EXAM 2 FCS 303 (Ch. 4, 5, 6)

Which statement about a food labeled "reduced fat" is true

"A reduced fat" food may have just as many calories as its full-fat counterpart

Match the homrone with its effect on the blood glucose - insulin = - glucagon =

- insulin = decreases blood glucose - glucagon = increases blood glucose

Place the 5 sections of the colon in order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine: sigmoid colon, ascending colon, descending colon, cecum, transverse colon

1. Cecum 2. Ascending colon 3. Transverse colon 4. Descending colon 5. Sigmoid colon

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract Jejunum, ileum, duodenum

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food Stomach, large intestine, esophagus, mouth, small intestine

1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine

Place in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates: -Enzymes breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine -Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach -Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is is excreted in feces -Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine

1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzymes breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine 3. Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces

Rank the sandwiches from the highest amount of fiber (1) to the lowest amount of fiber (3) Peanut butter & jelly - white bread with strawberry jelly and crunchy peanut butter Turkey/swiss on whole wheat - served with tomato, cucumbers, lettuce, and mustard Ham and swiss on white bread extra lean ham served with mayonnaise

1. Turkey/swiss on whole wheat - served with tomato, cucumbers, lettuce, and mustard 2. Peanut butter & jelly - white bread with strawberry jelly and crunchy peanut butter 3. Ham and swiss on white bread extra lean ham served with mayonnaise

How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?

1. number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton 2. position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton

The large intestine absorbs about ______ percent of the water

10%

How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of one day?

29 cups

Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?

45-65% of total calories

Triglycerides provide ______ calories per gram

9

Which statement best describes the carbohydrate intake of adults in North America?

Americans need to increase their fiber intake and decrease their intake of sugars

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

Amylopectin, fiber, amylose

Which of these foods contain little or no fat?

Breakfast cereals, yeast breads

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?

Cardiovascular and lymphatic system

The system is an example of an organ system

Cardiovascular system

Which of the following foods contain a significant amount of fat?

Dairy desserts, processed snack foods NOT yeast breads or fruits

_______ are hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids

Eicosanoids

Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in teh treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

Fiber has not been shown to be important in the treatment of IBS

_____ are swollen veins in the rectum and anus

Hemorrhoids

Meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach

High fat meal

Hemorrhoids are formed and held in which organ?

Large intestine

The role of beneficial bacteria in teh large intestine is to...

Metabolize undigested food, make vitamin K and biotin

Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?

Obesity, type 2 diabetes

Which complex carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?

Oligosaccharides

Which of the following are soluble fibers

Pectins, gums, mucilages NOT lignin, cellulose, and mose hemicellulose

Which of the following foods contain a significant amount of fat?

Processed snack foods, dairy desserts

Which organizations or recommendations suggest limiting added sugar to no more than 10% of daily total energy intake?

The dietary guidelines for Americans, World health organization

What is the collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?

Tissue

Which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?

Water and electrolytes

What is needed to facilitate active absorption?

a carrier protein and energy

Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile? a. cholesterol b. alpha-linoleic acid c. ecosinoids d. saturated fat

a. cholesterol

Match the sphincter of the GI tract with the appropriate function of that sphincter: a. lower esophageal sphincter: b. pyloric sphincter: c. Hepatopancreatic sphincter: d. Ileocecal valve: e. Anal sphincter

a. lower esophageal sphincter: prevents backflow (reflux) of the stomach contents into the esophagus b. pyloric sphincter: controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine c. Hepatopancreatic sphincter: control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine d. Ileocecal valve: prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine e. Anal sphincter: prevents defecation until person desires to do so

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar? a. monosaccharide b.starch c. polysaccharides d. fiber

a. monosaccharide

Match the taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the appropriate cause a. salty b. sour c. sweet d. bitter e. umami

a. salty- from metal ions such as sodium (Na^+) b. sour- from acids c. sweet- from organic compounds such as sugars d. bitter- from diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine e. umami- from amino acids, primarily glutamate

Pair the type of fatty acid to its correct structure: a. saturated fatty acid b. monounsaturated fatty acid: c. polyunsaturated fatty acid:

a. saturated fatty acid: no carbon-carbon double bond b. monounsaturated fatty acid: one carbon-carbon double bond c. polyunsaturated fatty acid: two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the a. stomach and esophagus b. stomach and duodenum c. ileum and cecum d. sigmoid colon and anus

a. stomach and esophagus

Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids? a. they do not dissolve in water b. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen c. They dissolve in water d. They are classified as sterols

a. they do not dissolve in water

Match the food with the type of fat: lard, french fries, cake, butter a. visible - - b. hidden - -

a. visible - lard - butter b. hidden - french fries - cake

_____ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies

added

Eating fibrous foods can

aid in weight loss and help us feel full

The polysaccharide, _______ is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range

amylopectin

The two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and _________

amylopectin

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, _______ is digested more rapidly than _______

amylopectin... amylose

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants - ________

amylose

Vegetable, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common sources of

amylose

What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?

