you're confused by the others, may I hint that you look and see what subsets of workers might be called?
Which of the following undesirable traits of Apis mellifera scutellata, did Dr. Kerr intend to select out of his hybrib populations prior to general release of the stock to beekeepers? check all that apply
NOT Tendency to collect more dilute nectar
Which of the following statements does not provide an evolutionary rationale for what nepotism is not practiced in honey bees?
NOT There's a high cost to kin-based conflict in rearing queen or larvae in that search times to related brood become longer (energy wasted), larval mortality increases, etc. potentially resulting in a weaker colony. OR Because queens mate with so many different males, workers are relatively unlikely to encounter supersisters all that often so there's little opportunity to act nepotistically.
In addition to sensing light, honey bee compound eyes also have structures within the juncture of the facets of their eyes that are used in sensing what?
NOT angle of light polarization or movement
What might be the probable reason that honey bees show only very weak morphological divergence among the castes?
NOT both workers and queens arise from the same genotype OR genetic drift
What is a necessary colony condition if swarming is to occur?
NOT cessation of worker brood rearing activity
A ___________ signal is one that may be made up of multiple components from many different sources. In the honey bee, these signals are often chemical. (be mindful of spelling)
NOT defense
Prior to leaving the nest on a mating flight, drones stop at the nest entrance to carefully clean themselves (date preparation is apparently common among all species). What anatomical features important in locating and orienting to the queen are cleaned? (check all that apply)
NOT eyes
Prior to mating flights, workers vibrate and cling to the queen, generally treating her roughly and driving her from the nest. Queens perform ___________ behavior to "freeze" the workers and provide the queen some limited respite. spelling counts
NOT hygienic OR quacking
Which of the following predators primarily feed on honey bees by disturbing the nest entrance and catching guards that fly out? Check all that apply
NOT just flies
Honey bee larvae lack all of the following morphological features except which?
NOT legs
Which of the following factors does not appear to lead to increased defensiveness on the part of a colony?
NOT more empty comb OR higher temp OR larger colony size
Which of the following is untrue about honey bee wings and wing musculature?
NOT most of the thorax is filled with the muscles involved in beating the wings OR Muscles attached to the wing do not cause flapping Hint: Really the key here is to focus on what the hamuli are and how (and when) they function, both the anatomy chapter and the lectures discuss this.
In cavity nesting honey bees, drone larvae are mostly likely to be reared where?
NOT near the base of the comb, where it's anchored to the cavity OR In a narrow band between the honey and the brood nest
The primary protein source for the honey bee is ____________.
NOT nectar Hint: Beef isn't what's for dinner
Specialized hairs on the honey bee called _________ appear to be responsible for detecting gravity.
NOT plumose hairs Hint: Read about the Bee sense of touch to find out about this interesting piece of research.
The fatty acid esters making up brood pheromone may, based on structure, be breakdown products of what?
NOT pollen protein
The concept of __________, or a change in the timing of the expression of a particular trait or suite of traits, is central to the theory of the reproductive ground plan. (spelling counts)
NOT response threshold
The _______ is made up of interlocking sclerites connected by flexible membranes. (spelling counts)
NOT rigid plate Hint: Think skin and bones of an insect.
Because a guard's recognition template is primarily based on floral odors, guards are more likely to accept foreign honey bee workers during a __________ rather than during a dearth. (be mindful of spelling)
NOT robbing
A bee that lands on the underside of a flower to avoid touching its pollen while extracting nectar is __________ the plant. (be mindful of spelling)
NOT scouting OR protecting
What abiotic factor is thought to have stabilized early RNA polymers so that they weren't immdiately broken down by the harsh conditions of the Hadean Era?
NOT thermal vents
Brood guarding, larval provisioning, alloparental care, and diving into a river to save someone are all examples of _________ behaviors (at least according to biologists). (spelling counts)
NOT unselfish Hint: Define selflessness
Scout bees perform which of the following behaviors to initiate a cluster to move to a new nest site?
NOT waggle dance
These pests will rob the nests of honey bee of stored nectar, particularly during dearths, and have characteristic wounds and wear from grappling guards.
NOT yellowjackets
The RGPH is supported in great part by a number of measurable differences between lines of artificially selected bees. What specific characteristic was artificially selected for to develop these lines of bees?
NOT- juvenile hormone titers ** colony-level pollen hoarding **stored pollen
What is an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest in the naked mole rat?
NOT- reproductives take shifts so individual reproduction occurs for most members **other members are out foraging food **They are all highly related
According to the Reproductive Ground Plan Hypothesis, what type of worker bee would be most analogous to a solitary insect in a reproductive stage?
NOT- worker with relatively low vitellogenin titers
Which of the following would increase "C" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C)?
NOT: altruistic behavior is foraging; food becomes rarer in the environment
Carpenter bees in the subfamily Xylocopinae best represent which type of social behavior?
NOT: eusocial *traditionally considered solitary bees, though some species have simple social nests in which mothers and daughters may cohabit.
The superior defense system often seen in eusocial colonies to protects valuable resources is one example of:
NOT: sib-social care *an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest
Once the swarm has found a nest site, it is common for the first bees arriving to release _________ pheromone to assist in guiding the rest of the swarm to the nest entrance.
Nasonov
scout bees land at new nest site and release what pheromone
Nasonov gland pheromone
Which of the following pheromones are likely to be transmitted throughout the hive through similar, if not identical, mechanisms as queen retinue pheromone? (check all that apply)
Nasonov pheromone brood (ester) pheromone Forager pheromone (putatively ethyl oleate) E-β-ocimene
What gland is used to attract swarm bees to a new nest entrance and for general orientation to the nest?
Nasonovs
EXTRA CREDIT
National Animal of Scotland: Unicorn When you blush the lining of the stomach also turns red Slinkys: 87 feet long when stretched out
The primary source of carbohydrates (sugars) for honey bees is honey, which is processed from __________ that is collected from flowers. (spelling counts)
Nectar
What resource/s do the largest proportion of foragers collect?
Nectar
Which of the following starting materials is the primary source of energy for honey bees?
Nectar
Which of the following is not a factor proven to affect the exact blend of QMP (queen mandibular pheromone) components in an individual queen bee?
Nectar source of stored honey in the nest.
Which of the following scenarios would you expect to increase the proportion of scout bees among the forager population?
Nectar sources becoming depleted.
Which bees constitute a bee swarm's "search committee"?
Nest site scouts.
Depending on physiological or behavioral context, the mandibular glands of the honey bee function in all of the following ways except which?
Nestmate recognition compounds
Which bees are responsible for cleaning larval debris from cells?
Newly emerged workers.
Given your understanding of the adaptive significance of cavity volume to honey bee survival, would you expect honey bees adapted to the environment of Texas be more likely to make larger nests?
No
Can headless bees still fly?
No, but they can walk and sting
Honey of which of the following water contents would be most likely to ferment?
Not 18.6%.
Approximately when is the "critical age" concerning worker vs. queen development?
Not 5 day old larva. Not immediately after eclosion from the egg.
Which bee family has the most members that demonstrate the more advanced forms of social order?
Not Braconidae
Which of the following are tribes within the family Apidae? (check all that apply)
Not Megachilidae, Meliponini & Bombini
The largest percentage of foragers in a colony collect:
Not both nectar and pollen.
What type of communication is the honey bee waggle dance?
Not cognitive
What is the primary reason that there is so much variation between and even within the different geographic races of Apis mellifera?
Not differential selection by beekeepers. Not adapted to utilize different resources in the same environment.
The giant honey bee with a more mountainous distribution is Apis _________.
Not dorsata
In the wax comb, drone pupae visibly differ from worker pupae by:
Not eye color.
Which of the following is not a task performed by workers within a hive that is just about to swarm.
Not force the queen to the entrance.
What best describes the primary function of vitellogenin in a solitary female insect?
Not increases female receptiveness to males for mating.
Which stage basically defines holometabolous insects?
Not larva.
Which of the following is an advantage that the remnant colony (remaining at the old nest) has after swarming?
Not majority of workers
The superior defense system often seen in eusocial colonies to protects valuable resources is one example of:
Not parental manipulation.
Why are the wax caps over pupae brown in color?
Not pupal waste is actively added to the cappings.
What element of information is completely missing in the round dance that is present in the wagtail dance?
Not quality of resource.
What is an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest in the naked mole rat?
Not queen suppresses worker reproduction via interactions.
The following is based on Pettis et al. 2016. Which of the following was not proposed by the authors as a suggestion to improve honey bee queen quality?
Not reduce pesticide exposure, especially to drones and queens. Not reduce Nosema levels in breeding populations.
Which of the following parts of the honey bee abdomen is least sclerotized (i.e. is the most membranous)?
Not sternites
Which of the following would not be included in judging the overall resource profitability of a located resource?
Not sugar concentration.
The waggle dance recruits other bees to a potential nest site if performed in the context of:
Not the nest entrance. Not the brood nest.
What added benefit to the colony is gained by the oldest workers foraging outside the hive?
Not they do not consume precious nest resources.
What must occur before a drone is sexually mature enough for successful mating?
Not they must begin generating sperm.
Which of the following accurately describes the wax glands of worker bees?
Not two total located at apex of abdomen.
The name Hymenoptera means:
Not two wings
What would likely contribute to a flower's degree of visual "brokenness" as seen by a foraging honey bee?
Not uniformity of color and large size.
Which of the following is not a way that excess water is evaporated from nectar to form honey?
Not wing fanning of cells.
When present, the usual location of queen cells in the honey bee nest is:
Not within areas of drone comb.
What is most likely to happen to a 5th instar honey bee larva if the colony experiences a major pollen shortage?
Not workers will break down their own tissues to feed it longer.
How is the actual "goodness" of a potential nest site communicated by waggle (wagtail) dances?
Number of dance circuits increase with quality of site.
Mandibular Glands
Nurse: Component of Royal Jelly Guard: 2-Heptanone (Alarm pheromone) Queen: QMP Drones: Drone congregation areas
What affects developmental time?
Nutrition, Temp, and race of bee
Honey bees use which of the following characteristics to evaluate pollen as favorable or not?
Odor
Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care?
Offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity
Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care.
Offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity.
Where are the glands that produce wax located?
On the underside of the abdomen
One of the ways bees appear to be organized into task groups is through the variable attraction to light. Young bees are [1] phototactic and perform tasks deep within the nest, while older bees grow to be [2] phototactic and are willing to venture outside to perform peripheral tasks or forage.
One of the ways bees appear to be organized into task groups is through the variable attraction to light. Young bees are negatively phototactic and perform tasks deep within the nest, while older bees grow to be positively phototactic and are willing to venture outside to perform peripheral tasks or forage.
