EXAM 2 FCS 303 (Ch. 4, 5, 6)
Which statement about a food labeled "reduced fat" is true
"A reduced fat" food may have just as many calories as its full-fat counterpart
Match the homrone with its effect on the blood glucose - insulin = - glucagon =
- insulin = decreases blood glucose - glucagon = increases blood glucose
Place the 5 sections of the colon in order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine: sigmoid colon, ascending colon, descending colon, cecum, transverse colon
1. Cecum 2. Ascending colon 3. Transverse colon 4. Descending colon 5. Sigmoid colon
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract Jejunum, ileum, duodenum
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food Stomach, large intestine, esophagus, mouth, small intestine
1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine
Place in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates: -Enzymes breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine -Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach -Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is is excreted in feces -Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine
1. Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach 2. Enzymes breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine 3. Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine 4. Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces
Rank the sandwiches from the highest amount of fiber (1) to the lowest amount of fiber (3) Peanut butter & jelly - white bread with strawberry jelly and crunchy peanut butter Turkey/swiss on whole wheat - served with tomato, cucumbers, lettuce, and mustard Ham and swiss on white bread extra lean ham served with mayonnaise
1. Turkey/swiss on whole wheat - served with tomato, cucumbers, lettuce, and mustard 2. Peanut butter & jelly - white bread with strawberry jelly and crunchy peanut butter 3. Ham and swiss on white bread extra lean ham served with mayonnaise
How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
1. number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton 2. position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton
The large intestine absorbs about ______ percent of the water
10%
How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of one day?
29 cups
Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?
45-65% of total calories
Triglycerides provide ______ calories per gram
9
Which statement best describes the carbohydrate intake of adults in North America?
Americans need to increase their fiber intake and decrease their intake of sugars
Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
Amylopectin, fiber, amylose
Which of these foods contain little or no fat?
Breakfast cereals, yeast breads
Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?
Cardiovascular and lymphatic system
The system is an example of an organ system
Cardiovascular system
Which of the following foods contain a significant amount of fat?
Dairy desserts, processed snack foods NOT yeast breads or fruits
_______ are hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in teh treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?
Fiber has not been shown to be important in the treatment of IBS
_____ are swollen veins in the rectum and anus
Hemorrhoids
Meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach
High fat meal
Hemorrhoids are formed and held in which organ?
Large intestine
The role of beneficial bacteria in teh large intestine is to...
Metabolize undigested food, make vitamin K and biotin
Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?
Obesity, type 2 diabetes
Which complex carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?
Oligosaccharides
Which of the following are soluble fibers
Pectins, gums, mucilages NOT lignin, cellulose, and mose hemicellulose
Which of the following foods contain a significant amount of fat?
Processed snack foods, dairy desserts
Which organizations or recommendations suggest limiting added sugar to no more than 10% of daily total energy intake?
The dietary guidelines for Americans, World health organization
What is the collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?
Tissue
Which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?
Water and electrolytes
What is needed to facilitate active absorption?
a carrier protein and energy
Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile? a. cholesterol b. alpha-linoleic acid c. ecosinoids d. saturated fat
a. cholesterol
Match the sphincter of the GI tract with the appropriate function of that sphincter: a. lower esophageal sphincter: b. pyloric sphincter: c. Hepatopancreatic sphincter: d. Ileocecal valve: e. Anal sphincter
a. lower esophageal sphincter: prevents backflow (reflux) of the stomach contents into the esophagus b. pyloric sphincter: controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine c. Hepatopancreatic sphincter: control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine d. Ileocecal valve: prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine e. Anal sphincter: prevents defecation until person desires to do so
Which of the following is a type of simple sugar? a. monosaccharide b.starch c. polysaccharides d. fiber
a. monosaccharide
Match the taste sensation perceived by the taste buds with the appropriate cause a. salty b. sour c. sweet d. bitter e. umami
a. salty- from metal ions such as sodium (Na^+) b. sour- from acids c. sweet- from organic compounds such as sugars d. bitter- from diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine e. umami- from amino acids, primarily glutamate
Pair the type of fatty acid to its correct structure: a. saturated fatty acid b. monounsaturated fatty acid: c. polyunsaturated fatty acid:
a. saturated fatty acid: no carbon-carbon double bond b. monounsaturated fatty acid: one carbon-carbon double bond c. polyunsaturated fatty acid: two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
The lower esophageal sphincter is located between the a. stomach and esophagus b. stomach and duodenum c. ileum and cecum d. sigmoid colon and anus
a. stomach and esophagus
Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids? a. they do not dissolve in water b. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen c. They dissolve in water d. They are classified as sterols
a. they do not dissolve in water
Match the food with the type of fat: lard, french fries, cake, butter a. visible - - b. hidden - -
a. visible - lard - butter b. hidden - french fries - cake
_____ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies
added
Eating fibrous foods can
aid in weight loss and help us feel full
The polysaccharide, _______ is used in many frozen foods because it remains stable over a wide temperature range
amylopectin
The two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and _________
amylopectin
Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, _______ is digested more rapidly than _______
amylopectin... amylose
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants - ________
amylose
Vegetable, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common sources of
amylose
What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?
