Exam 2 Practice Questions
Which of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's decision/commitment component of love?
"I am ready to commit myself to this relationship. I want to spend my life with my partner"
Which of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's passion component of love?
"I am so physically attracted to my partner. We have great chemistry"
Which of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's intimacy component of love?
"I feel so close to my partner. We have such a wonderful, warm bond"
Which of the following statements best reflects storge?
"Our friendship gradually turned into love over time"
Hans is an agapic lover. Which of these statements is he most likely to make to his partner?
"The most important thing to me is your happiness"
What is the average cost of weddings today?
$35,000
Chapter 7: In her study of hooking up, defined as a ____ sexual or romantic encounter in which the participants are not explicitly ____ or exclusive, Lisa Wade found that the tendency to engage in these types of relationships is influence by the ____.
- Casual -Committed -Culture
Avoidant attachment style
- Doubtful of people...don't trust them. - Sex for non-romantic goals - Not to create intimacy. - To impress peers/status. - Hard for them to depend on others.
Place the folllowing mate selection patterns in order from those creating the least to the most inequality in a society.
1. Adults date and marry irrespective of social class background 2. Adults date and marry without attention to social class but within their own level of education 3. Adults typically, but not always, marry people who are from their own social class and who have attained a similar level of education 4. Adults only marry within their own social class
Sam and Mary feel at ease with each other in their relationship. They disclose intimate feelings to each other and engage in sexual activities. Based on Reiss's wheel theory of love, they are in the ________ stage of love. -rapport -self-revelation -personality need fulfillment -mutual dependency
-self-revelation
A disadvantage of both the wheel theory and the clock-spring theory of love is that ________. -they fail to consider fathers' bonding with their children -their concept of a perfectly matched relationship can exist only in movies -they typically rely on tiny samples of only women volunteers -they overlook the variations in intensity between stages of a relationship
-they overlook the variations in intensity between stages of a relationship
Sam loves Lori and expresses his feelings toward her. However, Lori does not feel the same toward Sam and is not responsive to him. Their relationship is one-sided and is reflective of ________. -storgic love -narcissistic love -manic love -unrequited love
-unrequited love
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following cases would typically illustrate a severely mismatched relationship? -when a couple is equally intimate and forges a long-term commitment but lacks passion -when a couple wants to marry, but one partner is neither intimate nor passionate as the other partner -when a couple is equally passionate, intimate, and committed to each other -when a couple is equally passionate, but one wants more intimacy and a long-term commitment than the other
-when a couple wants to marry, but one partner is neither intimate nor passionate as the other partner
EXTRA: NONMARITAL COHABITATION _________ has become common, with 50% to 60% of new marriages now involving couples who have lived together first. Many couples make the decision of cohabitating relatively quickly and in large measure for reasons of ______, ________, and _______.
1. Cohabitation 2. Money, convenience, and housing needs.
1. What is love based on beauty and physical attractiveness? 2. What is love that is obsessive, jealous, and possessive? 3. What is love that is carefree and casual, "fun and games"? 4. What is love that is slow-burning, peaceful, and affectionate? 5. What is love that is characterized by feelings of togetherness, tenderness, deep affection, and supporting each other over time? 6. What is love that is altruistic and self-sacrificing and is directed toward all humankind? 7. What is love that is rational and based on practical considerations, such as compatibility and perceived benefits?
1. Eros 2. Mania 3. Ludus 4. storge 5. Companionate Love 6. Agape 7. Pragma
The 3 parts of close relationships (Sternberg's TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE) to maintain the relationship.
1. Intimacy - Involves sharing feelings and providing emotional support. - High levels of self-disclosure through the sharing of personal information. -Gradually increases as the relationship matures and deepens. 2. Passion - Refers to sexuality, attraction, and romance in a relationship. - Can be present without having sexual interactions. - Peaks quickly...but can fade as time goes on. - Some worry they have "fallen out of love". 3. Decision/Commitment - Involves both short-term and long-term factors. - The short-term factor is the __decision__, made consciously and unconsciously, to love another person. - The long-term factor is the __commitment__ to maintain the love. - Sometimes people fall in love but do nothing afterward to maintain it.
Theories of Love: According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, which of the following is sometimes described as "ultimate love?" A. Affectionate love B. Consummate love C. Companionate love D. Fatuous love
B. Consummate love
Chapter 8: Which of the following is NOT one of the primary forms of endogamy practiced in the United States? A. race B. desire for children C. religion D. education
B. desire for children
Chapter 7: "Hey, baby, what's your sign?" might be uttered by someone who relies on relationship advice from Select one: a. therapy. b. sociology. c. homophily. d. astrology.
d. astrology.
Chapter 8: Which of the following is NOT a way that social scientists have tried to understand the decline in marriage rates? Select one: a. by comparing those who marry to those who don't b. by observing the changed behaviors of married and single people c. by comparing different societies at different times d. by interviewing experts such as counselors
d. by interviewing experts such as counselors
Chapter 7: Romantic love is distinct when compared to general love because romantic love is Select one: a. a heterosexual experience. b. only found in fairy tales. c. practical only for young partners. d. characterized by passion and attraction.
d. characterized by passion and attraction.
Chapter 7: Among the poor and working class, the desire to wait for financial stability motivates them toward: Select one: a. multiple jobs. b. cohabitation after marriage. c. cohabitation instead of marriage. d. cohabitation before marriage.
d. cohabitation before marriage.
Chapter 7: When dating partners are of the same ethnic group, social class, religion, and approximate age, researchers call this Select one: a. intermarriage. b. heterosexuality. c. selection effects. d. endogamy.
d. endogamy.
Chapter 8: Religious endogamy has increased, in part, due to: Select one: a. changes in behavior of fundamentalist groups. b. an increase in the traditional authority of the church. c. a decline of individualism. Incorrect d. ethnic assimilation of some groups, such as Jews.
d. ethnic assimilation of some groups, such as Jews.
Chapter 7: Cardi B prefers to date men who are domineering. Her lack of attraction to men who are passive represents which of the following types of challenges to partner selection? Select one: a. social limits b. arousal problems c. cultural boundaries d. internal obstacles
d. internal obstacles
Misty and Charlie first met 10 years ago in high school, and soon became friends. Over time, they gradually realized that their friendship had grown into love. They enjoy each other's company, spend most of their time together, and feel deep affection, trust, and respect for one another. According to Lee's theory, Misty and Charlie are _____ lovers.
storgic
Theories of love: Companionate love is based on:
strong commitment and trust that let's the other know, "I've got your back."
Many previously divorced couples over 50 choose cohabitation:
as a substitute for marriage
Proposes that infants need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver, usually the mother, for normal social and emotional development.
attachment theory
Theories of love: The study of Anna, during the 1930s, showed an example of a/an:
avoidant attachment.
Chapter 8: An increasing number of people are not getting married at all; however, Select one: a. those who do not marry tend to practice cohabitation. b. the children of these people are at a disadvantage. c. African Americans have experienced the least decline in marriage rates. d. a great majority of people do get married.
d. a great majority of people do get married.
Chapter 7: Joe and Robin, both from European-American, upper-class San Francisco families, have decided to marry. In terms of mate selection, their relationship demonstrates Select one: a. a high degree of social distance and intermarriage. b. following the tradition of pleasing ones parents. c. random and unpredictable selection dynamics. d. a potential for continuation of class inequality.
d. a potential for continuation of class inequality.
Chapter 7: When compared with straight relationships, gay and lesbian dating relationships Select one: a. experience decreased levels of stress and ambiguity. b. have very strict dating scripts to follow. c. are more likely to lead to a legal marriage. d. are complicated by more negative social pressures.
d. are complicated by more negative social pressures.
Chapter 7: Which of the following issues has been controversial at high school proms in recent years? A. students bringing a same-sex date to the event B. schools encouraging to rent hotel rooms for after parties C. parents refusing to let young people attend without a date D. the cost to school budgets to put on these social events
students bringing a same-sex date to the event
Which of the following statements is reflective of agapic love? -It is extremely jealous and demanding. -It intensely seeks reciprocity. -It is usually expressed as sleeplessness, loss of appetite, and anxiety. -It involves love that is directed toward all humankind.
- It involves love that is directed toward all humankind.
Secure attachment style
- Not afraid of losing their partner. - Let others get close. - Have strong relationships - Report happy and trusting relationships. - Academic progress, less stressed, and less lonely.
Andre loves and cares for himself more than he does for others. He is manipulative and unfaithful in relationships and is casual and carefree in love. Andre typically illustrates the traits of a(n) ________. -eroticist -narcissist -altruist -pragmatist
-narcissist
Anxious/Ambivalent attachment style
- Wonder WHEN (not if) partner will leave. - Constant worry/fear partner doesn't love them. - Sex...to reduce insecurities and foster intense intimacies. - Push partner for commitment. - need constant reassurance
A typical characteristic of ludic lovers is that ________. -they have sex for emotional rapport -they are not self-centered and can never be exploitative -they are possessive about each other -they often have several partners at one time
- maybe the fourth option
Which of the following is a difference between agapic and pragmatic lovers? -Agapic lovers are exploitative during sexual encounters, whereas pragmatic lovers totally refrain from sexual encounters. -Agapic lovers are jealous and demanding, whereas pragmatic lovers are self-sacrificing and kind. -Agapic lovers tend to be narcissistic, whereas pragmatic lovers tend to be masochists. -Agapic lovers tolerate relationships even if they go bad, whereas pragmatic lovers move on if their relationship does not work.