Termites
One or a few Kings and Queens per colony Detrivorus - Require a gut symbiote that is passed on genetically
Which of the following does not accurately describe honey bee pheromones?
Only produced by the queen.
Circulatory System
Open system with 4 chambered heart and aorta to carry hemolymph to head
Head Structure
Optic Lobes, Antennal Lobes, Mushroom Bodies (scent learning and memory), Subesophageal ganglion (Controls mouthparts)
The colony-level result of individual choices made by scout bees and foragers, as well as the decisions made by bees attending forager dances, is called:
Optimum foraging strategy.
The oldest worker bees are probably doing tasks:
Outside the nest.
The queen honey bee ovary is made up of a large number of ___________, in which eggs mature.
Ovarioles
Refer to Figure 1 for the following question. At what stage was UVop, BLop and Lop1 expression levels were found to be relatively the same in the worker?
P7
The nutritional hypothesis and facultative subfertility are both aspects of which of the following evolutionary routes to eusociality?
Parental manipulation
Which of the following best describes the usual foraging environment encountered by honey bees?
Patchy resources of variable quality.
What is not a characteristic of the diet provided for queen-destined larvae?
Phenolic compounds from honey and bee bread.
What does royal jelly lack?
Phenolic compounds.
Which of the following species definitions relies on the comparative weighting of traits or characteristics to place animals as being either of the same or different species?
Phylogenetic
Using screened instead of solid bottom boards has been shown to somewhat decrease varroa mite pests levels in managed honey bees. The idea is that any mites that fall through the screen to the ground are unable to climb back in. Screened bottom boards are an example of what type of control measure?
Physical/mechanical
The steady rise followed by the cessation of which of the following signals appears to immediately precede swarming?
Piping
What is the main protein source for honey bees?
Pollen
Which two specific stages of honey bees are within a capped cell?
Prepupa to pupa
What is the actual difference between bright white vs. darker capped honey on the comb?
Presence or absence of air trapped between the wax cap and honey is responsible for the difference in appearance.
Bees that assume middle-aged tasks in early spring after overwintering as adults are:
Probably much older than 11-20 days.
Salivary Glands
Produce a watery saliva that is used to dilute food and hold pollen together
Guard Bees Head Glands
Produces 2-heptanone
What do honey bees use to line the interior of their nesting cavity?
Propolis
_______ is the substance made from collected plant resins that is used by honey bees to fill small cracks and crevices within their nest.
Propolis
Chorion
Protective "eggshell" that dissolves away to release the 1st instar larvae
Corpora Cardiaca Gland
Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)
Which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen grains out of nectar?
Proventriculus
Midgut
Proventriculus, Ventriculus. Place of digestion
Which stage shows the most variation in development time between the different castes of honey bees?
Pupal
Carpenter bees in the subfamily Xylocopinae best represent which type of social behavior?
Quasisocial
Honey bee colonies demonstrate reproductive division of labor. Which caste is responsible for female reproduction?
Queen
Which of the following puts the length of developmental time for each caste from egg to adult emergence in the correct order?
Queen < worker < drone
What is most likely to occur if two emerged queens are present in one colony at the same time?
Queen duel to the death.
Which of the following is true if you are comparing the diet of worker vs. queen-destined larvae?
Queen larvae receive more mandibular gland secretions from nurse bees.
Queens Head Glands
Queen mandibular pheromone
A hypothetical colony is headed by a queen that was only able to mate with 1 drone. Which of the following is most likely to occur given those circumstances?
Queen supersedure.
Honey bee colonies demonstrate reproductive division of labor. Which caste is responsible for female reproduction?
Queen.
Times of development
Queen: 16 days Worker: 21 days Drone: 24 days
Honey bee larva fed like queens starting at 1 day of age are likely to be:
Queens of high reproductive quality.
The larval stage of honey bees is primarily for:
Rapid growth
What is key to survival given the unpredictable nature of the honey bee foraging environment?
Rapidly acquiring resources as they become available.
Which of the following is characteristic common to winter-adapted honey bee subspecies?
Rarely abscond.
The honey bee digestive tract expands and contracts with the ______________, which is found in the hindgut.
Rectum
What does the spermathecal valve do?
Regulates egg fertilization
What is the most likely reason that Karl von Frisch's step experiment, which sought to establish accuracy of distance information in the wagtail dance, failed to show high accuracy by the trained bees?
Resource odor was the same at all stations.
Mature, mated honey bee queens alternate between egg laying and what other state?
Resting
Which of the following environmental factors appears to be most important in regulating the occurance of social behavior in carpenter bees?
Restriction of nesting sites
Dance vigor and the time spent performing a round dance communicates which of the following?
Reward level (or sugar concentration) of the resource
Two modern cellular components whose existence support the concept of the RNA world are which?
Ribosomes and ATP
Which side of the honey bee brain apears to be utilized in the recognition of nestmates?
Right
When is a honey bee larva attractive to varroa mites?
Right before capping.
Maxillary Gland
Royal Jelly
Which of the following glands are believed to involved in the production of social hormones by larvae?
Salivary glands
Queen Pupae
Same as Worker pupae, except bigger
Which scenario would be the most parsimonious choice given a group of five birds in which only one species has a blue beak: 1) A gene mutation for blue beaks occurred once in the most recent ancestor of that species. 2) An ancestor common to all the birds in the group had a blue beak. Blue beaks were then lost independently several times over all but that one lineage.
Scenario 1
The specific posture assumed by a worker bee while releasing Nasonov gland compounds is called:
Scenting
_____ bees are foragers that are actively looking for new food sources.
Scout
Which bees are responsible for finding emerging or unknown resources in the foraging landscape?
Scouts
What will bees likely do if there is a gap smaller than "bee space" inside a hive?
Seal it with propolis.
What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?
Secondary effect, check lecture 5 slides
How did Darwin solve the evolutionary problem that arose from, in his words, "the neuters or sterile females of insect societies"?
Selection could apply to the family rather than the individual.
Altruism
Selfless action and support of the Hive
Insect Head
Sensory & Consumption
Which of the following colony observations is not a sign that you might correlate with having a "drone layer" queen?
Sharp increase in honey production.
What will likely happen to a pollen forager if demand for pollen drops in the hive?
She will be unemployed.
Transplanting ovarioles into an adult worker (or treating her such that her ovarioles would develop in greater number) would have which of the following effects?
She would most likely develop more rapidly and collect pollen when she initiates foraging
Which of the following is not a way that varroa mites are spread?
Shipping capped queen cells.
Orientation flights
Short (5-10 mins) flights around the area of the hive to get orientated and find Drone Congregation Areas Drones: ~8 Days old Queen: ~3 Days old
When does sclerotization occur?
Shortly after each molt
What are ocelli?
Simple eyes that are light-sensitive organs to assist bess with sun orientation and circadian rhythms but cannot form an image
What do honey bee larvae have as far as external anatomy is concerned?
Simple mouthparts
Why are shallower boxes often used by beekeepers for honey storage areas in managed bees?
Simply lighter when full of honey.
Nasonov lures can be used for all of the following except which?
Singinalling that workers are present
An early version of a bee hive made using woven plant parts (such as straw or wicker) is called a:
Skep
Why is outward flight speed usually faster than return flight speed for a foraging bee?
Slowed by weight of resource.
Social insects utilize the hexagon as a cell shape because it allows for the [1] number of [2] in the [3] amount of [4].
Social insects utilize the hexagon as a cell shape because it allows for the greatest number of cells in the least amount of space.
Social Continuum
Solitary -> Communal -> Quasisocial -> Semi-social -> Primitively Eusocial -> Truly Eusocial
Lindauer noticed two things about waggle dancers on swarms that did not make sense if they were dancing for a food source. One of these was that they did not unload any food. What was the other?
Some were dirty, covered in dust or soot.
What best describes the key to good honey bee nutrition regarding pollen?
Source diversity.
A major component of honey bee alarm pheromone is called [1] or [2] and smells of bananas. (be mindful of spelling, order doesn't matter, & no acronyms)
Specified Answer for: 1 isopentyl acetate Specified Answer for: 2 isoamyl acetate
During periods of increased activity bees pump their abdomens to pull air through holes in their cuticle called [1], which travel through a series of tubes, or [2], which transport the air to the cells of the body. (spelling counts)
Specified Answer for: 1 spiracles NOT Specified Answer for: 2 sternites
How is the quality of a resource indicated by dancing foragers?
Speed and vigor of dances.
Spermatheca
Sperm storage from up to 5-20 males, can hold up to 3-6 Million sperm cells up to 8 years
The following is based on Pettis et al. 2016. The authors of this article were investigating factors affecting honey bee queen quality and colony health. They proposed one factor that may play a large role in queen success or failure as well as colony health. They then measured this in the majority of their experiments. What was this major factor?
Sperm viability.
The following question is based on watching the video link: a closer view of pollen: Which of the following pollen grains would most likely be from a plant that relies upon insects for pollination?
Spike-covered pollen.
Respiratory system
Spiracles, trachea, air sacks, tracheioles Air enters at Thorax or midsection and exits at abdomen
What key characteristic of the bacterium itself makes American foulbrood so difficult to actually cure and capable of causing disease after many years in the environment?
Spore formation.
When's the best time to start a bee colony for the first time (in a subtropical or temperate environment)?
Spring, because the colony will have time to collect resources and prepare for winter dearths
Amylase
Starch digestion
How are scouts deterred from dancing for a losing nest site?
Stop signal of head butt and "beep".
Adipocytes
Storage of fat, protein, and glycogen
Sucrase
Sugar Breakdown
It is sometimes helpful when trying to understand the functionality of a colony of eusocial organisms to think of the colony as one collective, living unit. This is the concept of the:
Superorganism
What is the term for additional boxes that a beekeeper places on top of the brood area for honey storage in managed bees?
Supers
Observation hives are tools used for education purposes. They are often made from 2-3 frames sandwiched between glass with a remote entrance. These hives allow people a look inside the honey bee nest while removing any fear of being stung. Unfortunately for the honey bees, observation hives are often far smaller than is ideal. Consider the problem that results from honey bees nesting in a cavity that is too small. How might a beekeeper counteract this particular nest problem to maintain an observation hive colony longer?
Supplement them with honey since they cannot store enough resources.
What keeps the queen larva from falling out of the queen cell?
Surface tension of royal jelly.
Which of the following is an emergent property of a honey bee colony?
Swarm formation.
What characterizes the relationship between juvenile hormone and vitellogenin in the worker honey bee?
THE ANSWER IS NOT- juvenile hormone increases the response to vitellogenin **JH surpresses vitellogenin
What best describes the primary function of vitellogenin in a solitary female insect?
