Exam 2 Practice Exam
Which of the following is closest to a healthy platelet count for a healthy adult male? a. 23% b. 14.9 g/dl c. 270,000/mm3 d. 68% e. 5.6 million/mm3 f. 4.4 million/mm3 g. 8.7 g/dl h. none of these answers i. 7,000/mm3 j. 7.4 million/mm3 k. 2.3 million/mm3 l. 12.9 g/dl m. 30-35 g/dl n. 5.9 billion/mm3 o. 40.5% p. 46.5% q. 235/mm3 r. 4.3 billion/mm3
c. 270,000/mm3
Based on current (after 2017) guidelines hypertension could be diagnosed based on a systolic blood pressure __________ mmHg
130
Which of the following blood types can type AB+ receive blood from? A+ A- AB+ B+ None of these AB- O- B- O+
A+ A- AB+ B+ AB- O- B- O+
Which heart sound is associated with closing of the AV valves? a. fifth b. second c. first d. fourth e. third
c. first
The animal kingdom provides many examples of outstanding performance that can help us better understand human muscle performance. Match the descriptions below with the animal that best reflects this muscle characteristic: -outstanding ability to use glycoltyic metabolism -ability to turn muscle on and off very rapidly -not much actin and myosin in their muscle fibers because their flight requires a lot of sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria -maintains muscle mass and quality fairly well during prolonged inactivity -very rapid muscle "training" gains after prolonged inactivity -increases in locomotor speed don't require increases in VO2 becuase of a great ability to use elastic components of the muscle A. kangaroo B. hummingbird flight muscle C. cheetah running muscles D. 13 lined ground squirrel E. the eared rebe, a migratory bird F. california sea lion G. rattlesnake tail muscle H. domestic dog
-outstanding ability to use glycoltyic metabolism: C. cheetah running muscles -ability to turn muscle on and off very rapidly: G. rattlesnake tail muscle -not much actin and myosin in their muscle fibers because their flight requires a lot of sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria: B. hummingbird flight muscle -maintains muscle mass and quality fairly well during prolonged inactivity: D. 13 lined ground squirrel -very rapid muscle "training" gains after prolonged inactivity: E. the eared rebe, a migratory bird -increases in locomotor speed don't require increases in VO2 becuase of a great ability to use elastic components of the muscle: A. kangaroo
Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.1, a heart rate of 127, and a blood pressure of 170/70. What is their mean arterial pressure? (no units required)
103.3
Your subject has a cardiac output of 12.7, a heart rate of 111, and a blood pressure of 165/85. What is their stroke volume in ml? (no units required, use ml, not L)
114.4
Based on current (after 2017) guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as elevated (more than one acceptable answer)
120 - 130
Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is related to the mechanism by which your cardiovascular system adjusts after the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order -baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure -signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta -increase in sympathetic nervous system activity -increase in heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction -increase in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance -increase in blood pressure
1st -baroreceptors detect change in blood pressure 2nd -signals are sent to the medulla oblongatta 3rd -increase in sympathetic nervous system activity 4th -increase in heart rate and widespread vasoconstriction 5th -increase in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance 6th -increase in blood pressure
Changing from supine to standing causes a specific sequence of cardiovascular events. This question is what causes the initial change in blood pressure. Please put the following events in order blood pools in lower extremities venous return decreases end diastolic volume decreases stroke volume decreases cardiac output decreases blood pressure decreases
1st blood pools in lower extremities 2nd venous return decreases 3rd end diastolic volume decreases 4th stroke volume decreases 5th cardiac output decreases 6th blood pressure decreases
Put the following events of ventricular systole in order (Note: some events are not presented here) -ventricular muscle cells depolarize -calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors -calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors -pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria -pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta -ventricles begin to eject blood
1st ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2nd calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors 3rd calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors 4th pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria 5th pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta 6th ventricles begin to eject blood
Put the following events of ventricular systole in order (Note: some events are not presented here) ventricular muscle cells depolarize calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta ventricles begin to eject blood
1st ventricular muscle cells depolarize 2nd calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through dihydropyridine receptors 3rd calcium enters cardiac muscle cell cytoplasm through ryanodine receptors 4th pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the atria 5th pressure in ventricles becomes higher than pressure in the aorta 6th ventricles begin to eject blood