amylose

A diet rich in _____ found in foods like blueberries, spinach, and green tea can help reduce LDL oxidation and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrom

antioxidants

Mike has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 calories per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day? a. 76 g b. 67 g c. 80 g d. 93 g

b. 67 g (3/10) (2000) cal= 600 cal from fat (600 cal from fat) (1 g fat / 9 cal) = 67g

The bacteria that usually inhibit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the a. sphincter of Oddi b. Ileocecal sphincter c. Pyloric sphincter d. Rectal sphincter

b. Ileocecal sphincter

The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing a. bicarbonate only when food is in the stomach b. a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach c. hydroxyl ions to neutralize the acid d. antipepsin that destroys digestive substances

b. a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach

Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves a. peristalsis to move the food along the GI tract b. back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass c. conscious effort d. enzyme input to break apart the food mass

b. back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass

Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of ______ a. saponification b. hydrogenation c. emulsification d. calcification

b. hydrogenation hydrogenation = gets rid of double bonds and putting hydrogen back on carbon to make it more solid

Villi are found mainly in the a. large intestine b. small intestine c. esophagus d. stomach

b. small intestine

________ emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets called micelles and forms a shell around the micelles that keep the fat droplets suspended in the water based intestinal contents

bile

Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the ________ and ________ duct

bile and pancreatic duct

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

breads, beans, vegetables

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

butter, mayonnaise, margarine, salad oils

What are some examples of added fats?

butter, shortening, margarine

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive organ system? a. Pancreas b. Small intestine c. Kidneys d. Liver

c. Kidneys

Which is correct regarding trans fatty acids? a. They raise HDL and LDL cholesterol b. They lower LDL cholesterol c. They raise blood cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol d. They raise blood glucose

c. They raise blood cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol (This means it's raising the total cholesterol lower the good type of cholesterol)

All of the following are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids EXCEPT a. walnuts b. salmon c. avocados d. flaxseed oil

c. avocados Avocados have healthy fats but no omega 3's

Bile is formed in the ________ and stored in the ________ a. stomach; pancreas b. duodenum; kidney c. liver; gallbladder d. gallbladder; liver

c. liver; gallbladder

The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the a. lower esophageal sphincter b. sphincter of Oddi c. pyloric sphincter d. ileocecal sphincter

c. pyloric sphincter

The major function(s) of the stomach is/are: a. the digestion and absorption, especially carbs b. the digestion and absorption of alcohol c. to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme d. All of these responses are correct

c. to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme (doesn't digest carbs so it isn't option A. Alcohol absorption is not a major function for the stomach)

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, they all provide the same number of _____.

calories

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _______ _______ digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

cannot be

Providing energy is the primary function of a

carbohydrate

Most carbohydrates are composed of

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Which cells in the body tissue derived almost all of their energy from glucose?

central nervous system and red blood cells

Most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine, where the presence of fat triggers the release of _______

cholecystokinin

____ is a sterol used by the body to make steroid hormones and bile, as well as to form cell membranes

cholesterol

Soluble fiber decreases the absorption of ______ and ______ - rich bile acids into the blood

cholesterol and cholesterol-rich

A ______ is a lipoprotein primarily made of dietary fats surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein

chylomicron

The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a _____ fatty acid, the hydrogen is attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain

cis

What cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?

colon, prostate, and breast cancer

Tendons and cartilage are made of ________ ________

connective tissue

Which of the following yield energy? a. Carbohydrates b. Fats c. Proteins d. All of the above

d. All of the above

All of the following are ways in which fatty acids can differ from one another EXCEPT _________ a. number of double bonds b. degree of saturation c. chain length d. average number of calories per gram

d. average number of calories per gram

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by _______ a. lipase b. pepsin c. saliva d. bacteria

d. bacteria

The small intestine is divided into three segments. List them in descending order. a. ileum, jejunum, duodenum b. jejunum, ileum, duodenum c. duodenum, ileum, jejeunum d. duodenum, jejunum, ileum

d. duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the a. liver and large intestine b. bile and gallbladder c. kidneys and esophagus d. pancreas and small intestine

d. pancreas and small intestine

A coordinated muscular contraction that properls food along the GI tract is called _____ a. a sphincter b. enterohepatic circulation c. a pump d. peristalsis

d. peristalsis

What are some sources of saturated fat?

dairy produced (whole milk, cheese, ice cream, butter), beef, chicken, mayonnaise, margarine