THE ANSWER IS NOT- responsible for female specific morphology ** honeybee vitellogenin is now recognized as a behavioural affector protein that builds a direct connection between worker reproductive physiology and foraging behavioural control **vitellogenin was used in worker brood-rearing behavior
Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have the shortest range?
Tactile
Which of the following pests are more likely to damage the nest than they are to directly feed on the bees? Check all that apply
Termites Wax moths
The Africanized bee, nominally a tropically-adapted strain, will generally prefer a nest cavity that is [1] than that preferred by temerate-adapted strains.
The Africanized bee, nominally a tropically-adapted strain, will generally prefer a nest cavity that is smaller than that preferred by temerate-adapted strains.
According to human mitochondrial DNA evidence, which of the following is the earliest, although not necessarily the most prominent, passage of humans to the Americas?
The Atlantic crossing, from Europe to the eastern coast of North America
According to human mitochondrial DNA evidence, which of the following is the most significant crossing of humans into the Americas (meaning the majority of Native Americans are descended from humans making this crossing), though not necessarily the earliest?
The Bering straight crossing from Russia to Alaska and then south throughout the new world continents.
What are the last 10 distal segments of antennae called?
The Flagellum
What is the 2nd segment of antennae?
The Pedical - flexible elbow joint
What is the 1st segment of antennae?
The Scape - Longest and most flexible - Positioned halfway on the head
What coordinates overall and has nerve centers for vision, smell, taste, and touch perception?
The brain
According to the authors, what does the concept of the superorganism completely fail to explain?
The developmental evolution of this social structure at the genetic level.
Which of the following is true about the communication of nest site location using the waggle dance?
The duration of the waggle run is proportional to the distance the site is from the swarm.
The prepupa is actually what?
The last specialized larval stage.
The life history trait of larval [1] represents a case of [2] in the honey bee.
The life history trait of larval phytophagy represents a case of derived reversion in the honey bee.
What are fat bodies compared to?
The liver
Match the segments of the antenna to their structural attributes
The longest segment serves as an attachment point to the head ---> A. scape The "elbow" of the structure primarily serving as an articulation point ---> C. pedicel Composed of ten distinct segments, this is primarily responsibly for olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) sensation ---> B. flagellum
Distinguish a nuc hive from a standard super hive.
The nuc is usually about half the number of frames
The presence of brood as measured through the presence of brood pheromone represents a [1] stimulus for pollen foraging, while the presence of pollen represents a [2] stimulus.
The presence of brood as measured through the presence of brood pheromone represents a positive stimulus for pollen foraging, while the presence of pollen represents a negative stimulus.
What is the midgut?
The primary site of digestion
In terms of collective decision making, why does Dr. Seeley call it a honey bee democracy instead of a monarchy?
The queen does not have ultimate decision making power.
Why did Dr. Seeley's artificial swarms remain clustered on the platform provided?
The queen was caged there.
What happens if Apis mellifera is experimentally forced to perform wagtail dances on a horizontal wax comb?
The straight run points directly toward the resource.
The underlying assumptions of Cladistics are founded largely on which of the following biological theories?
Theory of Evolution
Why is supersedure in which the old queen is killed well before the new one emerges called "inefficient" supersedure?
There is a longer break in the brood cycle.
A characteristic common to eusocial aphids and thrips is:
They are gall-forming species.
In the time-lapse video on honey bee development, why do larvae swim circles in their cells?
They are moving forward as they consume food left in the cell.
How do the cells in which worker-destined eggs are laid differ from cells normally used to rear drones?
They are smaller in diameter.
Young adult worker bees are negatively phototactic, though this characteristic reverses as they age. What does negatively phototactic mean?
They avoid light.
How can bees navigate on cloudy days?
They can detect polarized light
What is the adaptation for the middle legs?
They have a stout spine or spur to spear wax scales from the abdominal wax glands to pass to mandibles where it is shaped and positioned on newly built comb
What are the functions of antennae?
They smell, taste, perceive humidity and temperature, feel, monitor gravity and flight speed, and detect sound waves
What are the functions of fat bodies?
They store and release energy according to the bee's demands
How would young bees engaged in nursing be affected by a large influx of emerging workers in a colony?
They would soon be pushed into middle-aged tasks.
The largest spiracles on the body are on which body segment?
Thorax
Stadium
Time between ecdysis
Why would factors associated with female reproductive biology affect foraging behavior in a solitary ancestor of the honey bee?
To coordinate reproduction and foraging for resources to provision offspring.
What is the function of mouhtparts?
To manipulate solids and lap up liquids
In cavity nesting honey bees, worker larvae are mostly likely to be reared where?
Towards the center of the comb, the area most likely to be attended by adult bees
Which of the following parasites have a recommended treatment of Menthol to control infestations?
Tracheal mite
Which of the following parasites is considered to be the cause of the Isle of Wight disease around the turn of the 20th century?
Tracheal mite
One way that young worker bees are encouraged to fill the role of nectar unloaders/processors is through:
Tremble dances.
What does the proventriculus do?
Triangular lips with stiff and pouches to concentrate pollen and filter pollen from crop
How does the adult queen bee obtain nutrition?
Trophallaxis from retinue members.
A 3 day old larva is more likely to be cannibalized by worker experiencing a pollen shortage than a 4 day old larva.
True
A benefit of having a correct phylogenetic tree is that it can be used to make better predictions about taxa.
True
A common predicate of eusocial evolution is the presence of a stable cache of resources to defend.
True
A drone honey bee has no father but does have a grandfather.
True
A foraging bee's departure from a flower is when she learns the landmarks to find her way back to that patch.
True
A male donkey and a female horse can mate even though they are different species. These interspecific matings produce offspring called mules, which are reproductively sterile. The sterility of these hybrid offspring is an example of postzygotic reproductive isolation that exists between donkeys and horses.
True
A mutualistic relationship is one where both parties benefit from the interactions (for example honey bees and flowering plants).
True
A newly emerged (teneral) honey bee cannot deliver venom through stinging.
True
A successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus.
True
About 9 out of every 10 described animals is an insect.
True
Afterswarms are headed by virgin queens.
True
Alarm pheromone production increases as worker bees age.
True
All of the ants (Formicidae) are eusocial.
True
An empty queen cell from which a queen recently emerged will have a neat emergence hole cut out of the bottom.
True
An important factor in most concepts of what makes a species is reproductive isolation.
True
An important factor in most concepts of what makes a species is reproductive isolation. T/F?
True
An unfertilized honey bee egg with the allele "A" at the sex-determining locus is fertilized by sperm that contains the allele "C". This scenario would result in a female bee.
True
Approximately 15 bees at a potential nest site constitute the correct number to meet the quorum for choosing a nest site.
True
Bee declines are due to a combination of problems rather than one specific problem.
True
Beekeepers themselves add certain pesticides directly into their hives.
True
Bumble bee colonies (in those species that are social) are annual in nature.
True
Coleoptera is the largest order of insects.
True
Contact with honey bee larvae inhibits the formation of the behavioral effect of circadian rhythms.
True
Drone cells are larger in diameter than worker cells.
True
Drones are ejected from the nest when honey stores are scarce.
True
Drones have more ommatidia than workers.
True
Eusocial organisms are more likely to sacrifice their lives to defend their colony.
True
Evolutionarily, the propodeum is anscestrally part of the abdomen.
True
Floral scent is retained in honey bee memory longer than visual cues.
True
Food for honey bee larvae is placed in the cell rather than being directly fed to them.
True
Honey bee drones die in the process of mating.
True
Honey bee larva can be seen in open cells curled into a position that resembles the letter "C" up until the prepupal stage.
True
Honey bee sex is determined by heterozygosity or homozygosity at a single gene locus as opposed to the presence or absence of a sex chromosome as in humans.
True
Honey bee workers usually begin foraging around 21 days after emerging as an adult.
True
Honey bees are not native to the Americas, but were rather brought there by humans.
True
Honey bees cannot evaluate the nutritive quality of pollen.
True
Honey bees had arrived in the Americas by 1622.
True
Honey bees initiate swarming takeoff through an oligarchic method, where a few individuals have the information to initiate takeoff and communicate their intentions through complex signals.
True
If a person removes a colony of honey bees a structure where they are unwanted, it is a good idea to remove all the wax comb to prevent re-establishment by another swarm.
True
If you are feeding your baby brother a bottle, you are expressing alloparental care behaviors.
True
In honey bee larvae, the hindgut is disconnected from the rest of the digestive system until the prepupal stage.
True
Integrated Pest Management may allow for pest tolerance at certain levels where no additional control measures are taken.
True
Juvenile hormone basically acts to prevent metamorphosis from accompanying an ecdysis.
True
Members of the family Siricidae have an ovipositor modified for sawing into hardwood.
True
Most of the cells being full of bee bread in the pollen storage area of the nest decreases overall pollen foraging.
True
Muscle attachment points occur through interactions of muscle cell fibers with the pore canals of the cuticle.
True
Nest site scouts begin their search for new nest sites independently of each other.
True
Nestmate recognition in honey bees is accomplished by each colony, and all its individual bees, having a specific odor blend.
True
One way in which populations accumulate large enough genetic differences to become reproductively incompatible, and eventually separate species, is through geographic isolation.
True
One way in which populations accumulate large enough genetic differences to become reproductively incompatible, and eventually separate species, is through geographic isolation. T/F?
True
Patrolling behavior may help middle-aged bees correctly allocate tasks based on the status of the hive.
True
Pollination services provided by honey bees far outweigh the economic value of honey.
True
Quacking and tooting are both terms for different forms of queen piping.
True
Queens exhibit a polyandrous mating pattern, meaning they mate with several drones during their mating flights.
True
Regardless of whether a particular resource is considered high or low quality by a scout, she will eventually stop dancing in advertisement towards it. The rate of decay, or the rate of decrease in number of dance circuits performed, is constant or equal among high and low quality sites.
True
Regulation of diet leading to increased storage molecule (vitellogenin) titers and a longer living bee.
True
Repeatability is an important part of hypothesis testing.
True
Scout bees, those that seek and assess new nest sites, are mostly made up of older bees.
True
Seasonal lows in bee populations correspond to winter in temperate areas and the wet season in the tropics.
True
Swarming bees are not generally aggressive and are unlikely to sting.
True
The 'L' in Apis mellifera L. stands for Linneaus because he was first to describe the species.
True
The Kingdom Animalia and the species mellifera can both be referred to as taxa.
True
The danger associated with allocated tasks increases as workers age.
True
The death of a few individuals often has little effect on the functioning of the superorganism as a whole
True
The death of a few individuals often has little effect on the functioning of the superorganism as a whole.
True
The epidermis secretes the new cuticle during ecdysis.
True
The eusocial shrimp shown in the video make their home inside sponges.