Put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order. Note: some events have been skipped and all events are after acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction A. activation of dihydropyridine receptors B. myosin dissociates from thin fillament C. Ca2+ binds troponin D. end plate potential E. myosin binds with actin ("coupling") F. ATP binds myosin head
1st: D. end plate potential 2nd: A. activation of dihydropyridine receptors 3rd: C. Ca2+ binds troponin 4th: E. myosin binds with actin ("coupling") 5th: F. ATP binds myosin head 6th: B. myosin dissociates from thin fillament
Put the following events related to skeletal muscle contraction in order. Note: some events have been skipped and all events are after acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction A. ATP binds myosin head causing myosin to dissociate from the actin B. tropomyosin slides over, uncovering myosin binding sites on actin C. Ca2+ released from lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum D. activation of dihydropyridine receptors E. action potential spreads down sarcolemma F. "power stroke" of mysoin head as myosin head swivels and prduces force as Pi and then ADP are released
1st: E. action potential spreads down sarcolemma 2nd: D. activation of dihydropyridine receptors 3rd: C. Ca2+ released from lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum 4th: B. tropomyosin slides over, uncovering myosin binding sites on actin 5th: F. "power stroke" of mysoin head as myosin head swivels and prduces force as Pi and then ADP are released 6th: A. ATP binds myosin head causing myosin to dissociate from the actin
Which heart sound is heard shortly after the AV valves open? 3rd heart sound 1st Korotkoff sound 4th heart sound 2nd heart sound whistle 5th Korotkoff sound swish 1st heart sound two of these answers 4th Korotkoff sound
3rd heart sound
What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 77 and they have an end systolic volume of 62 and an end diastolic volume of 145? (no units required)
57.2
A diastolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be suggestive of hypotension
60
What is your subject's ejection fraction, if your subject's heart rate is 85 and they have an end systolic volume of 50 and an end diastolic volume of 154? (no units required)
68
Which of the following blood types can type A- receive blood from? A- A+ B+ O+ AB+ None of these O- AB- B-
A- O-
Which of the following blood types can type B+ receive blood from? B+ AB- AB+ A+ None of these O- A- O+ B-
B+ O- O+ B-
If your subject's end systolic volume was 50 ml and their end diastolic volume was 200 ml, then their ejection fraction would approximately: A. 67% B. 67% C. 25% D. 33% E. 75%
E. 75%
Which of the following fiber types would be most resistant to fatigue? IIC IIA IIAX IIX I
I
Which of the following fiber types would tend to have the lowest ATPase activity? IAX IIA IIC I IIX
I
Which of the following fiber types would tend to store the least intramuscular triglycerides (lipids)? IIA I IIX IIC IIAX
IIX
Which of the following is/are NOT true about how our nervous system (NS) can vary force production by the muscle? -The NS can vary the number of active motor units; using multiple motor unit summation, which allows for 20-25x variation in force production by a muscle -The NS can vary the frequency of firing of motor units by twitch summation, which allows for a 3-5x variation in force production by the muscle -The NS can vary the number of individual muscle fibers being stimulated, which allows for ~1,000 fold variation in force production by a muscle -All of the above ARE true -None of the above
The NS can vary the number of individual muscle fibers being stimulated, which allows for ~1,000 fold variation in force production by a muscle
Muscle architecture influences muscle performance. Which of the following is/are NOT true about how the arrangement of muscle fibers influences force production pennate arrangements tend to increase physiological cross sectional area (PSCA) fusiform arrangements are associated with long fibers, this arrangement is beneficial for velocity & range of motion a muscle with greater physiological cross-sectional area would be stronger than a muscle with smaller PCSA a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers three of the above
a muscle with longer fibers would be stronger than a muscle with shorter fibers
Our body is a little like Goldilocks; it wants everything just right. Which of the following is/are true about hypertension, normotension, and hypotension? a. severe hypotension may be a more immediate threat to a pateint's life than hypertension b. pre-eclamplsia is a complication of pregnancy associated with low blood pressure c. hypotension increases the risk of coronary artery disease d. 40-50% of all US adults have hypertension e. orthostatic hypotension is when blood pressure drops due to an injury f. essential hypertension is when a patient needs to have high blood pressure to promote blood flow to critical organs g. a blood pressure of 80 over 40 could cause syncope h. hypertension increases the risk of having a stroke
a. severe hypotension may be a more immediate threat to a pateint's life than hypertension d. 40-50% of all US adults have hypertension g. a blood pressure of 80 over 40 could cause syncope h. hypertension increases the risk of having a stroke