-Agapic lovers tolerate relationships even if they go bad, whereas pragmatic lovers move on if their relationship does not work.
Which of the following statements accurately describes self-love? -It results in people being less open to criticism. -It results in people being more demanding of others. -It prevents people from loving others. -It is an integral part to self-esteem
-It is an integral part to self-esteem
In a relationship, mutual commitment between partners occurs due to ________. -weak emotional attachments toward one another -a sense of loyalty and fidelity to one another -continued pessimism about emotional, financial, and sexual rewards -a lack of religious, moral, or legal belief in the sanctity of marriage
-a sense of loyalty and fidelity to one another
Marlon is noble and gives more importance to his partner, Darla, than himself. He makes her feel cherished and gives her the much-needed independence in relationships. They do not share any explicit gestures of love and are patient with each other's differences. The relationship between Marlon and Darla relationship illustrates ________ love. -romantic -narcissistic -manic -long-term
-long-term
Sternberg and Barnes (1988) described __8__ different combinations of these three components of love.
1. No Love: - None of the 3 parts: Absence of intimacy, passion, and commitment. - Ex: A stranger 2. Liking - Intimacy only (no passion/commitment) - Ex: Friendship 3. Infatuation/Infatuated Love - Passion only (Physical attraction) - Idealize another person - Relationships start and end quickly - Ex: Dating shows 4. Empty Love - Decision/commitment only (no passion or intimacy) - Ex: Loveless marriage 5. Romantic Love: - Intimacy and passion (no commitment) 6. Companionate Love - Intimacy and commitment (no passion) - Often starts as romantic love, but fades - Ex: family members 7. Fatuous Love - Passion and Commitment (foolish love, without real intimacy--love from afar) - People who quickly marry/cohabitate. - long-term doesn't usually last - Passion fades 8. Consummate Love - Intimacy, passion, and commitment (the most complete love) - Most likely to be satisfied with relationship. - Willing to (& have to) work at maintaining relationship.
The three types of attachment styles include:
1. Secure attachment style 2. Anxious/Ambivalent attachment style 3. Avoidant attachment style
Chapter 8: At this time in the United States, what fraction of people who marry have cohabited first? Select one: a. 1/4 b. 1/6 c. 2/3 d. 1/2
2/3
About what percentage of people report having met their current partner online?
22%
Chapter 7: In 2001, what percentage of relationships started online?
22%
Chapter 7: For-profit online dating sites have had success catering to people like Susan, who is A. 40, divorced, college-educated, and employed in a professional field. B. 30, engaged, and in graduate school. C. 25, never married, and unemployed. D. 21, never married, and in college.
A. 40, divorced, college-educated, and employed in a professional field. FEEDBACK: Older, divorced, and employed people have more money to spend and are less likely to be in environments where it is easy to meet other eligible singles (like college students).
Theories of love: Tom, a young adult, often discusses the highlights and challenges in his life with his parents; his childhood memories tend to be positive, caring, and warm. His adult attachment style would be described as: A. Secure. B. Insecure. C. Close. D. Needy.
A. Secure.
Chapter 7: In the last few decades, how has the college dating scene changed? A. The existence of more women than men now means men get more dates. B. The existence of more men than women now means men get more dates. C. The existence of more men than women now means women get more dates. D. The existence of more women than men now means women get more dates.
A. The existence of more women than men now means men get more dates. FEEDBACK: Women's increased access to higher education means that women often significantly outnumber men on college campuses. This gives heterosexual men the dating advantage because there are fewer of them.
Chapter 7: Which of the following are characteristics more common among singles than in the past? Choose all that apply. A. They are never-married parents. B. They are divorced. C. They are looking for casual dating relationships. D. They are older.
A. They are never-married parents. B. They are divorced. D. They are older. FEEDBACK: People are postponing marriage until they are a bit older (after college and after they have jobs). Single parenthood is more common and more accepted, as is divorce. All of these things mean that people are more likely to be looking for long-term mates rather than casual relationships.
Chapter 7: The study of the alignment of the moon, planets, and starts, and how this might impact aspects of one's life is: A. astrology B. astronomy C. endogamy D. stratology
A. astrology
Chapter 7: Which of the following are key changes in how relationships are begun and built that make it more difficult to know which script to follow? Choose all that apply. A. increasing acceptance of living together as a common stage in relationships B. Dating is no longer the dominant stage of relationship formation. C. More divorced and older singles are part of the dating pool. D. difficulty communicating across long distances and with diverse people
A. increasing acceptance of living together as a common stage in relationships B. Dating is no longer the dominant stage of relationship formation. C. More divorced and older singles are part of the dating pool. FEEDBACK: Living together is much more commonly accepted today, and such relationships may be part of a short engagement or a lifetime commitment. Older singles and divorced people with children looking for mates are likely to have different expectations than young, never-married single people. Traditional courting and dating rituals are not necessarily the most dominant part of forming relationships. Casual encounters and hooking up are now more common. Communication technology and social media make it easy to meet and communicate with people over long distances. This may result in different types of relationships and more diverse (or less) partnerships
Chapter 8: Figure 8.7 shows that in recent years a gap in the growth of cohabitation rates for women has emerged based on education levels. This gap suggests that (choose all that apply) A. people with less education are more likely to live together. B. cohabitation has become part of the social class divide. C. the increase in cohabitation rates has been slower for women with less education. D. women who have at least some college education are less likely to cohabitate.
A. people with less education are more likely to live together. B. cohabitation has become part of the social class divide. D. women who have at least some college education are less likely to cohabitate.
Emphasizes the importance of close relationships across the lifespan and suggest that early interactions with parents lead to the formation of attachments that reflect a child's self-worth and expectations about intimate relationships.
Attachment theory
Tanya hires a nurse for her newborn baby. The nurse does not cater to the baby's physical and emotional needs. When Tanya fires the nurse and starts to take care of her baby, the baby completely ignores her. According to Ainsworth's study, the baby exhibits ________ style of attachment toward Tanya. -avoidant -secure -ambivalent -anxious
Avoidant
Identify a true statement about consequences of jealousy based on attachment styles.
Avoidant lovers tend to express anger against and blame the person they feel has intruded into the relationship
Chapter 8: Figure 8.5 shows racial-ethnic patterns of marriage for 2015.This figure suggests that in regard to intermarriage, the group that has the highest intermarriage rate is __________, while the group that has the lowest intermarriage rate is __________. Whites/ Blacks Hispanics/ American Indians Blacks/ Whites American Indians/ Whites
American Indians/ Whites FEEDBACK: Whites are the most likely to marry someone from their own group, nearly 90 percent of White men and women marry other Whites. At the other extreme, only one-third of American Indians marry other American Indians.
Figure 8.6 shows racial-ethnic patterns of marriage from 2009 to 2011. This figure suggests that in regard to intermarriage, the group that has the highest intermarriage rate is __________, while the group that has the lowest intermarriage rate is __________. Whites; Blacks Hispanics; American Indians Blacks; Whites American Indians; Whites
American Indians; Whites
Chapter 7: Although interest in astrology is declining, many Americans still believe in astrology. According to research by OkCupid, reported in your textbook, what can we learn about dating compatibility from people's astrological signs? 1. Astrological signs have no bearing on dating compatibility. 2. Some combinations of signs are more likely to produce good matches. 3. Some combinations of signs are best avoided. 4. Astrology is too complicated to draw simple conclusions about dating.
Astrological signs have no bearing on dating compatibility. FEEDBACK: OkCupid used the answers users provided to several hundred questions and compared the match scores to zodiac signs. They found that zodiac signs say nothing about compatibility. (They found that knowing someone's zodiac sign tells you nothing about whether you will be a good match.) (AKA Nothing)
Chapter 7: Eric and Paul have been in a committed relationship for six years. Unlike some of their heterosexual friends, they are unsure of where the relationship is "going" because __________. Choose the best answer. A. their families accept their status B. marriage between people of the same sex is not legal in their state C. they do not plan to have children D. others take their commitment for granted
B. marriage between people of the same sex is not legal in their state FEEDBACK: Because same-sex marriage is illegal in many states, the "destination" or goal of a relationship is not always as clear for same-sex couples as it is for heterosexual couples. The relationship goal of marriage is not an option.
Chapter 8: Which of the following is a reason for lower rates of marriage among African Americans? a. Latina and Asian women have squeezed Black women out of the marriage market. b. Black women have a lower desire to marry than women in other racial groups. c. Social pressures have led to a reduced desire for all racial groups to marry. d. Black men have high rates of unemployment.