True
The excavation of the ant hill in the video link demonstrates the immobile nest sites common to many eusocial organisms.
True
The exocuticle is typically found in areas where mechanical strength is most important eg: the thorax or mandibles.
True
The further away a resource is, the longer a forager dancing in reference to it will take to complete a single circuit, making the tempo of the dance slower.
True
The number of times a scout returns to a potential nest site is porportional to her perceptions of its quality.
True
The queen's stinger is unbarbed and does not tear out if used for stinging.
True
The rake of one hind leg collects pollen from the combs of the opposite hind leg. T/F?
True
The sensation of gravity is important for Apis mellifera scouts to properly perform a waggle dance to a potential nest site.
True
The straight run of the wagtail dance would point directly downward on the wax comb to indicate a resource located in the direction opposite the sun.
True
Two closely related species of fruit flies have elaborate courtship dances involving wing fanning by the males. The dances and wing spots differ so much between the species that interspecific matings only occur in unnatural (laboratory) situations. This is an example of a prezygotic barrier that leads to reproductive isolation of each fly species in natural situations.
True
Typically, one would expect workers to be slightly smaller than drones.
True
Under the right circumstances, worker honey bees are capable of laying unfertilized eggs.
True
Varroa destructor, a major pest in managed honey bees, was incorrectly identified as Varroa jacobsoni for a period of time.
True
Very young workers may actively avoid the queen, while foragers will often ignor her. This is despite the fact that queen tenders and retinue bees spread her phermone throughout the hive.
True
Virgin honey bee queens are smaller in size and receive less worker bee attention than fully mated, egg laying queens.
True
Waggle dances for food sources were discovered prior to waggle dances used by scouts to advertise potential nest sites in swarms.
True
Wax comb is built downward from the top of the honey bee nesting cavity.
True
What we call "distance" that is communicated in the waggle dance is more accurately described as energy expended during flight.
True
Which of the following dances is performed primarily to inform colony members of a resource in the near vicinity of the nest?
True
While a honey bee loses its sting after use (stinging something), it's death is offset by the ability of the sting to continue pumping venom into the victim for up to a minute, while releasing alarm pheromones.
True
Winter bees can survive for much longer than bees working in the summer months.
True
Worker ants have different jobs based on their morphological caste.
True
Worker larvae receive a larger proportion of nurse bee hypopharyngeal gland secretions than mandibular gland secretions in their diet.
True
Workers are largely sterile, but under certain circumstances, namely the loss of the queen and any developing queen larvae, may lay unfertilized eggs that develop into drones.
True
You are more likely to find bees collecting water from a fetid, stagnant puddle than from a fresh, clean tap.
True
The most likely point of radiation of the Apis mellifera population is within which of the following regions?
Turky-Iran (near east)
Reproductive system
Two ovaries of latterally paired ovarioles, ovaiducts converge @ 150-200 ovarioles per ovary. Up to 2k eggs per day can be layed
Hygienic behavior is a series of behaviors that are primarily effective in the control of brood diseases, but have also been bred into honey bee lines to control Varroa mites. Hygienic behavior consists of which of the following sub-behaviors? (check all that apply)
Uncapping pupae Removing brood
Highly hygienic lines of bees will also tend to have more:
Undertakers
Upon returning to the nest with a nectar load, a forager must be "unloaded" by a nectar processor. If the wait time until being unloaded is short, the forager is more likely to perform the [1] dance, if the wait is very long, she is more likely to perform the [2] dance.
Upon returning to the nest with a nectar load, a forager must be "unloaded" by a nectar processor. If the wait time until being unloaded is short, the forager is more likely to perform the waggle dance, if the wait is very long, she is more likely to perform the tremble dance.
Flight
Uses two pairs of muscles that deform the thorax to push and pull the wings
Bee hives are traditionally painted white, however hobbyist beekeepers will often paint their hives bright and varied colors. What benefit can bees derive from this practice?
Variagated colors help limit drift and allow bees to find their specific hive more easily.
What parasite can be seen during the pupal stage in the time-lapse bee development video?
Varroa mites.
Which of the following selected lines or hybrid populations of honey bee are bred primarily for their resistance to mite parasites?
Varroa sensitive hygiene
Exact development time and quality of the emerging adult bee can vary based on all of the following except:
Varying number of larval instars.
What is often the first (or earliest) task performed in the outer periphery/outside of the nest?
Ventilation
The Japanese Giant Hornet, a rather memorable predator of honey bees, is a member of which of the following families?
Vespidae
The antimicrobial properties of honey, especially darker varieties, is attributed to everything except?
Viscosity
An alerted guard bee's characteristic posture of raised forelegs and even open mandibles is an example of a ________ signal.
Visual
Workers exposed to ocimene would be expected to respond with a decrease in the circulating titers of which of the following hormones?
Vitellogenin
Match the dance to its function.
Waggle ---> D.Communicate location of sites Shaking ---> C.Excitation and inducement of activity Piping (workers) ---> A.Stimulate the increase of body temperature Buzzing run ---> B.Breakup the swarm and initiate flight
What activity appears to be important for nest site scouts to determine the volume of a discovered nesting cavity?
Walking
In the temperate north (eg: Massachusetts) bees prefer cavities with southerly facing nests but in Eastern Texas, bees appear to prefer nests oriented either northwest or southeast. Which of the following reasons most contribute to this? (check all that apply)
Warmer temperatures make it less necessary to have an entrance that receives morning sunlight. Winds coming from the southwest make a southerly or southeasterly entrance more drafty. Wind coming from the southeast disrupts forager takeoff and landing and providing a windbreak is important. Light from the sun falling into the entrance is necessary for bees to measure cavity volume acuratley and therefore entrances angled toward the west or east are preferred depending on the time of day scouts arrive to inspect the site.
Who was the Brazilian scientist responsible for the original importation of Africanized honey bees to the Americas?
Warwick Kerr
In hymenoptera, there is a constricted segment connecting the first abdominal segment (which is fused to the thorax) with the rest of the abdomen, termed the gaster. This structure is called a petiole, but your book, erroneously (but poetically) calls this a ___________. be mindful of spelling and include the hyphen
Wasp-waist
Which of the following pests is most likely to damage beekeeping equipment being kept in storage?
Wax moths
Honey bees in temperate climates undergo seasonal fluctuations such as population increases in spring/summer and decreases over the winter. What dictates the annual cycles of honey bees in more tropical areas of the world?
Wet and dry seasons.
While the ideal for the beekeeper is that each comb is nicely aligned within its frame, colonies can ignore this and build [1] comb which sticks from the center of a comb-face to fill space, [2] comb which can serve to strengthen comb and prevent movement, or they can build [3]-comb which is basically a middle-finger to the beekeeper and makes the frames unmoveable (which, if you've read ahead, you know is the main beekeeping innovation in the last few thousand years).
While the ideal for the beekeeper is that each comb is nicely aligned within its frame, colonies can ignore this and build burr comb which sticks from the center of a comb-face to fill space, brace comb which can serve to strengthen comb and prevent movement, or they can build cross-comb which is basically a middle-finger to the beekeeper and makes the frames unmoveable (which, if you've read ahead, you know is the main beekeeping innovation in the last few thousand years).
Haplo-Diploidy
Worker bees are 75% related to their sister and only 50% related to their daughter, so it's more beneficial to help take care of sisters and sacrifice fertility
Which caste of bees is involved in the topic of age polyethism?
Workers
If one were to experimentally remove a large number of workers from a colony, how would the development of remaining young workers' behavioral repertoires be affected?
Workers would most likely initiate foraging at an earlier age to make up for the loss in ability to collect resources.
Which of the following symptoms would support a diagnosis of European foulbrood?
Yellow larvae that are twisted in cells.
Brood pheromone is a blend of 10 fatty acid esters that, when added to a group of bees over the period of several days, results in the increased development of mandibular glands. Is this an example of a primer effect?
Yes
What is a mating sign?
a broken piece of a drone's endophallus
Which of the following is not a way that excess water is evaporated from nectar to form honey?
a cap is placed on the cell
What would a honey bee likely see best?
a dark, moving object in front of a light background
what would a honey bee likely see best
a dark, moving object in front of a light background
Which of the following is NOT one of the three defining characteristics of eusociality?
a female biased sex ratio
Which of the following external factors is least likely to influence evolution by natural selection?
a genetic disease that only affects individuals past the age of reproduction
Burying beetles of both sexes show high investment into parental care of their offspring. Based on this fact, which of the following is probably true about burying beetles as compared to species with little parental care.
a higher percentage of offspring make it to reproductive age
What is a kleptoparasite?
a social parasite that steals provisions to feed its young
Wax is secreted by honey bees by paired glands in their _____ and then harden into _______.
abdomen, scales
Wax is secreted by honey bees by paired glands in their ______________ and then harden into _______________.
abdomen, scales
If a beekeeper or an animal keeps bothering a colony (particularly a tropically-adapted colony) or if a colony is facing a drought or a dearth in nectar during warm months when it can fly, the colony might just leave and ___________, or abandon its nest. (be mindful of spelling and part of speech)
abscond
nectar unloaders and processors
accept nectar from foragers via trophallaxis
Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have the highest energetic cost to produce?
acoustical
According to the reproductive ground plan hypothesis, what have the reproductive regulatory networks been co-opted for in the case of the worker caste of honey bees?
adaptive behaviors associated with foraging division of labor
In Figure 2, Drones appear to develop UVop, BLop, and Lop1 before or after emergence?
after
A particularly successful colony may reproduce multiple times, producing several groups of bees that leave the colony accompanied by a virgin queen. These groups are called what?
afterswarms
Afterswarms typically differ from the prime swarm by which of the following characteristics? check all that apply
afterswarms are headed by virgin queens afterswarm populations are smaller
division of labor comes from... for workers
age
Honey Stomach
aka Crop. Stores nectar, can inflate in size
guard bees release what pheromones and from where
alarm, sting and mandibular glands
The same cell in the wax comb of Apis bees may be used for honey or:
all of the above
Which of the following examples gives a character and possible character state?
all of the above
semi-social species
allodapini
A speciation event that occurs because of a separation of populations, possibly due to the formation of mountain ranges, deserts, or changes in sea levels, is called __________ speciation.
allopatric
Which of the following are bees unable to communicate using their dances? (check all that apply)
altitude or vertical position of the resource the most favorable path, or way around obstacles
queens have higher expression of
amTOR mRNA than workers because they eat/assimilate more food
Where are queen cells for emergency queen rearing most likely found?
amidst worker brood cells
parental investment cost and benefit
amount of energy input vs. number of offspring
Hypothetical Situation: You see a bee land at a hive. Other bees at the hive entrance approach it, touch it with their antennae, then appear agitated and begin pulling at its legs with their mandibles. You decide that the first bee probably did not belong to that colony. What does this decision represent?
an inference
Insects pollinators demonstrate high levels of coevolution with what large plant group?
angiosperms
how bees measure comb
antennal pore plate sensors for comb construction, flagellar segments used to measure wall thickness
Bright colors and striking patterns, like those of many wasps, serve to warn potential predators of danger. What is this called?
aposematism
The ______ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones
arnhart
the ____________ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones and are found on the arolium
arnhart
The pad-like structure located between the tarsal claws at the end of honey bee legs is called:
arolium
Which is the largest phylum of animals?
arthropoda
cavity volume preferences
average 40 L
The favored form of execution of an old queen that is no longer producing enough queen pheromone and eggs to sustain the colony is ________ which entails the bees surrounding her and killing her by suffocation, and hyperthermia (cooking). (be mindful of spelling)
balling
Which of the below has NOT been used for apitherapy purposes?
bee eggs
propolis
bee glue, tree resin
What other honey bee pest is often mistaken for a varroa mite?
bee louse, Braula coeca.