A common GI tact problem in which the stool and water combine is _______

diarrhea

In healthy individuals, the largest influence on gut microbial composition is _____

diet

Current research does not support the use of _______ _____ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

dietary fiber

Hemicelluloses, pectins, cellulose, and gums are examples of

dietary fiber

A triglyceride that loses fatty acid is called ________

diglyceride

Because of its chemical structure, cellulose

does not dissolve in water

Disaccharides are _________ _________

double sugars

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides? a. they are made of simple sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain b. they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits c. they are sometimes called starches d. they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates e. all of the above

e. all of the above

When swallowing a bite of food, the _________ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus

epiglottis

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _______ fatty acids a. essential b. nonessential c. saturated d. trans

essential

Alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid are ________ _______ _______

essentially fatty acids (EFAs)

The process of converting natural sugars and starches to lactic acid and other acids by bacteria, yeast, or fungi is called _________

fermentation

Adequate _______ and ______ helps prevent constipation

fiber and water

What is the primary difference between fiber and starch

fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can

Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called _________

flatulence

The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called

ghrelin

What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?

glucose

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

glucose, sucrose, fructose

_______ is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans

glycogen

Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean diet?

high intake of fruits/vegetables/whole grains, regular exercise, moderate drinking of wine

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete _________ _________

hydrochloric acid

Fats have ______ ______ and ______

hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

During the process of ______, hydrogen is added to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats

hydrogenation

The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include...

inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins, dissolves dietary minerals, destroys harmful bacteria and viruses

The substance necessary for the body to absorb vitamin B-12 is

intrinsic factor

Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbs?

jam, table sugar, fruit

Feces are formed in the ________ _______

large intestine

The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it's __________ in ________ than the small intestine

larger in diameter

A _____ is a compound containing a core made of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol.

lipoprotein

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen

liver and muscle

Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Digestive enzymes are made of _______, and they _______ chemical reactions

made of PROTEIN, and they CATALYZE chemical reactions

Which of the following are true about cellulose?

made of glucose molecules, linked by beta bonds, insoluble fiber

_______ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages

maltose

Which gender has a greater change of having a heart attack?

men

a _____ is a water-woluble, spherical structure formed by lecithin and bile acids in which the hydrophobic parts face inward and hydrophilic parts face outward

micelle

What is the major food source of lactose?

milk

A _______ fatty acid has 1 location in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen

monounsaturated

Glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body because...

of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly

"Poly" = many (prefix) and "saccharide" = sugar (word stem)

ok

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

olive, canola oil, peanut oil

In addition to cold-water fish, walnuts, flaxseeds, canola oil, and soybean oil are all good sources of _____ _____ _____ _____

omega 3 fatty acids

If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs between the 3rd and 4th carbon from the methyl end, it's called an ______-_____ fatty acid

omega-3

The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of _________ _________ at a time

one teaspoon

What are some food sources of monounsaturated fat?

peanut oil, olive oil

The contraction of muscle in the esophagus is called

peristalsis

________ and ________ are digested mostly in the small intestine

phospholipids and cholesterol

The lipid family includes sterols, ___ and ___

phospholipids, and triglycerides

Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?

physical inactivity, smoking, obesity

Both fiber and starch are types of ______

polysaccharides

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides or starch

a _________ fatty acid has two locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen

polyunsaturated

Foods that are most likely to become rancid are those high in ______ _____

polyunsaturated fats

Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?

polyunsaturated fats

The beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soybean paste_ are known as _______ bacteria

probiotic

Yogurt would be classified as a ________ food

probiotic

________ are live microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits

probiotics

_____ are potent eicosanoid compounds that produce diverse effects in the body

prostaglandins

HDL has a high proportion of ____ which makes it the heaviest / most dense lipoprotein

protein

It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not us _______ for energy

protein

________ has nitrogen

protein

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver, soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract causing it to be excreted, fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver

What does the chain length of fatty acids mean

refers to the number of carbons

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the lipid called _________ which is produced by the glands in the mouth

saliva

Soluble fibers help to regulate blood glucose by...

showing absorption of glucose from the small intestine

Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are ______ at room temperature a. solid b. liquid c. warm d. gaseous

solid

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

stable, calorie dense, the body's main storage form of energy

Chyme is formed in the _____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions.

stomach

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

sugar beets, maple tree sap

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

the mouth

Digestion is ________

the process of breaking down food into smaller components

A _____ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain

trans

Which type of fat can be reduced in the diet by avoiding foods like flaky bread products, cookies, and pie crusts?

trans fat

_____ is a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy because they are stable and calorie dense

triglyceride

About 95% of fats we eat and 95% of the fat stored in the body are in the form of ______

triglycerides

Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered _________ fatty acids

unsaturated

______ fatty acids are liquid at room temperature

unsaturated... they have kinks and don't stack so they're liquid

Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?

water, alcohol

Examples or probiotic foods include

yogurt and buttermilk

Which is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margerine

zero