Black men have high rates of unemployment. FEEDBACK: Economic and demographic factors have played a large role in the declining marriage rates of African Americans. Specifically, Black men have been hit hard by lack of employment opportunities due to the shrinking manufacturing industry and movement of jobs out of the large inner cities. This often leads to delays in marriage and a lack of Black men in the marriage market.
Identify the statement that describes why some researchers argue that love is an evolutionary adaptation.
Children loved by their parents were more likely to survive infancy
________ love has intimacy and commitment but not passion.
Companionate
Theories of love: __________ love is to romantic love, as __________ love is to affectionate love. A. Compassionate; compassionate B. Compassionate; passionate C. Passionate; compassionate D. Passionate; passionate
C. Passionate; compassionate
Chapter 7: When college students report that "on a first date, men are supposed to drive to the activities," their agreement shows their knowledge of the expected behavior, or the: A. Internalized Values B. Socialized Outcomes C. Social Scripts D. Planned Interaction
C. Social Scripts
Chapter 8: Identify the scenarios that could cause a "marriage squeeze."
Cause(s) - a sudden fertility rate (that is, the number of children born to each woman) drop among young women - a large influx of young adult male migrants into the country Not Cause(s) - a land war that wiped out a large number of civilians - a preference among young people to marry others of similar educational attainment
Unlike courtship, dating usually takes place in the market arena, involving personal spending and commercial consumption. Identify the ways commercial consumption changed the dating script in the twentieth century.
Changes: - Families had less of a say in whom young people dated and what they did - Dating became a public process Not Changes: - Dating revolved around getting to know a romantic interest - Relationships became more gender equal
Identify the phrase that describe utilitarian love.
Characteristics: - It depends upon open communication - It is based on rational calculations in addition to emotion Not Characteristics: - It is romantic and passionate - It thrives on spontaneity
Chapter 7: What is one key difference between contemporary dating and courtship customs of the past? 1. Contemporary dating usually takes place in the market arena, often involving personal spending and commercial consumption. 2. Contemporary dating is guided by parents and community members who play a significant role in deciding who should date. 3. Contemporary dating usually takes place in private. 4. Contemporary dating does not involve what sociologists would call a "social script."
Contemporary dating usually takes place in the market arena, often involving personal spending and commercial consumption. FEEDBACK: Dating usually involves spending money. How much money is spent can vary significantly and may involve activities like going out to dinner, renting movies at home, attending concerts, or skydiving. Spending may also include transportation, clothing, and makeup. Dating is a big business.
Chapter 7: Identify the groups who now comprise larger proportions of the dating population compared with several decades ago.
Correct: Divorced Adults Unmarried Parents Older Single Adults Incorrect: Widowed Adults
Theories of love: Which of the following is not one of the adult attachment styles noted in your text? A. Secure B. Avoidant C. Anxious D. Dependent
D. Dependent
Theories of love: According to Robert Sternberg, consummate love involves the presence of: A. Passion and intimacy. B. Intimacy and commitment. C. Passion and commitment. D. Passion, intimacy, and commitment.
D. Passion, intimacy, and commitment.
Chapter 8: As described in the text, the dating system of the early and mid-twentieth century: A. was governed by parents who wanted to find marital partners for their children B. encouraged young people to date only the person they hoped to marry C. reflected no differences from partner selection in the previous century D. permitted persons to date a variety of partners at one time
D. permitted persons to date a variety of partners at one time (AKA widespread acceptance of overlapping relationships without commitment)
Love is defined as deep affection and concern for another, with whom one feels a strong ____ bond, such as what one might feel for a ____. Romantic love is comprised of passionate devotion and ____ to another person, such as a ____.
Emotional Best friend Attraction Cohabiting partner
Chapter 8: Complex economic factors affect who is more likely to marry. Identify whether the following statements are more likely to be associated with low-income people or high-income people.
High-Income - People have no need for a financial partnership - are sought after on the marriage market Low-Income - People feel they don't fit the marriage mold - see marriage as a burden
Chapter 8: Marriage rates have declined overall since the 1960s, but they have fallen faster for some groups over others. Match each group to the appropriate label based on whether its members have a higher or lower chance of marrying in any given year.
Higher Chance college degree holders the wealthy Lower Chance the poor African Americans
Chapter 7: Identify the factors that are likely to encourage exogamy.
Factor(s) - Living in a racially integrated neighborhood - Going away to college Not Factor(s) - Being from a wealthy family - Being part of a small, tight-knit community in a rural area
Which of the following factors explain why Americans spend far fewer of their adult years in marriage now compared with the 1950s?
Factor(s) - increased incidence of divorce - delays in when men and women first marry Not Factor(s) - lower fertility rates - increased incidence of widowhood among some groups
Both Sternberg's model and Lee's model suggest that one style of love is superior or better than another.
False
Companionate marriage is based on romantic love. True False
False
Chapter 8: Which of the following is NOT a source of social change in family life discussed in Chapter 8? Select one: a. Marriages that do survive are stronger than ever. b. The growth of individualism has weakened the ties of marriage. c. Family life has become less central to many people's identities. d. The law has begun to recognize people more as individuals than as members of a family entity.
Family life has become less central to many people's identities
Identify each statement as describing or not describing a main feature of dating in the mid-twentieth century.
Feature(s): - Single men and women often went on dates with multiple people in the same week or month - Single men and women often went on multiple dates per week Not Feature(s): - Single men and women typically dated partners they intended to marry - Dating multiple partners tended to lead to less stable marriages
Which of the following findings was found to be true according to the infant-mother attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth? -Infants displayed secure attachment styles with responsive mothers. -Infants displayed both secure and anxious attachment styles when their mothers completely ignored them. -Infants displayed avoidant behavior when their mothers were inconsistent. -Infants displayed anxious/ambivalent attachment style when reared by negligent caregivers.
Infants displayed secure attachment styles with responsive mothers.
Which of the following statements is true of unrequited love in a relationship? -It is characterized by behavioral and psychological control. -It involves both partners wanting to have a long-term relationship. -It involves one partner not reciprocating another's romantic feelings. -It is characterized by love that is rational and directed toward all humankind.
It involves one partner not reciprocating another's romantic feelings.
Identify a true statement about fatuous love.
It is the love in which there is passion and commitment but no intimacy.
Theories of love: Which is TRUE with respect to romantic love?
It is the staple of fairy tales.
Theories of love: Which statement best indicates an avoidant attachment among adults?
It's difficult to trust people completely, and I'd rather not become too dependent on them.
Chapter 8: Match each reason for marriage to the appropriate example.
Julie and Declan considered marrying when Declan lost his job and his health insurance, so he could be covered by Julie's policy. (incentives) Laurel and Isaac had been living together for several years, but they started thinking about marriage after attending their friend Margaret's wedding. (imitation) After Tanisha had been dating Leroy for six months, her mother started asking her when they would be married. (social pressure)
Identify the major changes in dating and romantic relationships that have made following social scripts more difficult in recent years
Major Change(s) - Cohabitation has increased - The internet had broadened the social world for many people, changing how people meet and socialize - There are more ways to form and sustain a relationship - More divorced and older single adults are in the dating pool Not Major Change(s) - Sexual frredom has increased - Couples are less committed to each other
Chapter 8: How does the textbook suggest we can reconcile the paradox that while we still value the ideal of marriage as a lifelong commitment, contemporary culture is defined by individualism? a. Since cohabitation has become increasingly more common, it has in some ways reconciled the lack of individualism in the institution of marriage. b. Marriage can be understood as the culmination of a social expectation to strive for individual success at love. c. The decline in marriage and increase in divorce have led to new ideals regarding the institution of marriage, thus aligning it more closely with individualism. d. The culture of individualism has changed our expectations of how long a marriage should last, so it is no longer expected to be a lifelong commitment.
Marriage can be understood as the culmination of a social expectation to strive for individual success at love. FEEDBACK: We can think of marriage as the result of personal choices that are made because of social expectations that we should find love and be successful in love. In this way, the lifelong commitment of marriage can still be seen as the result of actions and choices made by two individuals. (Acceptable response: Marriage can be understood as the result of a social expectation that we as individuals must make choices and find success in love.)
Dana and Chege feel that they are husband and wife. Most of their friends and coworkers assume that they are legally married. However, on credit card applications and when filling out tax returns, they do not indicate that they are married. What does this show about marriage?
Marriage is both a symbolic status and a legal status
Which of the following is true about current trends in marriage? A. Marriage rates are on the rise for those with college degrees B. Marriage rates are on the rise for those without college degrees C. It is becoming more common for people with dissimilar education levels to marry D. Married couples are more likely to be poor than single adults
Marriage rates are on the rise for those with college degrees.
Lee believes that the key to finding mutual love is to find
a person with a love style that is similar to yours
Chapter 8: What is an example of one of the potential drawbacks to marriage? 1. Married people can be lonelier than single people. 2. Married people are often less financially stable than single people. 3. Marriage is more expensive than being single, especially for men who pay expenses for wives and children. 4. Marriage is incompatible with the individualistic values of American society.