amylose
A diet rich in _____ found in foods like blueberries, spinach, and green tea can help reduce LDL oxidation and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrom
antioxidants
Mike has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 calories per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day? a. 76 g b. 67 g c. 80 g d. 93 g
b. 67 g (3/10) (2000) cal= 600 cal from fat (600 cal from fat) (1 g fat / 9 cal) = 67g
The bacteria that usually inhibit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the a. sphincter of Oddi b. Ileocecal sphincter c. Pyloric sphincter d. Rectal sphincter
b. Ileocecal sphincter
The stomach is protected from digesting itself by producing a. bicarbonate only when food is in the stomach b. a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach c. hydroxyl ions to neutralize the acid d. antipepsin that destroys digestive substances
b. a thick layer of mucus to coat the lining of the stomach
Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves a. peristalsis to move the food along the GI tract b. back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass c. conscious effort d. enzyme input to break apart the food mass
b. back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass
Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of ______ a. saponification b. hydrogenation c. emulsification d. calcification
b. hydrogenation hydrogenation = gets rid of double bonds and putting hydrogen back on carbon to make it more solid
Villi are found mainly in the a. large intestine b. small intestine c. esophagus d. stomach
b. small intestine
________ emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets called micelles and forms a shell around the micelles that keep the fat droplets suspended in the water based intestinal contents
bile
Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the ________ and ________ duct
bile and pancreatic duct
Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?
breads, beans, vegetables
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
butter, mayonnaise, margarine, salad oils
What are some examples of added fats?
butter, shortening, margarine
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive organ system? a. Pancreas b. Small intestine c. Kidneys d. Liver
c. Kidneys
Which is correct regarding trans fatty acids? a. They raise HDL and LDL cholesterol b. They lower LDL cholesterol c. They raise blood cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol d. They raise blood glucose
c. They raise blood cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol (This means it's raising the total cholesterol lower the good type of cholesterol)
All of the following are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids EXCEPT a. walnuts b. salmon c. avocados d. flaxseed oil
c. avocados Avocados have healthy fats but no omega 3's
Bile is formed in the ________ and stored in the ________ a. stomach; pancreas b. duodenum; kidney c. liver; gallbladder d. gallbladder; liver
c. liver; gallbladder
The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the a. lower esophageal sphincter b. sphincter of Oddi c. pyloric sphincter d. ileocecal sphincter
c. pyloric sphincter
The major function(s) of the stomach is/are: a. the digestion and absorption, especially carbs b. the digestion and absorption of alcohol c. to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme d. All of these responses are correct
c. to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme (doesn't digest carbs so it isn't option A. Alcohol absorption is not a major function for the stomach)
Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, they all provide the same number of _____.
calories
The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber _______ _______ digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
cannot be
Providing energy is the primary function of a
carbohydrate
Most carbohydrates are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Which cells in the body tissue derived almost all of their energy from glucose?
central nervous system and red blood cells
Most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine, where the presence of fat triggers the release of _______
cholecystokinin
____ is a sterol used by the body to make steroid hormones and bile, as well as to form cell membranes
cholesterol
Soluble fiber decreases the absorption of ______ and ______ - rich bile acids into the blood
cholesterol and cholesterol-rich
A ______ is a lipoprotein primarily made of dietary fats surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein
chylomicron
The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a _____ fatty acid, the hydrogen is attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain
cis
What cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?
colon, prostate, and breast cancer
Tendons and cartilage are made of ________ ________
connective tissue
Which of the following yield energy? a. Carbohydrates b. Fats c. Proteins d. All of the above
d. All of the above
All of the following are ways in which fatty acids can differ from one another EXCEPT _________ a. number of double bonds b. degree of saturation c. chain length d. average number of calories per gram
d. average number of calories per gram
Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by _______ a. lipase b. pepsin c. saliva d. bacteria
d. bacteria
The small intestine is divided into three segments. List them in descending order. a. ileum, jejunum, duodenum b. jejunum, ileum, duodenum c. duodenum, ileum, jejeunum d. duodenum, jejunum, ileum
d. duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the a. liver and large intestine b. bile and gallbladder c. kidneys and esophagus d. pancreas and small intestine
d. pancreas and small intestine
A coordinated muscular contraction that properls food along the GI tract is called _____ a. a sphincter b. enterohepatic circulation c. a pump d. peristalsis
d. peristalsis
What are some sources of saturated fat?