Muscle contraction requires a lot of energy and breaks down a lot of ATP. We also have multiple mechanisms to generate ATP to meet these energy demands. Which of the following is/are NOT true about ATP consumption in active skeletal muscle? a. After Myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria b. Two of these are not true c. None of these are true d. SERCAs are a major consumer of ATP during muscular exercise, and may consume over a quarter of all of the ATP use in muscle during exercise. e. Roughly 70% of the ATP breakdown during muscular exercise is by myosin ATPase
a. After Myosin ATPase, the next biggest consumer of ATP during aerobic muscular exercise is the mitochondria
Which of the following is/are NOT true about passive tension? a. All of these answers ARE true b. Elastin, found in the connective tissue associated with muscle, is an important contributor to the passive tension c. It contributes to muscle force production during locomotion but does not cost any ATP d. It is created by stretching the elastic components of the muscle e. only two of these answers ARE true
a. All of these answers ARE true
If your subject goes up to a high altitude for several weeks, which of the following are likely to occur? a. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone b. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells c. an increase in hematocrit d. secondary polycythemia e. a decrease in resistance to blood flow
a. the kidneys increase secretion of a hormone b. an increase in erythropoieten acting on bone marrow cells c. an increase in hematocrit d. secondary polycythemia
Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type O- anti-Rh anti-A B none of these Rh anti-B A
anti-Rh anti-A anti-B
Which of the following is/are true about pennate muscles? a. This fiber arrangement is associated with more sarcoplasmic reticulum b. This fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area c. This fiber arrangement is associated with good range of motion d. This fiber arrangement is associated with high maximal shortening velocitites e. Two of these
b. This fiber arrangement is associated with larger physiological cross sectional area
Which of the following values would likely be the cardiac output from a healthy, resting, adult human? a. 70 beats/minute b. 5 L/beat c. 5 L/min d. 70 ml/beat e. 5 ml/beat
c. 5 L/min
If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following? a. none of these answers b. an increase in contractility c. an increase in AV nodal delay d. an increase in heart rate e. a decrease in heart rate
c. an increase in AV nodal delay e. a decrease in heart rate
Which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles? a. The aortic valve is open b. the mitral valve is closed c. the period of isovolumetric relaxation d. filling of the ventricles e. two of these answers f. the ventricular ejection period
d. filling of the ventricles
If observed, when does the 4th heart sound occur relative to our other heart sounds? a. shortly after S2 b. shortly before S2 c. just before S3 d. shortly before S1 e. between S1 and S2
d. shortly before S1
When we talk about a patient's blood pressure, if we do not say otherwise we are referring to pressure in what part of the circulatory system? a. systemic arterial presssure at the level of the head b. pulmonary arterial pressure c. none of these answers d. systemic arterial presssure at the level of the heart e. systemic veinous pressure at the level of the heart f. systemic capillary pressure
d. systemic arterial presssure at the level of the heart
If observed, when does the 3rd heart sound occur relative to our other heart sounds? a. shortly before S2 b. just after S4 c. shortly before S1 d. shortly after S2 e. between S1 and S2
d. shortly after S2
In skeletal muscle, when an action potential spreads down the T tubles it activates ____________________, which serve as _____________; this plays an important role in the release of calcium. a. IP3, Calcium release signal b. Ryanodine receptors, voltage sensors c. SERCAs, Calcium pumps d. Dihyrdopyridine receptors, calcium channels e. Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors
e. Dihyrdopyridine receptors, voltage sensors
If your subject's heart rate was 100 bpm, their EDV was 150 ml and their ESV was 50ml, then which of the following would be true? a. Their Stroke Volume would be 100ml b. Only two of these answers c. Their Cardiac Output would be 10 L/min d. Their Ejection Fraction would be 67% e. Only three of these answers
e. Only three of these answers
The parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node a. Beta-1-adrenergic receptors b. alpha-adrenergic receptors c. Beta-2-adrenergic receptors d. nicotinic receptors e. muscarinic receptors
e. muscarinic receptors
Which of the following is NOT a property of type I fibers? a. All of these ARE properties of type I fibers b. Long twitch time c. A lot of myoglobin d. High lipid content e. High density of ryanodine receptors
e. High density of ryanodine receptors
Which of the following events occur when the pressure in the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles? a. the period of isovolumetric relaxation b. the ventricular ejection period c. The aortic valve is open d. two of these answers e. the mitral valve is closed f. filling of the ventricles
f. filling of the ventricles
in the atherosclerotic process, when macrophages pick up oxidized LDLs, they become ____cells
foam
Possible hematocrit in an adult female with secondary polycythemia a. 30-35 g/dl b. 23% c. none of these answers d. 4.4 million/mm3 e. 235/mm3 f. 5.6 million/mm3 g. 5.9 billion/mm3 h. 14.9 g/dl i. 68% j. 2.3 million/mm3 k. 270,000/mm3 l. 40.5% m. 46.5% n. 7.4 million/mm3 o. 8.7 g/dl p. 12.9 g/dl q. 4.3 billion/mm3 r. 7,000/mm3
i. 68%