Married people can be lonelier than single people. FEEDBACK: In her book All the Single Ladies, Rebecca Traister showed married people tend to turn in toward each other, potentially making their worlds smaller and lonelier. On average, married people are happier than those who are not married. Marriage has transformed in such a way that even religious people are now more likely to pursue the individualistic goals of self-fulfillment.
Chapter 7: How have changes in gender demographics on college campuses affected the heterosexual college dating scene? 1. Men get more dates because men outnumber women. 2. Women get more dates because men outnumber women. 3. Men get more dates because women outnumber men. 4. Changes in gender demographics on college campuses have had no effect on dating.
Men get more dates because women outnumber men. FEEDBACK: Women's increased access to higher education means that women often significantly outnumber men on college campuses. This imbalance gives heterosexual men the dating advantage because fewer of them compete for dates.
Identify the reasons why people in American society are delaying or avoiding marriage.
Reason(s) - A rising number of people simply don't believe in marriage. - People want to wait until their finances are in order. Not Reason(s) - People care less about others than they did in the past. - Falling marriage rates since 1950 scare people away from marriage.
Identify the reasons why a large majority of adults eventually marry.
Reason(s) - Marriage brings both legal and symbolic rewards. - Media, family, and religious leaders pressure people to marry. - People tend to do what others around them have done. Not Reason(s) - Most people try to conform to the expectation that sex belongs within marriage.
Identify the reasons why Black men and women have the lowest rates of marriage compared with other racial-ethnic groups.
Reason(s) - a high economic standard for marriage held by Black men and women - high unemployment rates among Black men Not Reason(s) - an age mismatch between recent cohorts leading to a marriage squeeze among Blacks - less interest in marrying among Black women
Chapter 7: Brendan and Stacy, both from Caucasian, upper-class Boston families, have decided to marry. In terms of mate selection, their relationship demonstrates
a potential for continuation of class inequality.
Can the stages of Ira Reiss's "Wheel Theory of Love" occur in any order?
No, they must always occur in rapport, self-revelation, mutual dependency, and personality need fulfillment.
Which of Reiss's four stages of love allows for the partners to confide in each other, make mutual decisions, support each other's ambitions, and bolster each other's self-confidence? AKA: According to Reiss's wheel theory of love, at which of the following stages of love do partners confide in each other, make shared decisions, support each other's goals, and encourage each other's self-confidence? -rapport -self-revelation -mutual dependency -personality need fulfillment
Personality Need Fulfillment
Which of Reiss's four stages of love is based on culturally similar upbringing, social class, religion, and educational level?
Rapport
Chapter 7: Research on online dating finds that a substantial percentage of users use misleading pictures or information. Identify which of the following statements are reasons why people misrepresent themselves online.
Reason(s) To conform to what they think others are doing To manage their self-images and representations of self Not Reason(s) To trick young people into involvement in underground illicit activity To not be recognized by others
Chapter 7: Identify the scenarios that best describe romantic love or utilitarian love
Romantic Love: - Despite distance and difficulty, two lovers unite - Across a crowded room, a man spots a stranger who will be his one true love Utilitarian Love: - A women weighs her options and eventually leaves her partner in order to find a better one - A married couple struggles together to improve their conflict communication
Theories of love: __________ attachments reflect children's confidence in knowing their caregiver would be available when needed, an assurance that comes from the caregiver having been warm, responsive, and consistently available to infants over time.
Secure
Identify the situations in which social scripts are likely to be shared among participants and followed by them.
Shared Social Script(s): - Attending the opera - Meeting a love interest's parents Not Shared Social Script(s): - Watching TV while eating dinner alone at home - Attending school in a new country
Homophily operates in a way in which ____ people have more contact with one another than ____ people. Greater levels of homophily lead to more ____
Similar Dissimilar Endogamy
Identify the ways that wearing high heels and foot binding are similar
Similar Way(s): - Both practices originated as a way to make women attractive to men - Both practices cause physical harm to women's feet - Both practices were the result of choices made by women Not Similar Way(s): - Both practices were a consequence of men enforcing rules around women's dress
________ lovers have a kind of quiet affection for the other.
Storgic
Identify the statements that are supported by research on hookup culture and sex on college campuses.
Supported: - The role of alcohol and drugs in hookup culture increases the risk of sexual assault - The majority of young men appear to engage in hookup culture Not Supported: - Hookup culture is mainly driven by men's preferences, whereas women would prefer long-term relationships in college - Almost all young men who avoid hookup culture explain why that they are delaying sex for religious reasons
According to the textbook, marriage is both a symbolic and a legal status. Identify whether each example is related to the symbolic or legal status of marriage.
Symbolic - feeling esteemed and accepted in one's neighborhood - opening a joint bank account and merging finances Legal - obtaining employer-provided health care through one's partner
Identify a true statement about the anxious/ambivalent infant.
The infant has a mother who is inconsistent in her care.
Chapter 8: Which of the following is true about racial-ethnic intermarriage in the United States
The intermarriage rate is still low compared with the potential for intermarriage
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following statements is true of the components of love? -The component of intimacy involves feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bonding. -The component of mutual dependency leads to romance and physical attraction. -The four components of love are intimacy, self-love, mutual dependency, and commitment. -The component of commitment involves engaging in sexual activities.
The component of intimacy involves feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bonding.
Which of the following characteristics best relates to people in romantic love? -They have wild fluctuations in moods and their love is blind. -They do not idealize each other. -They find it easy to work or study when thinking about the beloved. -They are not willing to sacrifice anything for love.
They have wild fluctuations in moods and their love is blind.
Tammam and his girlfriend live together and are expecting their second child. They are not married and do not plan to get married. What might Andrew Cherlin suggest as the reason that Tammam and his girlfriend are not married?
The formal and informal rules of marriage have become weaker
Which of the following statements is true of Sternberg's triangular theory of love? -All three components do not vary in intensity for each partner. -Self-love is one of the important components of love. -The mix of all the three components of love tends to vary from one relationship to another. -The greater the mismatching of dimensions, the lesser the dissatisfaction in a relationship
The greater the mismatching of dimensions, the lesser the dissatisfaction in relationship.
Chapter 8: Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) discussed in the text? Select one: a. The underlying assumption of the program (that single parenting causes poverty) is flawed. b. The government should pursue broader policies promoting employment, not promoting marriage. c. The program could encourage women to stay in abusive marriages. d. The program required too many tax dollars and unfairly redistributed wealth.
The program required too many tax dollars and unfairly redistributed wealth.
Chapter 8: What is one result of economic instability among young adults without college degrees? a. Young adults without college degrees are marrying earlier than they were in the past. b. These young adults tend to delay marriage, perhaps in favor of less committed cohabitation relationships. c. There are more promising marriage prospects for economically insecure men than for economically insecure women. d. Lower income women increasingly marry higher income men with college degrees.
These young adults tend to delay marriage, perhaps in favor of less committed cohabitation relationships. FEEDBACK: Young people without college degrees are less likely to be married than those who graduated from college. Having a college degree provides a person with more choice in the marriage market and increases the likelihood that he or she will marry. Couples increasingly pair up according to education level and earning potential, increasing the income gap between rich and poor families.
Chapter 8: Compared to the majority of younger cohabitating couples, what is different about the majority of cohabitating couples over the age of 50? a. They are more likely to marry and less likely to feel that cohabitation is a long-term substitute for marriage. b. They are divorced or separated and view cohabitation is a long-term substitute for marriage. c. Since they have been married before, they feel more pressure to enter into another marriage. d. They are more likely to pool their finances.
They are divorced or separated and view cohabitation is a long-term substitute for marriage. FEEDBACK: Almost two-thirds of cohabitators age 50-69 are divorced or separated. Cohabitation after marriage often provides an arrangement for couples that can substitute for marriage since remarriage can seem fraught with risk, especially in regard to finances or if the couple has children from a prior relationship. Also, since couples are generally at an older life stage after marriage, there is more acceptance to cohabitate without marrying.
The ________ ______ __ _____ suggests how people can be very close on some dimensions but far apart on others.
Triangular Theory of Love
Chapter 7: T/F Some public high schools hold separate proms for White and Black students.
True
Chapter 7: T/F people with less education are more likely to live together than people with more education.
True
Erotic lovers seek to have an exclusive relationship with their partners.
True
Ludic lovers avoid commitment and treat love like a game.
True
Sternberg believes that most of us strive for consummate love in our romantic relationships.
True
Sternberg's model of love says that all the different positive emotions (types of love) that people can have for other individuals can be understood by the combination of just three components.
True
Match each population to the unique circumstances they face while dating.
Unmarried Parents: They don't have much time to date, but many still do Divorced Adults: Olders adults form a large proportion of this group (although they are not the majority) Single Older Adults: They often have more resources to invest in dating and romance Widowed Adults: This group makes up a much smaller proportion of the dating pool than it used to
Chapter 8: The two assumptions required for Gary Becker's marriage market concept are that marriages must be __________ and there must be __________ for spouses. Endogamous/ diversity Voluntary/ competition Monogamous/ variety Affordable/ choices
Voluntary/ competition FEEDBACK: Gary Becker's concept of using a market to understand marriage choices defines marriage as a market similar to one for goods and services such as cars. In order for marriage to work like a market, it must be something that parties can voluntarily enter into, and there must also be competition for spouses so that people can shop for the best one.