The main purpose of a _______ is to prevent stings to the face and head.
bee veil
apairies
bee yard, location where beehives are kept and managed for human use
Apiculture is another word for:
beekeeping
orientation flights
before leaving the colony, occur on warm, sunny, windy days about 1 week before actually foraging to learn the local terrain
intercaste
between queens and workers
primitively eusocial
bombini (bumble bees)
In terms of observational science, an inference is based on:
both prior knowledge and data
Which of the following hive parts forms the entrance to the nest.
bottom board
3-10 days old
brood nurses
Which insects are capable of sonication, or buzz pollination, of flowers like that of tomatoes?
bumble bees
threatening behaviors
buzzing, charging, pre-stinging, biting
This subspecies is unusual in that these bees can lay eggs that develop into females without mating and/or fertilization. A concept called parthenogenesis. (spelling counts)
capensis
0-2 days old
cell cleaners, ~ 40 hrs for this process
What component of the cuticle is responsible for protection from abrasion?
cement layer
what component of the cuticle is responsible for protection from abrasion
cement layer
The proboscis extension reflex (PER) is used often in training honey bees via sugar reward. This reflex is elicited by touching a dissolved sugar solution to the antenna. This is the sensation commonly called, "taste" or the gustatory sense. What sensilla (antennal structures), are involved in the gustatory sense? check all that apply
chaetic sensilla & basiconic sensilla
What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?
change angle and roation (the major movements creating wing beats are from the indirect muscles, but direct muscles do play a smaller role)
what effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing
change angle and rotation
What effects do direct muscles have on the honey bee wing?
change angle and rotation (Yes, the major movements creating wing beats are from the indirect muscles, but direct muscles do play a smaller role.)
Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have potentially the greatest specificity, meaning that only the intended target can sense or respond to it appropriately?
chemical
Among the four sensory modalities discussed, which would you expect to have the slowest rate of transmission?
chemical
Refer to the Introduction: In this study, the authors state that it is unknown when opsins are expressed during retinal development nor is it known what the mechanisms are for photoreceptor arrangement is. What hypothesis was created to assess these questions?
circadian control (page 2)
The method for generating phylogenetic trees is called ______________. (spelling counts)
cladistics
What classification rank falls between Phylum and Order?
class
1st job preformed by worker bees
cleaning the cell
For what purpose do bees use their body hairs? check all that apply
cleanliness protection collecting pollen sensation (eg: touch, scent, taste) thermoregulation
nest entrance height
closer to the ground, higher cavities in forested areas
3 types of pupae in insects
coarctate, obtect, exarate
A plant is fed on by a caterpillar. Over time, the plant species evolves toxins that lead to the caterpillar becoming sick and eating less when it feeds on this species of plant. The caterpillar slowly evolves detoxification mechanisms to render this plant toxin useless against it. What process does this exemplify?
coevolution
traits of eusocial species
colony persists beyond life of parents, reproductively diminished class, cooperative groupcare, live in large groups, multiple generational coexisting, sessile, homeostasis, defended/hidden nests
What information about the resource is not conveyed in a waggle dance?
color
Which of the following is the first place pollen from the body is accumulated in the process of getting it ready for transport back to the hive?
comb
which of the following is the first place pollen from the body is accumulated in the process of getting it ready for transport back to the hive
comb
generaized hive task
comb building
Animals exhibiting this kind of behavior share the same nest or nest site, but do not cooperate to rear brood.
communal
holometabolous
complete metamorphosis, eggs to larvae to pupa to adult
TOR
component of the signaling pathway involved in insulin/growth factors in response to nutrient status
Flower _________ is the concept of a forager collecting resources from a single plant species for an extended period of time. (spelling counts)
constancy
Another term for pollen basket is ___________.
corbicula
Give the more scientific term for a worker bee's pollen baskets
corbicula
Give the more scientific term for a worker bee's pollen baskets.
corbicula
The _________, or pollen basket, is a structure on the hind leg of a honey bee that is designed for carrying pollen and propolis. (spelling counts)
corbicula
What specialized structure exists on the outer tibia of the worker bee hind leg?
corbiculum
Which of the following crops does not require any type of insect pollination?
corn
Which major endocrine glands produce prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) to initiate the process of ecdysis?
corpora cardiac
Which major endocrine glands produce prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) to initiate the process of ecdysis.
corpora cardiaca
What is the function of hamuli?
couple fore- and hind wings of Hymenoptera
name the insect leg segments in order from proximal to distal
coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus
What is the fate of a drone that is lucky enough to mate with a queen
death stemming from the eversion process
What is the fate of a drone that is lucky enough to mate with a queen?
death stemming from the eversion process
4 major basic processes that trigger polyethism
decreased exposure to brood pheromone, decreased exposure to QMP, exposure to novel task stimuli endogenous rise in neurochemical titers
Which of the following is the most accurate description of the action produced by indirect flight muscles?
deform the thorax
What is the general effect that the piping of an emerged queen has on the subsequent queens about to emerge from their cells
delays their emergence
Which of the following is the most developed part of a larval honey bee's anatomy?
digestive tract
fertilized eggs
diploid , fed either royal jelly or worker diet
inclusive fitness
direct fitness+indirect fitness
What is a symptom of Colony Collapse disorder?
disappearance of the majority of the adult workers
richard alexander
discovered eusociality outside of hymenoptera and isoptera
Langstroth
discovered modern hive with removable frame
In the wax comb, drone pupae visibly differ from worker pupae by:
doomed caps
In a bee, the heart and aorta are located _________. The nerve cord and ganglia are _________.
dorsally; ventrally
climate of nest preference
drafty and dry
Though in many cases, she would be killed upon entry, occassionally (particularly when carrying pollen and nectar) workers from a different hive will be allowed entry and perhaps make permanent residence with the new colony. This event is called ____________. be mindful of spelling and part of speech.
drifting
Which of the following castes is almost exclusively determined by genetics?
drone
Mature drones wait in places called ____ to try and mate with a queen on her mating flight
drone congregation areas
Mature drones wait in places called _________ to try and mate with a queen on her mating flight.
drone congregation areas
transitional areas comb imperfections
drone-to-worker comb, tunnels, and spurs, areas around obstacles
In general, beekeepers can observe that a dark colored queen bee will have dark sons (drones) but her daughters (workers) are often more variable. How might you explain this?
drones have only maternal genetics while daughters have paternal component
In general, beekeepers can observe that a dark colored queen bee will have dark sons (drones), but her daughters (workers) are often more variable. How might you explain this?
drones have only maternal genetics while daughters have paternal component
Which of the following taxa do not have a discovered eusocial member?
duck-billed platypus
Why do honey bees show a preference for contaminated water over a pure source?
due to dissolved minerals, especially salts
queens use this gland to mark their eggs and reduce egg removal
dufour's gland
How are eggs deposited in the aculeate Hymenoptera?
dumped out at the base of the modified ovipositor
When are the reproductive castes reared in perennial colonies of eusocial insects?
during times of abundant resources
Even though they are ____________, bees are able to elevate their body temperature by contracting their wing muscles to produce heat.
ectothermic
Contrary to a solitary indiviudal, that must perform all tasks of brood rearing individually, individuals in groups can cooperate and individuals can specialize at performing particular tasks, leading to increased ________, or a greater result for less individual effort. (be mindful of spelling)
efficiency
Which is the only stage in which drones, workers, and queens have the same developmental time?
egg
chorian
eggshell
The wing of the beetle is sclerotized, hardened, into a protective sheild that gives the insect its characteristic shape; this modified wing is called a(n) _________________. (spelling counts)
elytron
The system of self organization relies on the idea that individuals behave based on cues in the local environment and its interaction with internal factors. The behaviors individuals perform afect the environment in such a way as to present new information for either inducing a behavior in others or in themselves. Over time, even though individuals may be performing small actions based on local cues, a large effect can occur. Examples of this can be schooling in fish, traffic jams, bee swarms, and macroeconomics. THe process by which simple individuals lead to complex global effects is called ________. (be mindful of spelling)
emergence
eclosion
emergence from cell
superorganism traits
emergent properties, eusocial societies, individual behaviors for the collective unit
Bursicon is an insect hormone produced by neural tissues that acts on the epidermal cells to help harden the exoskeleton. To what system would bursicon belong?
endocrine
What part of the drone reproductive tract remains in the queen for a while after mating?
endophallus
what part of the drone reproductive tract remains in the queen for a while after mating
endophallus
characteristics of apiaries
entrance low to ground, extreme colony density, humans are predators, physiographic characteristics similar to nest selection criteria
What part of the digestive system runs through the bee's thorax?
esophagus
Homo sapiens most likely evolved in or near which of the following (modern) countries?
ethiopia
Larvae, while largely unsclerotized and grub-like are described as __________, meaning that they have a sclerotized head capsule adapted to imbibing liquid food. (spelling counts)
eucephalous
An animal that forms societies complex enough to be defined as superorganisms are referred to as __________. (spelling counts)
eusocial
all termite species are
eusocial
naked mole rat is
eusocial mammal
superorganisms
eusocial species usually live in tightly interdependent groups
Honey bee pupae are _________ which means that their legs are free from the body, rather than fused to the body as is found in the lepidoptera (for example). spelling counts
exarate
The pupa of the honey bee is __________ meaning its legs are not fused to the body. (spelling counts)
exarate
nutritional hypothesis
explained superorganism evolution, food received can regulate fertility
epigenetic regulation
expression of genes, jelly turns on queen gene
instars are classified by
eye color
What characteristic may be used to determine the approximate age of honey bee pupae?
eye pigmentation
t/f when scout bees land at a new site, they release Koschevnikov gland pheromones to mark the entrance so that the swarm can find their way
f
A 4-day old larva is more likely to be cannibalized in a time of extreme pollen shortage than a 3-day old larva.