dairy produced (whole milk, cheese, ice cream, butter), beef, chicken, mayonnaise, margarine
A common GI tact problem in which the stool and water combine is _______
diarrhea
In healthy individuals, the largest influence on gut microbial composition is _____
diet
Current research does not support the use of _______ _____ in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
dietary fiber
Hemicelluloses, pectins, cellulose, and gums are examples of
dietary fiber
A triglyceride that loses fatty acid is called ________
diglyceride
Because of its chemical structure, cellulose
does not dissolve in water
Disaccharides are _________ _________
double sugars
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides? a. they are made of simple sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain b. they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits c. they are sometimes called starches d. they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates e. all of the above
e. all of the above
When swallowing a bite of food, the _________ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus
epiglottis
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _______ fatty acids a. essential b. nonessential c. saturated d. trans
essential
Alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid are ________ _______ _______
essentially fatty acids (EFAs)
The process of converting natural sugars and starches to lactic acid and other acids by bacteria, yeast, or fungi is called _________
fermentation
Adequate _______ and ______ helps prevent constipation
fiber and water
What is the primary difference between fiber and starch
fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can
Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called _________
flatulence
The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called
ghrelin
What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
glucose
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
glucose, sucrose, fructose
_______ is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans
glycogen
Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean diet?
high intake of fruits/vegetables/whole grains, regular exercise, moderate drinking of wine
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete _________ _________
hydrochloric acid
Fats have ______ ______ and ______
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
During the process of ______, hydrogen is added to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats
hydrogenation
The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include...
inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins, dissolves dietary minerals, destroys harmful bacteria and viruses
The substance necessary for the body to absorb vitamin B-12 is
intrinsic factor
Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbs?
jam, table sugar, fruit
Feces are formed in the ________ _______
large intestine
The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it's __________ in ________ than the small intestine
larger in diameter
A _____ is a compound containing a core made of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol.
lipoprotein
Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen
liver and muscle
Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Digestive enzymes are made of _______, and they _______ chemical reactions
made of PROTEIN, and they CATALYZE chemical reactions
Which of the following are true about cellulose?
made of glucose molecules, linked by beta bonds, insoluble fiber
_______ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages
maltose
Which gender has a greater change of having a heart attack?
men
a _____ is a water-woluble, spherical structure formed by lecithin and bile acids in which the hydrophobic parts face inward and hydrophilic parts face outward
micelle
What is the major food source of lactose?
milk
A _______ fatty acid has 1 location in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen
monounsaturated
Glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body because...
of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly
"Poly" = many (prefix) and "saccharide" = sugar (word stem)
ok
What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?
olive, canola oil, peanut oil
In addition to cold-water fish, walnuts, flaxseeds, canola oil, and soybean oil are all good sources of _____ _____ _____ _____
omega 3 fatty acids
If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs between the 3rd and 4th carbon from the methyl end, it's called an ______-_____ fatty acid
omega-3
The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of _________ _________ at a time
one teaspoon
What are some food sources of monounsaturated fat?
peanut oil, olive oil
The contraction of muscle in the esophagus is called
peristalsis
________ and ________ are digested mostly in the small intestine
phospholipids and cholesterol
The lipid family includes sterols, ___ and ___
phospholipids, and triglycerides
Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?
physical inactivity, smoking, obesity
Both fiber and starch are types of ______
polysaccharides
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
polysaccharides or starch
a _________ fatty acid has two locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen
polyunsaturated
Foods that are most likely to become rancid are those high in ______ _____
polyunsaturated fats
Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?
polyunsaturated fats
The beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soybean paste_ are known as _______ bacteria
probiotic
Yogurt would be classified as a ________ food
probiotic
________ are live microorganisms, such as lactobacilli found in yogurt, and when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize the large intestine and provide health benefits
probiotics
_____ are potent eicosanoid compounds that produce diverse effects in the body
prostaglandins
HDL has a high proportion of ____ which makes it the heaviest / most dense lipoprotein
protein
It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not us _______ for energy
protein
________ has nitrogen
protein
A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because
reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver, soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract causing it to be excreted, fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver
What does the chain length of fatty acids mean
refers to the number of carbons
Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the lipid called _________ which is produced by the glands in the mouth
saliva
Soluble fibers help to regulate blood glucose by...
showing absorption of glucose from the small intestine
Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are ______ at room temperature a. solid b. liquid c. warm d. gaseous
solid
What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?
stable, calorie dense, the body's main storage form of energy
Chyme is formed in the _____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions.
stomach
What are some natural food sources of sucrose?
sugar beets, maple tree sap
Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?
the mouth
Digestion is ________
the process of breaking down food into smaller components
A _____ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain
trans
Which type of fat can be reduced in the diet by avoiding foods like flaky bread products, cookies, and pie crusts?
trans fat
_____ is a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy because they are stable and calorie dense
triglyceride
About 95% of fats we eat and 95% of the fat stored in the body are in the form of ______
triglycerides
Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered _________ fatty acids
unsaturated
______ fatty acids are liquid at room temperature
unsaturated... they have kinks and don't stack so they're liquid
Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?
water, alcohol
Examples or probiotic foods include
yogurt and buttermilk
Which is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margerine
zero