Identify the ways that wearing high heels allows women to "do gender".
Way(s) of "Doing Gender": - High Heels accentuate women's relative lack of physical strength - High heels accentuate physical differences between men and women Not Way(s) of "Doing Gender": - High heels allow women to shield their feet from the ground and from weather - High heels facilitate movement from one place to another
Kelly is from the United States, and Afonso is from Portugal. After they fall in love and get married, Afonso is able to immigrate to the United States. This is an example of
a benefit offered to married couples by governments
Chapter 7: According to the text, developing a relationship has become more variable and individualized because Select one: a. only young people are involved in building relationships. b. dating partners rarely discuss their relationship with others. c. a formal dating system no longer exists. d. there is only one acceptable social script for relationships.
a formal dating system no longer exists
Chapter 8: The trend in public opinion indicates that: Select one: a. attitudes against gay marriage will grow in coming years. b. a growing majority will continue to support same-sex marriage rights. c. the U.S. public will remain divided on this issue for many years. d. a majority of Americans have no opinion on gay marriage.
a growing majority will continue to support same-sex marriage rights.
Chapter 8: Figure 8.11 shows the changing attitudes in regard to same-sex marriage over the last 15 years. The trend suggests that 1. a growing majority will probably support same-sex marriage in the future. 2. more people oppose gay marriage now compared to just a few years ago. 3. public opinion has not changed in a meaningful way during the last decade. 4. the gap between these two opposing attitudes will begin to shrink in the future. (question could also say the last 12 years but the answer remains the same)
a growing majority will probably support same-sex marriage in the future. FEEDBACK: Figure 8.11 shows that attitudes on same-sex marriage have changed from a majority against allowing it, from 2001 to 2009, to a current majority in favor of it, since 2009. By 2015, 55 percent favored permitting gay and lesbian marriage, 16 points higher than the 39 percent who remain opposed. The trajectory of this change suggests that in the future, an even larger majority will favor allowing gays and lesbians to marry.
Chapter 7: The official recognition of romantic relationships reflects the intersections of the social institutions of the state and the family. Such legal and political processes make family forms _____. strictly a matter of personal preference a matter of public debate and personal preference less varied than in years past not suitable for public policy debates
a matter of public debate and personal preference FEEDBACK: The state (government) has always made policies about who can marry (determining who can be a family). This means that romantic relationships are regulated by a political process subject to public debate, but they are also informed by personal preferences of whom we love and with whom we want to form families.
Chapter 7: The common assumption that if a man and a woman kiss on a first date the man will initiate the kiss is an example of _____. sexual orientation a social script hooking up love
a social script FEEDBACK: Social scripts are common understandings of how social interactions are likely to happen. Knowing what we think we should expect helps us successfully navigate social interactions. While dating norms have changed a lot, the expectation that men will make the first sexual advance is still common.
Chapter 8: According to your textbook, the rise in cohabitation is 1. uniquely American, as other countries aren't experiencing similar trends. 2. a clear sign of the eventual erosion of long-term, committed relationships in the U.S. 3. expected to replace marriage altogether in the U.S., similar to Scandinavian countries. 4. a trend worldwide, including Scandinavian countries and Latin America.
a trend worldwide, including Scandinavian countries and Latin America. FEEDBACK: Cohabitation has become much more acceptable around the globe, such as in Scandinavian countries and Latin America. The author suggests two possible futures: 1) gradual erosion of long-term, committed relationships or 2) cohabitation will increasingly replace marriage, representing a new system of commitment. What will eventually happen depends on social and economic forces we cannot foresee.
Chapter 8: Which of the following is an example of endogamy? a. a man who marries someone who makes less money than he does. b. a woman who remarries after a divorce. c. a man who marries someone of the same sex where this is legally recognized. d. a woman who marries someone in her racial group.
a woman who marries someone in her racial group. FEEDBACK: Endogamy refers to marriage and reproduction within a distinct group. If someone marries someone within their racial group, this is an example of endogamy.
Tom is in love. He is in a relationship where he believes the most important aspects are companionship and intimacy. Tom is not worried about how committed his relationship is. From this, we can most likely conclude he is about how old? a. 15 b. 21 c. 35 d. 42
a. 15
Chapter 8: Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the data given in your textbook? Select one: a. Americans no longer take marriage as seriously as they did in the past. b. Marriage rates have fallen by more than half since 1970. c. Marriage rates are likely to continue declining. d. The percentage of women married in 2010 was about half of that from 1980.
a. Americans no longer take marriage as seriously as they did in the past.
Chapter 8: Jacob and Ashley are a young couple in their early 20s who have been together for two years and are contemplating marriage. Which of the following is a likely reason why they may choose to get married despite the fact that marriage rates are in decline? (Choose all that apply.) a. Family members, religious leaders, and others may pressure them to marry. b. Although there are alternatives to marriage, most couples imitate common behavior patterns. c. There is a cultural stigma toward cohabitation. d. There are a variety of government and market incentives for them to marry.
a. Family members, religious leaders, and others may pressure them to marry. b. Although there are alternatives to marriage, most couples imitate common behavior patterns. d. There are a variety of government and market incentives for them to marry.
Chapter 7: What do the ongoing controversies over segregated high school proms suggest about the pace of social change? Select one: a. Informal behaviors like dating may change more quickly than formal behaviors like marriage. b. Prom is seen by parents as a way to control who their children date. c. Cultural scripts regarding race and sexual orientation are easily changed. d. Social change has been rapid with regard to race, but slow with regard to sexual orientation.
a. Informal behaviors like dating may change more quickly than formal behaviors like marriage.
Chapter 8: Economic instability has become pronounced among young adults without college degrees, especially young men. As a result, which of the following is true? (Select all that apply) a. Young adults have a greater tendency to delay marriage, perhaps in favor of a less committed cohabitation relationship. b. Young adults without college degrees are marrying earlier than they were in the past. c. Lower income women without college degrees are more likely to marry higher income men with college degrees. d. Especially as they reach their 30s, the marriage prospects of economically insecure men grow bleaker.
a. Young adults have a greater tendency to delay marriage, perhaps in favor of a less committed cohabitation relationship. d. Especially as they reach their 30s, the marriage prospects of economically insecure men grow bleaker.
Chapter 8: Marriage rates have: Select one: a. dramatically decreased since the 1960s. b. gradually risen since the beginning of American history. c. gradually decreased since the 1960s. d. fallen slightly since the 1960s.
a. dramatically decreased since the 1960s.
Chapter 7: High school proms have been a battleground for interracial, interethnic, and homosexual partnerships because Select one: a. many adults see prom as an important event in the mate selection script. b. parents see them as the only opportunity to influence their child's partner choice. c. politicians refuse to change discriminatory laws. d. schools are supposed to legislate community moral standards and norms.
a. many adults see prom as an important event in the mate selection script.
Chapter 7: When compared to 50 years ago, the current population of singles looking for relationships is Select one: a. older, more diverse, and more likely to have children. b. younger, more diverse, and more likely to have children. c. younger, less diverse, and less well-educated. d. older, less diverse, and less likely to have been divorced.
a. older, more diverse, and more likely to have children.
Chapter 7: All of the following are among the factors that your text mentions as leading to changing scripts for dating, EXCEPT Select one: a. participation in religious organizations. b. increasing acceptance of cohabitation. c. more divorced and older singles in the dating pool. d. communication technologies available to daters.
a. participation in religious organizations.
Theories of love: Robert Sternberg developed a theory of love that includes three components: a. passion, intimacy, commitment b. reluctance, maneuvering, persuasion c. communication, friendship, intimacy d. proximity, similarity, attraction
a. passion, intimacy, commitment
Chapter 7: As described in the text, the dating system of the early and mid-twentieth century Select one: a. permitted persons to date a variety of partners at one time. b. reflected no differences from partner selection in the previous century. c. encouraged young people to date only the person they hoped to marry. d. was governed by parents who wanted to find marital partners for their children.
a. permitted persons to date a variety of partners at one time.
Chapter 7: The decision that a person makes about who to be with in a relationship is ________ dating. Select one: a. private b. public c. calling d. courtship
a. private
Chapter 7: Evidence from studies of online dating indicates that Select one: a. racial-ethnic differences persist in the selection of a partner, whether online or in person. b. geographical constraints remain the biggest limitation to finding a partner online. c. endogamy is meaningless in the process of selecting a partner online. d. people seek different types of partners when meeting online as compared with meeting in person.
a. racial-ethnic differences persist in the selection of a partner, whether online or in person.
