Exam 2 for Lab

If guanine makes up 60% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases is adenine?

40

What is the chromosome composition of a normal human male?

44 autosomes, 1x chromosome, and 1y chromosome

When looking at a pigmented object, the color we see is the wavelengths that ________. Question options: A) have been raised to an excited state by the pigmented object B) are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object C) the pigmented object created after interacting with sunlight D) are absorbed by the pigmented object

Are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object

When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state. Question options: A) positive B) excited C) quantum D) energetic

B) excited

At what point on the graph are the viruses increasing in number the fastest? A) A B) B C) C D) D

C

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ________. Question options: A) in the stroma B) in the cytosol C) in the thylakoid membrane D) in the mitochondria

C) in the thylakoid membrane

RNA vaccines have shown promise but have yet to be tested in humans. However, further evidence needs to be collected before human clinical trials can begin. Which would be the best experiment to perform to test the efficacy of an RNA vaccine against Zika virus in mice? A) Give one group of healthy mice the vaccine and another healthy group a placebo. Then infect both groups with the Zika virus and test their blood for the presence of Zika virus. B) Give one group of mice already infected with Zika virus the vaccine and another group already infected with the Zika virus a placebo. Then test the blood of both groups for the presence of Zika virus. C) Give one group of healthy mice the vaccine. Then infect the mice with the Zika virus and test their blood for the presence of Zika virus. D) Give one group of mice already infected with Zika virus the vaccine and another healthy group a placebo. Then infect the healthy group with the Zika virus and test the blood of both groups for the presence of Zika virus.

Give one group of healthy mice the vaccine and another healthy group a placebo. Then infect both groups with the Zika virus and test their blood for the presence of Zika virus.

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands?

Hydrogen

Janice's genotype is ________. A) Ww B) WW C) ww D) WW or Ww

WW or Ww

Mary has the genotype ________. A) ww B) WW C) Ww

Ww

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ________.

X-ray crystallography studies

Researchers are currently investigating different forms of anti-HIV drugs. Which could be an effective drug to prevent HIV from being incorporated into human chromosomes? A) a drug that inhibits replication of the provirus B) a drug that prevents the HIV protein from being folded properly C) a drug that increases the activity of reverse transcriptase D) a drug that blocks DNA transport through the nuclear envelope

a drug that blocks DNA transport through the nuclear envelope

What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? Question options: A) RuBP B) chlorophyll a C) carotenoids D) chlorophyll b

carotenoids

Homologous chromosome _________________________________

carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ________.

exon

Which of these mistakes would be evident in the karyotype shown?

a nondisjunction in meiosis ii in gamete formation

The backbone of DNA consists of ______.

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

Which molecule shown in the figure below does NOT begin cellular respiration in the cytoplasm? A) fatty acids B) glucose C) glycerol D) amino acids

fatty acids

What is the function of stomata? Question options: A) Calvin cycle B) gas exchange C) water absorption D) surrounding photosystems

gas exchange

Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately. A) glucose → lactic acid + energy B) energy + glucose → water + carbon dioxide C) energy + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water D) glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Examine the figure above. Which reactant(s) primarily come(s) from the air? A) glucose B) water C) carbon dioxide D) oxygen and carbon dioxide

oxygen and carbon dioxide

In the accompanying art, you see a table with the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross. The numbers do not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ________. A) of errors in mitosis B) of polygenic inheritance C) some of the alleles were linked

some of the alleles were linked

Prions are infectious molecules that can cause brain diseases in several animals. What type of molecule is a prion? A) carbohydrate B) RNA C) protein D) DNA

protein

A product of glycolysis is ________. A) O2 B) pyruvic acid C) ethyl alcohol D) lactic acid

pyruvic acid

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ________ to reproduce. A) tRNA B) RNA polymerase C) DNA polymerase D) reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase

A student saw a bumper sticker with "Have you thanked a green plant today." This likely referred to ________. Question options: A) without plants to feed decomposers, the soil would be sterile B) without plants to produce oxygen, most organisms could not survive C) without plants to cool the earth, life would have boiled away D) without plants to produce firewood, humans would freeze to death

without plants to produce oxygen, most organisms could not survive

The parents of a child with unusual disease symptoms take the child to a doctor for help. The doctor suspects that the condition might have a genetic basis. She recommends that the child be taken to a specialty clinic where physicians and staff members are trained to diagnose genetic diseases and counsel parents. Ultimately, the child is diagnosed with a rare recessively inherited disease. The parents are tested for the gene, and both are found to be heterozygous. The parents want to have another child but are afraid this child will also be affected.What would genetic counselors say is the probability that the second child will have the disease? A) 1/2 B) 1/8 C) 1/4 D) 1/16

1/4

How many amino acids are common to all living systems?