false
A high response threshold for a particular task means an individual is extremely likely to perform that task.
false
A single gene is responsible for the differences demonstrated by high vs. low pollen hoarding strains of bees.
false
Adipocytes are cells of the fat body that synthesize wax
false
Adipocytes are cells of the fat body that synthesize wax.
false
Adult drones forage for nectar themselves.
false
All nectaries are located within flowers
false
Because of the difficulty in caring for diseased, defensive bees, the majority of people who keep bees are commercial beekeepers.
false
Drone congregation areas (DCAs) are very unstable and will change locations annually
false
Early, horizontal hives, were popular in Northern Europe owing to the need to keep combs small to prevent them from collapsing under their own weight.
false
Eusociality has evolved only once in the animal kingdom
false
Headless bees have lost their ability to walk and sting.
false
Hemolymph is kept within vessels, similar to humans.
false
High pollen hoarding strains of bees begin foraging later in life than low pollen strains.
false
Honey bee larvae must chew their way out of eggs.
false
It is common for queens to be out on their mating flights and enter drone congregation areas to find there are no drones present.
false
Male honey bees are killed to collect semen for artificial, or instrumental insemination of queens, but they may survive natural matings.
false
Male honeybees are killed to collect semen for artificial, or instrumental insemination of queens, but they may survive natural matings
false
Nectar being transported back to the hive in the forager's honey stomach is unchanged from when it was still in the plant nectary
false
Newly emerged adult bees begin defending the hive right away with their stingers
false
Newly emerged adult bees begin defending the hive right away with their stingers.
false
Package bees can generally be shipped by standard carriers like the US postal service or UPS.
false
Prepupae uncurl in the cell so that their head faces away from the wax cap
false
Royal jelly, though difficult to extract, is often sold in lotions or in capsules for the treatment of arthritis.
false
The Corpora Cardiaca is the only source of Juvenile hormone
false
The Corpora Cardiaca is the only source of Juvenile hormone (JH).
false
The dorsal-ventral flight muscles are responsible for the downstroke of honey bee wings.
false
The fact that most animal olfactory systems have receptors that are highly specific for many different chemicals improves the possibility of a particular chemical being used as (or evolving into) a pheromone in the future.
false
The queen bee sting is sharper and more barbed than the worker's.
false
There is a sharp transition point at around 15 m where the round dance is abandoned in favor of the waggle dance.
false
a 4-day old larva is more likely to be cannibalized in a time of extreme pollen shortage than a 3-day old larva
false
larger drone cells are not used for nectar storage like worker cells can be
false
t/f due to diploid-diploid nature of honey bees, sister workers are more closely related to e/o rather than to their drone brothers
false
the dorsal-ventral flight muscles are responsible for the downstroke of honeybee wings
false
Individuals of a "superorganism" are usually able to survive and flourish by themselves as well.
false (It takes at least several hundred workers and a queen to have a viable colony in honey bees)
hive ventilation job
fanned with head facing the nest to preform rhythmic "breathing"
behaviors against invertebrates
fanning, kicking, shimmering, balling
honey bee cocoon substances
feces, and white excretory tubule substance
queen tending job
feed, groom, sense, and move pheromone
gender of castes
female only
The very tip of the honey bee glossa is called the:
flabel
the very tip of the honey bee glossa is called the _______
flabellum
The honey bee species that dances on the horizontal surface of the crown of its nest is Apis _________.
florea
All of the following are historical uses for beeswax except which?
food preservation
11-20 days old
food storage
Which of the following characteristics can affect the tempo to a forager's waggle dance? (check all that apply)
forager age race/subspecies of the forager energy expenditure temperature
nest-site scouts
foragers that scout out new potential homes, evaluate several variables during nest-site regulation
if you employ the concept of the superorganism, individuals in a eusocial group can be compared to cells or tissues within an organism. Based on your knowledge of honey bees, which of the following analogies does not make sense?
foragers; ovaries
instar
form taken during stadia
What is not a part of the process by which honey bees turn nectar into honey?
formation of sucrose
Exarate
freely moving - wings and legs are free from the body
exarate pupae
freely moving, found in Apidae
established colonies build comb when current comb is
full and there is high nectar intake, except when when preparing for swarming
sex determining locus
gene coding for sex
factors that affect stinging
genetics, adaptation, temperature, colony size, age
flexibility in the polyethism system
genetics, colony state, foraging environment
Under Linnaeus' system of binomial nomenclature, the scientific name of an organism consists of two parts. The first of these two parts is the __________, which is capitalized and in italics.
genus
What are the two names that unambiguously identify a given organism in the binomial nomenclature system?
genus and species
The __________ or tongue of the honey bee, extends from the proboscis to pump liquids via suction and also is covered in hairs which incidentally collect pollen. (spelling counts)
glossa
Honey is rather acidic (pH ~4). Which processing enzyme is primarily responsible for this acidity?
glucose oxidase
Which of the following enzymes, produced by the honey bee, is used to acidify and produce hydrogen peroxide to contribute to the antimicrobial properties of honey?
glucose oxidase
Consider the following figure from Maisonasse et al., 2010 paper on E-β−ocimene, showing its effects on modulation of worker age of foraging onset and decide whether this chemical represents a graded or discrete signal.
graded
While ripened honey will not spoil, it will form crystals in a process known as _________.
granulation
stadia
growth period between molts
The hind wings of Diptera are modified into structures called:
halteres
The hooks which hold the forewing and hindwing together (the disarticulation of which is a symptom of deformed wing virus transmitted by Varroa mite) are called _____________. (spelling counts)
hamuli
unfertilized eggs
haploid drones
Which is the only part of the honey bee's anatomy which is not broken down and reformed in some way during pupation
heart
during pupal stage, all but the... is broken down
heart
honey bee silk
helps with thermal and mechanical stability, evolved from the social structure of Hymenoptera
The decoupling of brood rearing behaviors from reproduction associated with alloparental (sib-social) care is an example of _____________. (spelling counts)
heterochrony
what shape are cells
hexagons, arranged abck-to-back
bees prefer nest entrances that are
hidden
Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of eusociality?
hidden nests (Hidden and/or well defended nests are typical, but not a defining character)
-low sucrose response threshold -greater ovary development
high pollen hoarding line
Managed bees are provided a convenient domicile to make their nest in. What is this called?
hive
What segment of beekeeping society has seen dramatic increases in recent years?
hobby beekeepers
Donkeys and rabbits share the following characteristics: long ears, hair, and placental development. Their last common ancestor also had hair and placental development, so these two characters could probably be called ___________, whereas the long ears is likely a ___________ character.
homologous, homoplastic
in honey bees allele... at the sex-determining locus leads to the development of diploid drones
homozygocity
Which of the following sugar sources is the most effficient in terms of caloric value?
honey
Which of the following animals are most likely to reproduce by swarming?
honey bees
truly eusocial
honey bees
A period of heavy nectar flow associated with a large crop of harvestable honey is referred to as a _________.
honeyflow
While both are classifications for chemicals used in communication, pheromones pass outside the body from one individual to another, while _____________ are used within an organism for cell-to-cell communication. (be mindful of spelling and part of speech)
hormones
specialized tasks
hygienic behavior, undertakers, guards
Bees, ants, and wasps are all members of the order ________________.
hymenoptera
Which glands appear to be responsible for producing brood food (what your book might erroneously term,"royal jelly")?
hypopharyngeal
Brood food is fed to larvae by nurse bees. It is a glandular secretion made by which two glands?
hypopharyngeal glands & mandibular glands
comb construction begins
immediately and nearly the entire hive makes wax over the nest 24 hrs
when do honeybees defecate as immatures
immediately before the cocoon is spun
Which of the following is a situation in which an older female larva may begin being fed as a queen, instead of this happening from the very start
in an emergency situation if old queen is dead
Which of the following is a situation in which an older female larva may begin being fed as a queen, instead of this happening from the very start?
in an emergency situation if old queen is dead
bees sense gravity so they can build combs...
in orbit (free fall)
as workers age, JH titers
increase
What is an incentive for offspring to remain at the nest in the naked mole rat?
increased workforce to dig through hard soils
individuals who are stung repeatedly by honey bees can desensitize to the venom, which is mediated by the switch from an [1] reaction, which is mediated by [2] and causes the release of histamine, to an [3] reaction mediated by [4], which simply phagocytose (consume and digest) the venom proteins.
individuals who are stung repeatedly by honey bees can desensitize to the venom, which is mediated by the switch from an IgE reaction, which is mediated by Mast cells and causes the release of histamine, to an IgG reaction mediated by Macrophages, which simply phagocytose (consume and digest) the venom proteins.
Lamarck's mechanism of evolution could be described best as:
inheritance of acquired characteristics
Although some of these may be of dubious scientific validity, all are recognized uses of honey except which?
insulation
What is the term for a honey bee that displays both worker-like and queen-like characteristics?
intercaste
female honeybees that are intermediate in characteristics between workers and queens are called ____
intercastes
What is meant by the term "bipotent" as it refers to the fertilized honey bee egg?
it has the ability to become either a queen or a worker
Which of the following is the best explanation of the importance of taxonomic work?
it provides the basis of all further study involving that taxon
how do the bees escape from the cell
it takes them several hours to chew their way out of the wax cap as their cuticle hardens
The nutritional quality of pollen varies based on its total protein content and also
its specific amino acid profile
The nutritional quality of pollen varies based on its total protein content and also:
its specific amino acid profile
What is a characteristic demonstrated by all members of the phylum Arthropoda?
jointed appendages
One of the "internal control mechanisms" that workers may use in the regulation of the development of age-dependent tasks is glandular development or hormones. Which of the following hormones is most important in the regulation of worker age polyethism?
juvenile hormone
Varroa mite is a parasite that feeds on honey bee larvae. From behavioral studies, it appears that Varroa mite are attracted to a chemical produced by larvae (particularly drone larvae) by which the mite will locate and enter cells with developing brood. These chemicals are also involved in the mechanisms by which honey bees assess the number of larvae present in the colony. From your reading, this chemical would be most specifically defined as which of the following?
kairomone
Functional analogies can be made between the Malpighian tubules and _________, and the fat bodies and _________ of vertebrates.
kidneys; liver
The portion of the proboscis that forms a spongy structure used to pull liquids into the tube is called what?
labellum
An extended drought affecting the Galapagos Islands led to a relative increase in fitness for finches with what characteristic?
larger beaks
The guards seen in the eusocial shrimp have what distinctive feature?
larger claws
Of the following honey bee stages, which would have the most extensive fat bodies?