Chapter 8: Married people attend religious services more often than single people; however, __________ has weakened the traditional religious presence within marriage. (Choose all that apply.) a. the growing independence of spouses b. the frequency of cohabitation c. the trend toward men's and women's employment equality d. decreased fertility rates
a. the growing independence of spouses c. the trend toward men's and women's employment equality
Chapter 7: Adjusted for inflation, the cost of throwing a wedding now, compared with the cost in 1945, is: A. about the same B. nearly double C. about 25 percent less D. ten times as expensive
about the same.
Chapter 7: After sending a flirty message on a social media site to a person she was hoping to date, Claire worried why she didn't get an immediate response. This is an example of technology's role in __________. normalizing hookups increasing gender equality in relationships transforming love to become more utilitarian accelerating dating interactions
accelerating dating interactions FEEDBACK: The ability to respond immediately to text and online messages from a potential partner raises the expectations and uncertainties associated with not responding immediately. The convenience and efficiency of contemporary communications technology have also created new dramas.
According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, intimacy is the _____ component that reflects feelings of warmth, closeness, connection, and bondedness in the love relationship.
affective
Theories of love: Attachment in children:
affects how they develop close relationships throughout their lives.
According to the sociologist John Lee, love that is self-sacrificing and directed toward mankind is called ________ love. -erotic -ludic -agapic -storgic
agapic
Lee believed that one particular love style was difficult for most romantic lovers to experience. Which one?
agapic love
Chapter 8: The social space in which people search for potential marriage partners is called: Select one: a. college. b. marriage market. c. society. d. partner marketplace.
b. marriage market.
Chapter 8: The marriage squeeze: Select one: a. contributed to earlier marriage for Baby Boomers. b. is an example of demography affecting marriage choices. c. raised the marriage rate for women. d. is usually due to a shortage of marriageable women.
b. is an example of demography affecting marriage choices.
Chapter 7: Although Barbie dolls are common toys for girls in the United States, the likelihood that an adult woman has the same waist-to-hip ratio as Barbie is Select one: a. 1 in 10,000. b. 1 in 100,000. c. 1 in 1,000. d. 1 in 100.
b. 1 in 100,000.
Chapter 7: Which conclusion can NOT be drawn from current marriage trends? Select one: a. People spend fewer years of their lives married now than in the past. b. Americans are more likely to value careers over family. c. People are married less continuously throughout their lives than in the past. d. The vast majority of people marry.
b. Americans are more likely to value careers over family.
Chapter 8: According to research, which of the following is NOT true about marital satisfaction? Select one: a. Whites describe their marriages as happier than other groups. b. Marriage is more beneficial for women than it is for men. c. Men and women tend to describe their marriages differently. d. It tends to decline over the life of a marriage.
b. Marriage is more beneficial for women than it is for men.
Chapter 7: The first national singles database for connecting online was Select one: a. MarryMe.net. b. Match.com. c. OKCupid.com. d. ChristianMingle.com.
b. Match.com.
Chapter 7: Which of the following is NOT a symbolic interactionist interpretation of wedding planning and wedding ceremonies? Select one: a. Engagement rings can be an expression of love, equality, or wealth. b. The "wedding industrial complex" is an exploitative aspect of the engagement experience. c. Weddings socialize people into their roles. d. Weddings help individuals adjust to a new identity.
b. The "wedding industrial complex" is an exploitative aspect of the engagement experience.
Chapter 7: An event in which the participants are supposed to have fun and get to know each other for a possible romantic relationship is Select one: a. going steady. b. a date. c. face time. d. a hookup.
b. a date.
Chapter 8: Even though U.S. society rigorously values individualism, Americans nevertheless still predominantly view marriage as: Select one: a. a monogamous endeavor. b. a lifelong commitment. c. just one stage of life. d. less important.
b. a lifelong commitment
Chapter 7: Your text argues that diversity in relationships is scripted. This means that Select one: a. rules about partner choice are more limited than ever. b. a variety of ways of forming and maintaining relationships are common today. c. diversity in choice has led to clearer rules about how to conduct relationships. d. persons in relationships are often subject to restrictive limits on their behaviors.
b. a variety of ways of forming and maintaining relationships are common today.
Theories of love: Bob and Lorraine have been married for 50 years. What fundamental quality of their love has most likely kept them together for all these years? a. intimacy b. commitment c. passion d. fidelity
b. commitment
Chapter 7: Gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens tend to have their first serious relationship at a later age than heterosexual teens. This is due in part to Select one: a. parental interference with teens' personal choices. b. difficulty meeting appropriate romantic partners. c. their hoping to find that homosexuality is a phase. d. high acceptance of gay teens by authorities and peers.
b. difficulty meeting appropriate romantic partners.
Theories of love: According to Sternberg, in cultures where marriages are arranged by parents rather than chosen by the young people themselves, the marital relationship tends to start as what type of love? a. romantic b. empty c. fatuous d. consummate
b. empty
Chapter 7: Studying sexual attraction in humans as well as nonhuman animals in terms of genes and their expression, gives support to the idea of Select one: a. reproductive freedom. b. evolution. c. family dynamics. d. inclusion.
b. evolution.
Chapter 8: The marriage practice of early humans and ancient civilizations that facilitated trade, reduced health problems, and prevented conflict was called: Select one: a. endogamy. b. exogamy. c. polygamy. d. monogamy.
b. exogamy.
Chapter 7: Darren argued that all the romantic couples he knows are people who are very similar to each other. He says this is because they tend to be in the same places and situations. His argument is closest to the sociological term Select one: a. exogamy. b. homophily. c. natural selection. d. mate selection.
b. homophily.
Chapter 8: Marriage rates among black women have declined due to all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. the war on drugs. b. increased job opportunities for black women. c. economic forces. d. the marriage squeeze
b. increased job opportunities for black women.
In contrast to adolescents, college students are more likely to rank ________ as the most important reason for engaging in romantic relationships. a. recreation b. intimacy c. status d. companionship
b. intimacy
Chapter 8: A spike in birth rates in the United States during the post-World War II baby boom era caused an imbalance in available marriage partners for women 25 years later, thus lowering their marriage rates and delaying their marriages. This can be understood as an example of a a. marriage market collapse. b. marriage squeeze. c. marriage boundary. d. cultural transformation.
b. marriage squeeze.
Chapter 7: Sociologists call the process of how or why people end up together Select one: a. dating. b. mate selection. c. family formation. d. relationship sorting.
b. mate selection.
Theories of love: According to Robert Sternberg, different types of love involve the combination of what three fundamental qualities? a. joy, togetherness, and humor b. passion, intimacy, and commitment c. fidelity, romance, and attraction d. hate, anger, and disgust
b. passion, intimacy, and commitment
Chapter 8: All of the following are reasons given in the text for the decline in marriage rates EXCEPT: Select one: a. individualism b. racism c. economic insecurity d. increased expectations of marriage (alternative: Which of the following is NOT a reason given in the text for the decline in marriage rates?)
b. racism
Chapter 7: The increase in the use of online dating websites can best be explained by Select one: a. an increase in available services that appeal to older persons looking for dates. b. the fact that dating sites are likely more efficient than meeting in person. c. the fact that divorced persons fear they will end up alone in old age. d. better available technology that makes the websites more personal.
b. the fact that dating sites are likely more efficient than meeting in person.
Chapter 7: Evan is the wealthy son of a Minneapolis restaurant owner. He marries Naomi, the daughter of a local physician. Based only on these social characteristics, we can conclude that Select one: a. both considered their parents' wishes prior to marriage. b. the marriage is characterized by social class endogamy. c. each will be employed outside the home. d. they married for love and no other reason.
b. the marriage is characterized by social class endogamy.
Chapter 7: Sociologists have objected to the market model of marriage for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: Select one: a. marriage choices are not always rational. b. this model trivializes human intimacy. c. spouse decisions do not always reflect a choice from many alternatives. d. potential mates may have conflicting desires.
b. this model trivializes human intimacy.
Chapter 8: Which are the two assumptions necessary for viewing marriage as a market? Select one: a. competition and valuing partners b. voluntary participation and competition c. available partners and valuing partners d. available partners and competition
b. voluntary participation and competition
Chapter 7: How do high heels help establish the differences between women and men? Select one: a. Advertisers put women in these shoes to sell their merchandise. b. They make women look sexy. c. Almost everyone who wears high heels is a woman. d. It is illegal for men to wear them unless they perform in "drag."
c. Almost everyone who wears high heels is a woman.
Chapter 8: Which of the following is a reason for lower rates of marriage among African Americans? a.Social pressures have led to a reduced desire for all racial groups to marry. b.Black women have a lower desire to marry than women in other racial groups. c.Black men have problems becoming employed due to a shrinking manufacturing industry. d.Latina and Asian women have squeezed Black women out of the marriage market.
c. Black men have problems becoming employed due to a shrinking manufacturing industry.
Chapter 7: All of the following are true about racial intermarriage in the United States EXCEPT: Select one: a. Intermarriage rates correspond to the size of the group. b. Racial intermarriage can pose a threat to the stability of some ethnic groups. c. Outmarriage of white men and African American women is common because there are so many available African American women. d. Members of smaller groups are more likely to outmarry.
c. Outmarriage of white men and African American women is common because there are so many available African American women.