20

What is the chromosome number found in human cells if meiosis 1 is completed normally?

22 autosomes and a sex chromosome

Which equation best summarizes photosynthesis? Question options: A) 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O B) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O D) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Make a bar graph plotting growth rates on the y-axis and wavelengths of light on the x-axis. Referring to your graph, answer the following questions:Which wavelength of light is the LEAST useful to your plants' growth? Question options: A) 550 nm B) 500 nm C) 750 nm D) 650 nm

750 nm

This hypothetical pedigree for a disease in humans illustrates inheritance that is ________. A) autosomal recessive B) sex-linked dominant C) carried on the Y chromosome D) autosomal dominant

A) autosomal recessive

Recombinant offspring were produced by the mating shown in the accompanying art. What is the recombination frequency of purple-round and red-long offspring? A) 11% B) 381 C) 21% D) 21 + 21

A) 11%

The figure above shows that ________. A) cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP B) amino acids can move directly into the electron transport chain C) cells can produce ATP only from glucose D) cells can produce ATP from sugars and glycerol, but not fatty acids

A) cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

This figure is a model of cell respiration and like all models it has limitations. A serious limitation of this model is A) fatty acids must be broken down into smaller molecules to enter the Acetyl CoA reactions B) there are ATPs produced directly from the Acetyl CoA reactions C) there are no sugars that can go directly into glycolysis D) glycolysis does not generally release products that go into the Acetyl CoA reactions

A) fatty acids must be broken down into smaller molecules to enter the Acetyl CoA reactions

Make a bar graph plotting growth rates on the y-axis and wavelengths of light on the x-axis. Referring to your graph, answer the following questions:Which wavelength is best for your plants' growth? Question options: A) 500 nm B) 550 nm C) 400 nm D) 650 nm

A)500 nm

The Calvin cycle requires ________ and ________ from the light reactions in order to operate. Question options: A) RuBP; NADP+ B) glucose; carbon dioxide C) ATP; NADPH D) electrons; NADH

ATP; NADPH

Which are products of cellular respiration? A) carbon dioxide and ATP B) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP C) oxygen and glucose D) ATP and water

Carbon dioxide, Water, ATP

ssume that you want to take a sample of viruses so that you could use them to infect the most bacteria. At what point on the graph should you take your sample from if you want to achieve this goal? A) A B) B C) C D) D

D

Make a bar graph plotting growth rates on the y-axis and wavelengths of light on the x-axis. Referring to your graph, answer the following questions:Which of these wavelengths is LEAST useful to your plants? Question options: A) 400 nm B) 650 nm C) 450 nm D) 550 nm

D) 550 nm

Plants need carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms to synthesize organic molecules to make new leaves, roots, or stems. Which statement about where they get these atoms is correct? Question options: A) The oxygen atoms come from water through the roots. B) The oxygen is breathed in by the plants. C) The carbon atoms come from the soil. D) The carbon atoms come from the air.

D) The carbon atoms come from the air.

A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would be called a ________. A) test cross B) pedigree analysis C) dihybrid cross D) monohybrid cross

D) monohybrid cross

Scientists have long been interested in differences between dogs and wolves in their social behavior toward humans. Dogs and wolves share a common ancestor. In trying to understand the differences, a researcher analyzed data collected from 18 domesticated dogs and 10 wolves that had been raised by humans. Which data would be most useful to understand the genetic basis of this behavior? A) Examination of DNA from the ancient ancestor of dogs and wolves. B) The pedigree for the dogs and the geographic location from which the wolves came. C) Differences in DNA sequences between the dogs and the wolves. D) The number of chromosomes in wolves and dogs.

Differences in DNA sequences between the dogs and the wolves.