larvae
of the following honey bee stages, which would have the most extensive fat bodies
larvae
Honey bees undergo complete metamorphosis, meaning that they undergo which of the following life stages? (check all that apply)
larvae egg pupae adult
what occurs during the prepupal stage
larvae stretches to the cap of the cell and begins to construct the cocoon
Why do paralyzing wasps only paralyze and not kill prey items?
larval food stays fresh
What ultimately produces the numerous cascading genetic and hormonal effects that turn a female honey bee larva into a queen?
larval nutrition
Refer to the Introduction: According to literature, what stage are the photoreceptors and rhabdoms initially start to develop in Apis mellifera
late larval stage
slumgum
leftover waste in cell from ecdysis
Match the factor affecting division of labor with its effect.
level of stimuli for performing a task, the necessity of a task to be performed ---> C.colony enviornment regulate individual responses through communication and demographics ---> D.social environment sets a baseline of response for each individual B.genetics the possibility that a task can be performed, e.g.: that resources are available ---> A.foraging environment
Typically considered the most popular bee subspecies used in beekeeping, this honey bee has a natural range in Italy, but is now found all over the world. (spelling counts)
ligustica
under normal conditions, brood mortality is
low
-higher likelihood of nectar collection -moderate and stable adult vitellogenin titers
low pollen hoarding line
A new graduate student reviews the scientific literature pertaining to a subject they plan to research. What step of the scientific process does this represent?
make observations
Which of the following represents an ecdysteroid?
makisterone A
hygienic behavior
manage brood diseases, detect and uncap sick, deas, or infested brood
What bee mouthpart/s would most likely be used to pull a dead larva from its cell?
mandibles
Nurse bees are workers that feed larvae from secretions of which of the following glands? (check all that apply)
mandibular hypopharyngeal
The honey bee proboscis is used for all of the following, except:
manipulating wax
the honey bee proboscis is used for all of the following, except:
manipulating wax
What is one way a beekeeper might know that they are seeing worker-laid eggs rather than eggs laid by the queen
many cells contain multiple eggs per cell
The only use drones have in the colony is to ___________.
mate with virgin queens
Which life stage overwinters in primitively eusocial insects, such as bumble bees?
mated adult female (This new queen must single-handedly establish the nest next year, so she is often called a "foundress".)
Portions of what mouthparts fold together to form the honey bee "tongue" or proboscis?
maxillae and labium
The honey bee proboscis is made up of which two structures?
maxillae and labium
solitary species
megachilidae (alfalfa leafcutter bee)
comb builders
middle age, extrude and shape wax
patrolling for work job
middle aged workers in 3 behavioral states: working, resting, patrolling
Of the 3 broad regions of the honey bee digestive system, only the __________ is not affected by ecdysis.
midgut
About 25% of beekeepers report the loss of up to half their colonies each winter. What is the primary cause of these deaths?
mites
In _______ honey, the majority of the nectar used to produce the honey comes from a single plant species.
monofloral
Which of the following would increase "C" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C)?
more nesting sites open, making altruist is more likely to successfully rear its own offspring
The following traits all describe Apis cerana (as compared to Apis mellifera) except:
more winter adapted
The Johnston's organ detects:
motion of the flagellum
the johnston's organ detects
motion of the flagellum
What is not a function of the corpora pedunculata in the honey bee brain?
motor control of mouthparts
ecdysis as a larvae
must molt regularly
Which of the following is one of the only two known species of eusocial mammals?
naked mole rat
A bee that has a high sucrose response threshold is most likely to be found returning to the nest with which of the following resources?
nectar
Which of the following starting materials is the primary source of energy for honey bees?
nectar
Surplus food is brought in and stored in large quantities in the hive during periods known to beekeepers as:
nectar flows
Honey bees do not show __________, meaning that they do not segregate by patriline or prefer to rear super-sister brood or queens. (spelling counts)
nepotism
The Plan to Promote Pollinator Health announcement indicated areas where the general public could help. Which of the following suggestions was not listed?
never use pesticides
Honey bee brood phermone is a blend of 10 fatty acid esters that, when applied to a colony, causes foragers to leave the nest and return with pollen. Foragers generally leave the nest 5 min after treating colonies with esters. Is this an example of a primer effect?
no
after the 3rd instar, can a larvar become a queen after never being fed royal jelly?
no
parts of the larvar
no nonessential parts (legs, eyes, antennae, wings, sting)
do brood nurses feed only 1 larvae
no, they feed many
Which of the following bees, identified as the job she is performing, would you expect to have the most highly developed mandibular glands?
nurse
Which group of worker bees provision the larvae with food derived from glands?
nurses
how are queen/worker eggs differentiated
nutrition
development times depends on
nutrition, temperature, and race of the bee
Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care
offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity
Which of the following is not a way in which parents might manipulate their offspring into performing altruistic behaviors such as brood care.
offspring forced to leave the nest area upon reproductive maturity
Nasonov Gland
on Last tergite of abdomen- scent chemicals for home marking for foragers
bees' 1st defacation
orientation flights
The queen honey bee ovary is made up of a large number of ___________, in which eggs mature.
ovarioles
the queen honey bee ovary is made up of a large number of _____, in which eggs mature
ovarioles
Bees belong to a group known as the Aculeata, or aculeate hymenopterans. Unlike their parasitic cousins, the Aculeata have a sting. What body structure is modified to become the sting, aka stinger?
ovipositor
What is the defining structure of the aculeate Hymenoptera?
ovipositor modified into a sting
Insect blood is properly called hemolymph; it is responsible primarily for all of these functions but which?
oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
royal jelly has higher quantity of
pantothenic acid
The assumption used in phylogenetics that says the simplest explanation is the most likely to be correct is called:
parsimony
guards
patrol nest entrance for nest odor derived from comb odors
A chemical used for communication among members of the same species is called a _____________.
pheromone
mechanism behind polyethism
physiological component, juvenile hormone and other hormones
What is the special term used to describe the branched body hairs of bees?
plumose
Although they may superficially resemble each other, social wasps can be separated from bees because they lack what?
plumose hairs
Honey bees can navigate using the sun even on cloudy days because they can detect _________ light.
polarized
Patches of ommaditia on the top of the eye that are sensitive to UV light are also sensitive to __________ light, allowing them to detect the position of the sun. (spelling counts)
polarized
honey bees can navigate using the sun even on cloudy days because they can detect _________ light.
polarized
Though a current fad food advocated (with varying degree of scientific credence) for treatment of sterility, body conditioning, etc., which of the following bee products can occassionally result in fatal allergic reactions?
pollen
Foragers collect which of the following resources for the colony? check all that apply
pollen water propolis nectar
Bee hives are most commonly managed for what two things?
pollination services and honey
Queen bees mate with multiple drones on their mating flights. This is referred to as ________.
polyandry
Accidentally using non-homologous characters, so those not due to common ancestry, is likely to result in what types of groupings?
polyphyletic
nest entrance dirction
position based on morning sun
foragers are... phototaxic, while nurse bees are... phototaxic
positively... negatively
presence an old comb is
prefered
last larval instar
prepupal stage
polyrthism
presence of different work task among different members of a eusocial insect's life
what does not affect stinging
presence of nectar flow
What is the actual difference between bright white vs. darker capped honey on the comb?
presence or absence of air trapped between the wax cap and honey is responsible for the difference in appearance
egg hatching
prior to hatching the gg sinks to the cell bottom, chorian gradually dissolves, releasing the 1st instar larvae
The main reason Dr. Warwick Kerr was hired by the Brazilian government was to breed bees that would ___________.
produce a lot of honey
What does the waggle dance communicate? (check all that apply)
profitability of the resource distance to the resource direction of the resource
Apis bees demonstrate ________ provisioning of brood.
progressive
The 1'st abdominal segment which has become fused to the posterior thorax in the Apocrita is called the:
propodeums
According to the talk by Dr. Spivak, one product important to honey bee social immunity, or social healthcare, is:
propolis
This product is important for sealing and protecting the hive and has its own antifungal and antibacterial properties and is often used as rural medicine in the treatment of wounds and burns.
propolis
edges off hive is coated in
propolis
when identifying a new nest site, entrance ways that are too large can be modified by what hive product
propolis
parts of the hive
propolis layer, honey strorage, pollen storage, brood nest, drone comb, queen cell
royalactin
protein in royal jelly
Which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen gains out of nectar?
proventriculus
Which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen grains out of nectar?
proventriculus
which structure is responsible for siphoning pollen grains out of nectar
proventriculus
feral honey bee nests do not take into account
proximity to water source
Which stage shows the most variation in development time between the different castes of honey bees?
pupal
longest instar
pupal stage
Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in ________________ averages around 53%
queen
which of the following puts the length of developmental time for each caste from egg to adult emergence in the correct order?
queen < worker < drone
What is most likely to occur if two emerged queens are present in one colony at the same time?
queen duel to the death
food with higher sugar content
queen food
which of the following is true if you are comparing the diet of worker vs. queen destined larvae
queen larvae receive more mandibular gland secretions from nurse bees
a hypothetical colony is headed by a queen that was only able to mate with 1 drone. Which of the following is most likely to occur given those circumstances?
queen supersedure
Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in ____ averages around 53%
queens
Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in _____ averages around 53%.
queens
Brood survival in drones averages around 60%. Brood survival in ________________ averages around 53%.
queens
Honey bee larva fed like queens starting at 1 day of age are likely to be
queens of high reproductive quality
Honey bee larva fed like queens starting at 1 day of age are likely to be:
queens of high reproductive quality
In commercial queen rearing, what will happen if the beekeeper loses track of time and allows a queen to emerge freely among the other queen cells?
queens still in cells will be stung to death
The idea of altruism is difficult to reconcile with the theory of natural selection because natural selection is predicated on the survival and reproduction of individuals (thus passing along their genes). Altruistic behavior, as it occurs in nature, involves an individual sacrificing itself, sometimes even dying, in order to protect another. Thus a gene for altruistic behavior at first glance appears to be contradictory because the organism expressing the behavior will simply kill itself in aid of others and the genes will never be passed along. Hamilton's rule of inclusive fitness delineates the conditions under which a hereditary altruistic trait is likely to spread through the population as follows: rb>c Match the constants to their associated definitions to explain, at least in part, how altruistic behaviors could arise through natural selection.
r A. the coefficient of relatedness or the fraction of genes that an altruist shares with the recipient of its altruistic behaviors b B. the fitness the recipient of altruism gains in number of future offspring c C. the fitness loss the altruist suffers by aiding the recipient
Hamilton's Rule and inclusive fitness
rB > C; r = Relatedness B = Benefit to recipient C = reproductive cost to self An example is parental investment into young
hamilton's rule
rB>C
The honey bee digestive tract expands and contracts with the _____, which is found in the hindgut.