Chapter 7: With regard to research findings on Internet dating profiles Select one: a. men were more likely than women to misrepresent themselves. b. there is little risk that partners will misrepresent their attributes. c. about one-third of photographs are misleading. d. both men and women were honest in their personal profiles.
c. about one-third of photographs are misleading.
Chapter 8: Currently, marriage rates in the U.S. are Select one: a. at or near their all-time highs. b. about half that of most Western industrialized countries. c. at or near their all-time lows. d. at about their average since 1900.
c. at or near their all-time lows.
Chapter 8: The author of the text asserts that the benefits of marriage stem from all of the following sources EXCEPT: Select one: a. responsibility. b. social status. c. communication. d. cooperation.
c. communication.
Chapter 8: The text describes couples who may choose cohabitation instead of marriage in any of the following instances EXCEPT: Select one: a. couples who are philosophically opposed to marriage. b. couples with social class differences. c. couples who can't agree about whether to marry. d. those whose intermarriage is not accepted.
c. couples who can't agree about whether to marry.
Commitment in a relationship tends to develop in a. preadolescence. b. adolescence. c. emerging adulthood. d. late adulthood.
c. emerging adulthood.
Chapter 7: When it comes to the relationship between evolution and social interaction and their influences on mate selection, your text suggests that Select one: a. only evolutionary choice should factor into selecting a future mate. b. evolution plays no role in the process of selecting a sexually attractive partner. c. evolution operates in the background, while personal preferences hold more sway. d. evolution is the most important variable in the process of mate selection.
c. evolution operates in the background, while personal preferences hold more sway.
Chapter 7: According to natural selection, specific traits that may have emerged through evolution are those that Select one: a. make one less able to compete for a mate. b. decrease the odds of species survival. c. fool potential mates into seeing positive traits. d. negatively affect reproductive ability.
c. fool potential mates into seeing positive traits.
Chapter 7: A casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity is Select one: a. a date. b. going steady. c. hooking up. d. playing the field.
c. hooking up.
Chapter 7: High heels and foot binding are important examples of Select one: a. why body enhancements are devalued in the culture. b. standards of beauty being equal in women and men. c. how women are made to be more attractive to men. d. attempts to decrease the differences between males and females.
c. how women are made to be more attractive to men.
Chapter 7: All of the following are true of people who are single and looking for a relationship today compared with singles 50 years ago, EXCEPT Select one: a. more of today's singles have children from a previous relationship. b. there are more older singles in the dating pool today. c. persons who are single today are more likely to have mental health problems. d. today's singles are more likely to be divorced.
c. persons who are single today are more likely to have mental health problems.
Chapter 7: Which of the following is not true of people who are single and looking for a relationship today compared with singles 50 years ago? Select one: a. more of today's singles have children from a previous relationship. b. today's singles are more likely to be divorced. c. persons who are single today are more likely to have mental health problems. d. there are more older singles in the dating pool today.
c. persons who are single today are more likely to have mental health problems.
Chapter 8: A survey used to study the benefits of marriage is given to members of a community. The results show that married respondents tend to have higher levels of income and higher levels of education compared to unmarried respondents. The findings of this survey likely demonstrate a __________ because the cause (marriage) has been determined by the outcome. a. marriage market b. paradox c. selection effect d. marriage squeeze
c. selection effect
Chapter 7: Social status is one of the rewards of marriage. Consequently, some single people-particularly women-suffer from: Select one: a. discrimination. b. isolation. c. stigma. d. depression.
c. stigma.
Chapter 8: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) had two major goals. They were: Select one: a. to provide education and cash assistance to poor families. b. to provide food and health care assistance to poor families. c. to provide assistance to poor families and promote two-parent families. d. to provide assistance to single parents and their children.
c. to provide assistance to poor families and promote two-parent families.
Chapter 7: Elena and Kurt were both in their mid-20s and had been dating for over a year when Kurt told Elena he loved her. She responded with the same sentiment. Later, when she told her friends, Elena knew this meant something, but she wasn't sure if it meant that becoming engaged to be married would happen soon, if at all. This is an example of _____. changing social scripts hooking up endogamy tradition
changing social scripts FEEDBACK: The social script of exchanging "I love you" is commonly known to indicate that a relationship is likely moving to a deeper level. But changing norms and social scripts may make it difficult to know what that next step is.
According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, decision/commitment is the _____ component that reflects the decision to love another person and the commitment to maintain that love.
cognitive
Chapter 8: One major illustration of the modern changes seen in marriage patterns is that __________ has now become an expected stage in relationships for the majority of couples. endogamy cohabitation religious intermarriage annulment
cohabitation FEEDBACK: In recent decades, cohabitation, defined as living together as a sexual or romantic couple without being married, has rapidly become an expected stage in relationships for the majority of couples. By changing the pathway to marriage, cohabitation has fundamentally changed the experience of marriage.
Chapter 8: Marriage is more common for individuals with
college degrees than for people without higher education.
Chapter 7: In sociology, what are social scripts? 1. the terminology for marriage and divorce 2. prohibitions against certain kinds of romantic relationships 3. commonly understood patterns of interaction used in familiar situations 4. legal rules regarding sexual consent
commonly understood patterns of interaction used in familiar situations FEEDBACK: Social scripts are common understandings of how social interactions are likely to happen. Knowing what we think we should expect helps us successfully navigate social interactions.
Chapter 8: For the average college-educated young adult woman in the modern era, which life sequence is most likely to occur? 1. complete education, get married, embark on a career, become a mother 2. complete education, embark on a career, cohabit, get married, become a mother 3. get married, complete education, embark on a career, become a mother 4. cohabit, become a mother, get married, complete education
complete education, embark on a career, cohabit, get married, become a mother FEEDBACK: As the rates of young adults who delay marriage increase, it has consequently become more common for them to have earned a degree and then started a career prior to marrying. Many couples also cohabit before they marry, delaying marriage further. Marriage is therefore occurring later in the sequence of these women's lives, and they have more adult experiences prior to marriage as a result.
According to Sternberg, many individuals strive to attain one particular type of love—especially in their romantic relationships. Which type?
consummate love
Chapter 7: An examination of physical traits that are commonly viewed as attractive in modern society seems to indicate that _____, rather than _____, play(s) a significant role in influencing mate selection. evolution/ cultural norms genes/ socialization the drive to reproduce/ utilitarian love cultural norms/ reproductive fitness
cultural norms/ reproductive fitness FEEDBACK: Research has tried to explain mate selection by arguing that certain traits have emerged through evolution and natural selection. However, contemporary norms of attractiveness (like a thin waist or a particular waist-to-hip ratio) do not necessary indicate health or the likelihood of reproductive success.
Social scripts are ____ specific
culture
Chapter 7: According to researcher Tera Hurt, which of the following statements is true about the four categories of reasons for marital happiness? Select one: a. All of these categories involve morality. b. None of them imply mutuality. c. They are only true for African American men. d. They are mostly individualistic.
d. They are mostly individualistic.
Chapter 8: The 1993 policy implemented by Bill Clinton to address the issue of gay military recruits was known as: Select one: a. "Heterosexual Recruitment" b. Tolerance Policy c. DOMA d. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
d. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"
Chapter 7: Which of the following groups is most likely to date within its racial-ethnic group? a. Asian Americans b. Hispanic Americans c. Native Americans d. African Americans
d. African Americans
Which statement best characterizes adolescent love? a. Commitment is a typical trait in adolescent relationships. b. The majority of adolescent relationships last over one year. c. Adolescents rank security as the most important aspect of love. d. Infatuation is very common among adolescents.
d. Infatuation is very common among adolescents.
Chapter 7: Which is true about social class and marital happiness? Select one: a. Middle-class couples tend to be the happiest group. b. Poor marriages tend to be happiest. c. Social class has no effect on marital happiness. d. Richer couples tend to be happier, whether married or cohabiting.
d. Richer couples tend to be happier, whether married or cohabiting.
Johnny and Becky share passion but neither intimacy nor decision/commitment. Their relationship is best described as:
infatuation.
Chapter 8: Since the Supreme Court's Windsor decision, which invalidated the Defense of Marriage Act and allowed the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages, the Internal Revenue Service and other federal agencies have written new rules that include same-sex married couples. These new tangible benefits are an example of the __________ of marriage. a. economic pressures b. cultural flexibility c. symbolic status d. legal status
d. legal status
Chapter 7: In researching marriage among black men, Tera Hurt found that happily married men usually valued which of the following? Select one: a. success, education, emotional support, and security b. religious commitment, lifelong commitment, success, and security c. lifelong commitment, success, education, and security d. lifelong commitment, success, emotional support, and security
d. lifelong commitment, success, emotional support, and security
Chapter 8: The decline in marriage rates is primarily due to: Select one: a. economic recession. b. increased rates of cohabitation. c. moral decline. d. people marrying later.
d. people marrying later.