Some plant species require shaded conditions while other plant species require bright sunlight. Shade tolerance is best related to which of these characteristics? Question options: A) Different species of plants have different ratios of pigment molecules that utilize different wavelengths of light. B) Some species of plants are consumers and do not need sunlight. C) Plant leaves without a protective coating are subject to sunburn. D) Some species of plants are able to produce sugar without ever having been exposed to sunlight.

Different species of plants have different ratios of pigment molecules that utilize different wavelengths of light

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ________ monomers.

NUCLEOTIDE

A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________. A) carbon dioxide B) carbohydrates C) oxygen D) ATP

Oxygen

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?

RNA Polymers

What cellular structure facilitates the process of translation?

Ribosomes

Plants obtain most of their water through their ________. Question options: A) leaves B) stem cells C) stomata D) roots

Roots

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ________. Question options: A) RuBP and O2 B) BTP and NADPH C) ATP and NADP+ D) ATP and NADH

RuBP and O2

This figure shows the reproductive cycle of a virus that causes mumps. If a researcher wanted to develop a drug to prevent mumps proteins from being translated, what step would they target?

STEP 4

Scientists have long been interested in differences between dogs and wolves in their social behavior toward humans. Dogs and wolves share a common ancestor. In trying to understand the differences, a researcher analyzed data collected from 18 domesticated dogs and 10 wolves that had been raised by humans. Which data would be most useful to this study? A) The extent to which the dogs and the wolves sought assistance from humans when presented with a challenge. B) A measurement of the number of times the dogs and the wolves communicated with one another when threatened. C) The degree of DNA similarities between dogs and humans. D) The extent to which the dogs and the wolves licked and vocalized to their pups.

The extent to which the dogs and the wolves sought assistance from humans when presented with a challenge.

As an experiment, you infect bacteria with an unknown virus to see how the virus affects the bacteria. After a few days, you notice that the bacterial population is growing normally and that the cells appear healthy. Assuming that the infection occurred successfully, what can you conclude from your observations? A) The virus is a bacteriophage that is reproducing via the lytic cycle. B) The virus is a bacteriophage that is reproducing via the lysogenic cycle. C) The virus is a retrovirus that is reproducing via the lysogenic cycle. D) The virus is a retrovirus that is reproducing via the lytic cycle.

The virus is a bacteriophage that is reproducing via the lysogenic cycle

The 2n number for the cell depicted here is ____________

Two

All of the following are examples of potential emerging viruses except one. Choose the exception. A) a virus that is harmful to humans mutates very slowly over long periods of time B) a virus that begins to infect people in Los Angeles, a popular tourist destination C) a virus that affects primarily rabbits mutates and begins to infect humans D) a virus that is normally harmless to humans undergoes rapid mutations

a virus that is harmful to humans mutates very slowly over long periods of time

This pedigree supports the fact that widow's peak is due to a dominant allele, because if it were due to a recessive allele and both parents show the recessive phenotype, then ________. A) none of the daughters would have a widow's peak B) all of the daughters and none of the sons would have a widow's peak C) half of the sons would have a widow's peak D) all of the offspring would have a widow's peak

all of the offspring would have a widow's peak

The first thing you notice is that there is no immediate increase in viruses following infection. This is because ________. A) the host is immune to the virus B) the virus is in a lysogenic cycle throughout the experiment C) although the virus has infected the host, it takes time to complete the lytic cycle D) it takes the virus time to adapt to the host

although the virus has infected the host, it takes time to complete the lytic cycle

The rate of photosynthesis in an aquatic plant can be determined by the number of bubbles released from the plant. These bubbles ________. Question options: A) are hydrogen released when water is split B) are oxygen released when water is split C) are mostly carbon dioxide released when sugars are metabolized D) are water released when sugars are metabolized

are oxygen released when water is split

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ____________

autosomes

Humans have been applying the principles of genetics for many years without actually knowing about genes. Evidence for this is that humans ________. A) have rerouted waterways in order to trade with people in distant regions B) and other species are subject to many of the same diseases C) choose to save seeds from plants with the best yield to plant for the next generation D) clear forests to plant crops

choose to save seeds from plants with the best yield to plant for the next generation

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? A) citric acid cycle B) electron transport chain C) fermentation D) glycolysis

citric acid cycle

After replication, ________.