rectum
the honey bee digestive tract expands and contracts with the ______________, which is found in the hindgut
rectum
undertakers
removal of dead bees
grooming job
remove parasites, debris, and communication
The "b" of hamilton's equation (rB>C) stands for what exactly?
reproductive benefit gained by recipient of altruistic act
The "B" of Hamilton's equation (rB>C) stands for what exactly?
reproductive benefit gained by recipient of the altruistic act
According to the RGPH, which of the following sterile worker traits is influenced by a pathway associated with reproduction in solitary incests?
responsiveness to sucrose levels
Honey from which of the following plants is toxic to humans and may have been responsible for madness and illness reported by ancient Greek and Roman generals after consuming honey from a particular region.
rhododendron
Your book describes toxic honey that led to the downfall of at least two armies traveling through the Black Sea region. What plant likely produced this toxic honey?
rhododendron
A molecule made up of RNA that acts as both a genotype And a phenotype of catalyzing chemical reactions is called what? (spelling counts)
ribozymes
queen eggs are fed
royal jelly in a queen cup
The larvae forms the pupal cocoon from which of the following materials? check all that apply
salivary secretions & faeces
The name Lepidoptera means:
scale wings
This subspecies is most similar to the Africanized bee, sometimes referred to in popular media, hyperbolically, as the "killer" bee. (spelling counts)
scutellata
Hypopharyngeal glands
secrete royal jelly of "bee milk" which is high in sugar, proteins, and vitamins
Oenocytes
secretion of wax, cuticular lipids
theory behind altruism
selection can be applied to a family (genetic relatedness)
autogrroming
self cleaning
altruism
selflessness
Any chemical involved in communication is called a ___________. (spelling counts)
semiochemical
5 main characteristics in feral honey bee nests
sheltered darkened enclosure, small defensible entrance, size of adequate volume, parallel comb constructed with bee space, separation of brood and food in the comb
Which of the following is a behavior used by Apis bees to regulate the nest temperature when it is too cold?
shivering
cocoon composition
silk made from the salivary glands in adults
nest entrance size
smaller preferred because of thermoregulation and defense
allogrooming
social cleaning
Which of the following best describes the previous* consensus among researchers about the effects of social evolution on the function of reproductive gene and endocrine pathways of the sterile worker caste?
sociality reduces the functionality of these networks
bee space
space between vertical combs, discovered by Lorenzo Langstroth in 1851
What is the most specific taxonomic level? (spelling counts)
species
The causative agent of European foulbrood is Melissococcus pluton, a Gram+ bacterium which has a ____________-shaped cell.
spherical
What makes honey bees actually attract pollen once they arrive at a flower?
static charge developed during flight
Which of the following honeys from other insects, is actively produced for uses in traditional medicine?
stingless bees
An animal that exhibits behaviors of parental care can said to be __________.
subsocial
[1] animals simply exhibit parental care whereas [2] animals exhibit a division of reproductive labor, but among cofoundresses/individuals of the same generation.
subsocial animals simply exhibit parental care whereas semisocial animals exhibit a division of reproductive labor, but among cofoundresses/individuals of the same generation.
Which of the following enzymes, more regularly termed invertase, is produced by honey bees to break sugars down to monosaccharides?
sucrase
It is sometimes helpful when trying to understand the functionality of a colony of eusocial organisms to think of the colony as one collective, living unit. This is the concept of the _____
superorganism
5% of trees have...
survivable, accessible cavities
Which of the following is an emergent property of a honey bee colony?
swarm formation
Populations of animals occupying the same geographic area are called:
sympatric
The insect body plan is divided broadly into three regions called what?
tagmata
The science of identifying, describing, classifying, and applying universal names to organisms is called _____________? (spelling counts)
taxonomy
The science of identifying, describing, officially naming, and classifying organisms is called _____________.
taxonomy
The science of identifying, describing, officially naming, and classifying organisms is called:
taxonomy
A newly emerged bee, that still appears fuzzy and soft because her (or his) cuticle hasn't finished drying from its final ecdyses is called ___________. (spelling counts)
teneral
An insect that is light in color and soft because it recently underwent ecdysis is called what?
teneral
What does the round dance communicate? (check all that apply)
that the resource is close resource profitability
According to the authors, what does the concept of the superorganism completely fail to explain?
the developmental evolution of this social structure at the genetic level
What is the difference between a queen cell and a queen cup
the presence of an egg/larva in a queen cell
Workers of the subspecies Apis mellifera capensis, are (almost) uniquely possessing of the ability to lay female eggs without having previously mated. This type of parthenogenesis is called __________. (be mindful of the tricky spelling)
thelytoky
what happens to diploid drone larvae
they are eaten by workers after hatching before emergence
In the time-lapse video on honey bee development, why do larvae swim circles in their cells?
they are moving forward as they consume food left in the cell
why are honeybees truly social
they have all 3 aspects of eusociality: overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and reproductive division of labor
how do queens determine cells
they sense them using their forelegs, based on diameter of cell
how bees regulate temperature
they sit by the entrance to fan their wings and shiver
The ____________ glands produce chemicals known as "footprint" pheromones.
thoracic
The largest muscle groups are located within the ________, which is one of the three major segments of insects.
thorax
the largest muscle groups are located within the ________, which is one of the three major segments of insects
thorax
Why would factors associated with female reproductive biology affect foraging behavior in a solitary ancestor of the honey bee?
to coordinate reproduction and foraging for resources to provision offspring
why are cells hexagons
to maximize space usage
Acarapis woodi is a honey bee parasite that lives within the _______ of the respiratory system
trachea
Acarapis woodi is a honey bee parasite that lives within the __________ of the respiratory system.
trachea
Which of the following dances is involved in the transition of bees into nectar processing?
trambling
comb imperfection categories
transitional areas and deformation over time
Nectar processors receive nectar from foragers by _________ and evaporate it on their mandibles, while adding salivary and head gland secretions to process the sugars. (be mindful of spelling)
trophallaxis
The sharing of liquid food among members of the hive is called ____________. (spelling counts)
trophallaxis
How does the adult queen bee obtain nutrition?
trophallaxis from retinue members
A successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus
true
A successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus.
true
Africanized honey bees behave most similarly to high-pollen hoarding lines, implying a connection between pollen collection and survivability in tropical and sub-tropical environments.
true
Afterswarms are headed by virgin queens
true
Afterswarms are headed by virgin queens.
true
Alarm phermone production increases as worker bees age
true
Alarm pheromone production increases as worker bees age.
true
All of the ants (Formicidae) are eusocial
true
All of the ants (Formicidae) are eusocial.
true
Because Africanized bees develop more quickly from the larval and pupal stages to adults, they are more resistant to build-up of mite populations in their colonies.
true
Bees can sting through most fabric if it is touching your skin.
true
Consuming herbivorous insects, like honey bee brood, ants, termites, or locusts, is an efficient way to add protein to the human diet on par with chicken. This may be one way future generations use to tackle the problem of feeding increased populations.
true
Drones have more eye facets (lenses) than workers
true
Drones will all perish before winter
true
Eusocial organisms are more likely to sacrifice their lives to defend their colony
true
Honey bee larva can be seen in open cells curled into a position that resembles the letter "C" up until the prepupal stage
true
Inbreeding may cause the occurrence of diploid drones to increase
true
Interbreeding may cause the occurrence of diploid drones to increase
true
The epidermis secretes the new cuticle during ecdysis.
true
The eusocial shrimp shown in the video make their home inside sponges.
true
The same pheromone (or pheromone complex) in honey bees serves as a sex pheromone or attractant and as a regulator of worker ovary function, depending on the context.
true
The study of pollen is known as Palynology
true
There are expression differences between female and male honey bees.
true
Worker larvae receive a larger proportion of nurse bee hypopharyngeal gland secretions than mandibular gland secretions in their diet
true
a successful nectar forager returning to the nest would have a closed proventriculus
true
drones have more eye facets than workers
true
drones will perish before winter
true
honey bee workers have the longest proboscis of all the castes
true
in tests using PER, a honey bee is trained to extend her proboscis after a stimulus is given
true
the epidermis secretes the new cuticle during ecdysis
true
under normal conditions brood mortality is low
true
Nervous System
two part Brain with 7 ganglia along ventral thorax and abdomen and can operate on their own
What wavelength of light is bee vision shifted toward as compared to human vision?
ultraviolet
Wax glands are found on which portion of the body?
underside of the abdomen
What specialized group of worker bees removes dead bees from the nest?
undertakers
eggs laid in horizontal cells are
unfertilized
What type of nitrogenous waste is dumped into the hindgut by the Malpighian tubules?
uric acid
what type of nitrogenous waste is dumped into the hindgut by the Malpighian tubules
uric acid
festooning
used when constructing a new comb
What parasite can be seen during the pupal stage in the time-lapse bee development video?
varroa mites
Exact development time and quality of the emerging adult bee can vary based on all of the following except
varying number of larval instars
The antimicrobial properties of honey, especially in darker varieties, is attributed to everything except
viscosity
In hymenoptera, there is a constricted segment connecting the first abdominal segment (which is fused to the thorax) with the rest of the abdomen, termed the gaster. This structure is called a petiole, but your book, erroneously (but poetically) calls this a ___________. be mindful of spelling and include the hyphen
wasp-waist
A bee that is very sensitive to sugar (eg: her probscosis extension reflex occurs at a very low sucrose concentration) is most likely to be found returning to the nest with which of the following resources?
water
The small body size of insects makes them subject to proportionally greater:
water loss
propolis does what for the hive
waterproofing, temperature regulation, disease prevention
What resource is not gathered by foragers (or "field bees" per the text)?
wax; it is instead secreted by the bees themselves
deformation over time comb imperfections
weight and heat, build up of cocoons and waste
What color is extruded wax or fresh drawn comb?
white
Which of the following castes represents the somatic tissue of the colony?
worker
Why are worker-laid eggs not as neatly placed in cells as the queen's?
worker abdomen is too short to reach the bottom of cells
hollow space is the size of the
worker cell (about the size of a worker)
Mushroom bodies are largest in which bee caste?
workers
mushroom bodies are largest in which bee caste
workers
critical age
workers can still feed larvae jelly for the first time before the 3rd instar and it can change into a queen
Quasi-social species
xylocopinae (carpenter bees)
Isoamyl acetate, or banana oil, has a molecular formula of C7H14O2 and a mass of 130 grams/mol. Based exclusively this information, would you expect this to be a volatile (airborne) pheromone?
yes
Match the queen term to her (reproductive) behavior.
young queen who does not lay eggs ---> C.virgin queen reproductively active queen that lays many fertile eggs ---> D.mated queen an old or damaged or simply unlucky queen that lays only male eggs ---> A.drone layer