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

Examine the figure. Which of these stages receive input from more than one other stage? A) glycolysis B) citric acid cycle C) electron transport

electron transport

Scientists have long been interested in differences between dogs and wolves in their social behavior toward humans. Dogs and wolves share a common ancestor. In trying to understand the differences, a researcher analyzed data collected from 18 domesticated dogs and 10 wolves that had been raised by humans. If she discovered that the degree of social relationship a dog exhibited toward humans was positively correlated with a chemical modification of a part of a chromosome rather than what alleles a dog had, this would be an example of ________. A) polygenic inheritance B) pleiotropy C) incomplete dominance D) epigenetics

epigenetics

Examine the figure above. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm? A) citric acid cycle B) glycolysis and citric acid cycle C) citric acid cycle and electron transport D) glycolysis

glycolysis

Mad cow disease is caused by ________. A) an enveloped virus B) infectious proteins called prions C) a retrovirus similar to HIV

infectious proteins called prions

The CORRECT sequence of events that occurs during transcription is ________.

initiation, elongation, termination

The rate of photosynthesis in an aquatic plant can be determined by the number of bubbles released from the plant. The number of bubbles ________. Question options: A) will stay the same throughout a 24-hour period B) will increase in the presence of predominately green light C) is less numerous at greater depths than at shallower depths D) is most numerous in the dark

is less numerous at greater depths than at shallower depths

Researchers tested RNA vaccines against the West Nile virus in dogs and cats. The study design for this experiment is shown in the figure. What group(s) was(were) the experimental groups? low dose and high dose of vaccine for cats and low dose of vaccine for dogs only B) high dose of vaccine for cats and low dose of vaccine for dogs only C) placebo for dogs and cats only D) low dose of vaccine for cats and dogs only

low dose and high dose of vaccine for cats and low dose of vaccine for dogs only

Transcription is the ________.

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

The above figure shows that ___________________________________

meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells

Amanda abnormal number of sex chromosome resulted from

nondisjunction

The parents of a child with unusual disease symptoms take the child to a doctor for help. The doctor suspects that the condition might have a genetic basis. She recommends that the child be taken to a specialty clinic where physicians and staff members are trained to diagnose genetic diseases and counsel parents. Ultimately, the child is diagnosed with a rare recessively inherited disease. The parents are tested for the gene, and both are found to be heterozygous. The parents are expecting another child and ask about a test to determine if this child may carry the disease. All but one of these tests may detect genetic disorders in the unborn child. Choose the EXCEPTION. A) pedigree analysis B) blood tests to measure levels of alpha-fetoprotein C) amniocentesis D) chorionic villus sampling

pedigree analysis

What are grana? Question options: A) stacks of membranous sacs in chloroplasts B) convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane C) pigments found in chloroplasts D) thick fluids inside chloroplasts

stacks of membranous sacs in chloroplasts

Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ________. Question options: A) taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates) B) taking in oxygen and making wood C) converting sugar to oxygen and water D) synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose

taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)

To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who is homozygous recessive for that trait. This technique is referred to as a(n) ________. A) dihybrid cross B) test cross C) amniocentesis D) pedigree analysis

test cross

Examine the figure above. Most of the organic matter in the tree shown in the figure comes from ________. A)the soil B)the air C)glucose D)water

the air

Once viruses are detected, the number of viruses increases rapidly. This is because ________. A) DNA viruses reproduce more rapidly than RNA viruses B) the host cell speeds the release process C) the viruses lyse the hosts to release mature viruses quickly in a short amount of time D) lysogeny produces large numbers of bacteriophages

the viruses lyse the hosts to release mature viruses quickly in a short amount of time

What are the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? Question options: A) stroma B) mitochondria C) vesicles D) thylakoids

thylakoids

The karyotype above shows ____________________

trisomy 21, a cause of Down syndrome

How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death? A) via a lysogenic cycle B) by altering the way a cell splices its RNA C) via a lytic cycle D) by changing the length of its DNA molecules

via a lysogenic cycle

All of the following are ways that viruses may give rise to new diseases except one. Choose the exception. A) viruses can evolve into more dangerous forms B) viruses from small, isolated populations can spread C) viruses are made of DNA that cannot be used to make vaccines D) viruses can spread from one host species to another

viruses are made of DNA that cannot be used to make vaccines