Chapter 7: The text indicates three primary reasons people still choose to marry. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons? Select one: a. social and legal incentives b. imitation c. social pressure d. religious beliefs
d. religious beliefs
Chapter 8: Religious leaders, counselors, media, and social workers are some examples of this category of reasons people marry: Select one: a. imitation b. belief systems c. incentives d. social pressure
d. social pressure
Chapter 8: The norms for marriage have become weaker, leaving it to be considered more optional. Andrew Cherlin calls this: Select one: a. the cohabitation trend. b. marriage diversity. c. the decline of marriage ethics. d. the deinstitutionalization of marriage.
d. the deinstitutionalization of marriage.
Chapter 7: After carefully considering the pros and cons of other partners, Juan and Maria believe they make a good match and are committed to each other. Their behavior demonstrates Select one: a. ritualistic love. b. scripted love. c. romantic love. d. utilitarian love.
d. utilitarian love.
Chapter 8: Asian-American women are twice as likely to marry non-Asians as are Asian men. This creates an intermarriage imbalance, which results in Asian-American men being less likely to get married at a young age. This is an example of __________ impacting marriage choices. demography culture social pressure economics
demography FEEDBACK: This is an example of demographic pressure reducing marriage rates because an imbalance has been created, specifically a lack of available Asian-American women, which leads to a change in marriage rates for Asian men. (it is also an example of the "marriage squeeze".)
Chapter 8: Figure 8.8 shows the marital status of unmarried cohabitors by age. According to the figure, cohabitors ages 50-69 are more likely than younger cohabitors to be never married divorced/separated widowed engaged
divorced/separated FEEDBACK: Most young cohabitors have never been married, but after age 50 the majority are separated or divorced, while cohabitors over 70 years old are likely to be widowed from a prior marriage.
Chapter 8: A woman choosing to delay marriage longer than her mother did because she is able to support herself financially is an example of how __________ can contribute to declining marriage rates. demographics economics a marriage squeeze endogamy
economics FEEDBACK: Increased economic independence for women has led to some women delaying marriage by removing economic insecurity as an incentive to marry. Women's independence also reduces the incentives for men to marry since it means that a woman may not devote herself exclusively to caring for the family.
Chapter 7: Aisha dated Robert for five years in her mid-20s. They discussed marriage, but Aisha's parents did not approve because Robert did not share the family's religion and culture. They broke up and Aisha ended up marrying a man with a similar cultural, religious, and economic background. This is an example of _____. homophily endogamy stigma rituals
endogamy FEEDBACK: Endogamy is the practice of marriage and reproduction within a group. People often marry people similar to them because of homophily (they have more contact with similar people) and utilitarian love (family and friends may be more likely to approve and the couple will maintain these contacts and resources).
According to Lee's love theory, the primary style of love that involves intense physical attraction, cognitive preoccupation, and early sexual involvement is known as _____.
eros
In the context of the types of lovers, the ________ lover tends to focus on the physical, and particularly the sexual, aspects of relationships.
erotic
When Sean first met Kristi, he felt an intense attraction to her and immediately asked her out on a date. Since then, he has re-arranged his schedule so that he would have more time to spend with her, and he thinks about her constantly. He is happiest when they are together, enjoys the way he feels, and describes himself as "deeply in love." According to Lee's theory of love, Sean is a(n) _____ lover.
erotic
In the light of the spread of egalitarian beliefs, most college students promote equality of dating. It's not the norm that either person may take the lead in formal dating situations, and either person may make the first sexual move
false
Romantic love is a type of love that grows over time, based on strong commitment, friendship, and trust.
false
Chapter 7: In the mid-1950s if a college woman went on multiple dates each week and dated five different men in a month, she was viewed as A. unlikely to marry. B. a slut. C. following the norm. D. hooking up.
following the norm FEEDBACK: Numerous partners and several dates each week were typical for college women in the mid-1950s. There were strong social scripts associated with dating and sexual intimacy, which may have supported this formal dating system.
Chapter 7: Rosa finds high heels uncomfortable and does not like the way they limit her mobility, yet she wears them because she does not feel that she has a choice at work and she thinks they make her attractive when she is out socializing. This is an example of A. gender socialization and inequality. B. mate selection. C. women's power over men. D. evolution.
gender socialization and inequality. FEEDBACK: Women (and men) are socialized to internalize cultural norms of beauty and behavior. Because women tend to have less political, economic, and social power than men, they may feel they have to conform to the beauty standards in order to be successful in their careers and in finding a marriage partner (for heterosexual women).
Chapter 8: Research shows that in regard to happiness, married people are generally happier than unmarried people. One likely reason for this is that a. happier people may be more attractive marriage partners. b. people in unhappy marriages are more dishonest. c. cohabitation is less fulfilling than marriage. d. being single is highly stigmatized in American culture.
happier people may be more attractive marriage partners.
Chapter 8: Research shows that married people are generally happier than unmarried people. One likely reason for this is that happier people may be more attractive marriage partners. single people are lonely. being divorced is highly stigmatized in American culture. cohabitation is less fulfilling than marriage.
happier people may be more attractive marriage partners. FEEDBACK: There are good reasons to expect that aside from marriage causing happiness, happiness influences people to get together and stay together. A happy single person may be a more attractive marriage partner and will therefore be more likely to get married. This is another example of the selection effect.
Chapter 8: Men and women with higher incomes are more likely to marry than people with lower incomes because people with higher incomes
have more choices in the "marriage market," and this tips in favor of getting married.
Chapter 8: The term wedding industrial complex refers to the a. transformation of weddings from religious events to secular ones. b. increasingly complex nature of marriage law. c. high cost and large number of components of a modern-day wedding. d. fact that weddings have become smaller and more commercialized
high cost and large number of components of a modern-day wedding. FEEDBACK: Chrys Ingraham coined the term wedding industrial complex to refer to the increased cost and large number of aspects of a modern-day wedding. Although many people are critical of this industry, some feel that couples should have a large number of choices for how to present themselves to their families on their wedding day.
Chapter 8: The term wedding industrial complex refers to the 1. transformation of weddings from small gatherings to large ones. 2. increasingly complex nature of marriage law. 3. high cost and many components of a modern-day wedding. 4. fact that the number of weddings has decreased due to the decline of industry-based jobs.
high cost and many components of a modern-day wedding. FEEDBACK: Chrys Ingraham coined the term wedding industrial complex to refer to the increased cost and large number of aspects of a modern-day wedding. Although many people are critical of this industry, some feel that couples should have a large number of choices for how to present themselves to their families on their wedding day. (high cost and large number of components of a modern-day wedding.)
Chapter 8: Which of the following would be an example of a demographic change that is thought to be related to the decline in the marriage rate? society as a whole becoming more individualistic. women becoming more financially independent from men. high rates of incarceration among Black men. passage of marriage laws that permit same-sex marriage.
high rates of incarceration among Black men FEEDBACK: A demographic change is one that occurs among different groups of people in a population over time. This is not the same as economic change or cultural change. One type of demographic change that leads to a decline in marriage rates is a "marriage squeeze," which is an imbalance in available marriage partners. In the last few decades a shortage of marriage partners for women has occurred. This is due in part to high rates of incarceration among urban Black men in their young adult years. Economic and social trends have therefore created demographic pressure that reduces the number of Black women who marry, especially among the poor.
According to Sternberg, consummate love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
high, high, high
According to Sternberg, romantic love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
high, high, low
According to Sternberg, companionate love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
high, low, high
Chapter 7: Hookup culture is Select one: a. highly interrelated with alcohol and other drug use. b. supported by parents and college administrators. c. likely to be embraced by those students who are religious. d. the preferred relationship starter for female college students.
highly interrelated with alcohol and other drug use.
Chapter 7: People of similar racial-ethnic backgrounds and social classes tend to have more contact with one another. These shared experiences may also lead them to pair up in romantic relationships. This is an example of the principle of _____. hegemony homogamy homophily socialization
homophily FEEDBACK: The term homophily is used to describe the pattern of similar kinds of people having more of a particular kind of contact than dissimilar people. People who are similar along race and class lines are more likely to be neighbors and to attend school together than are people of different races or significantly different social classes. This trend makes it more likely that they will also be friends and romantic partners.
Chapter 7: Rebecca's grandmother told her that when she attended college in the mid-1950s it was common for women to go on a dozen dates in a month with several different men. Rebecca wondered if today's practice of __________ is a different, yet similar, form of behavior. A. courtship B. hooking up C. utilitarian love D. dating
hooking up FEEDBACK: While most students define hooking up as a kind of casual encounter, they also report having multiple hookups with the same person. The casual nature of hookups seems to indicate an understanding that these are not long-term or exclusive relationships, and while the dating scene of the mid-1950s may have been more formal, the practices do have commonalities.
Chapter 7: Rebecca's grandmother told her that when she attended college it was common for women to go on many dates each month with several different men. Rebecca wondered if today's practice is a different, yet similar form of behavior. What is the contemporary practice Rebecca is wondering about? dating courtship utilitarian love hooking up
hooking up FEEDBACK: While most students define hooking up as a kind of casual encounter, they also report having multiple hookups with the same person. The casual nature of hookups seems to indicate an understanding that these encounters are not long-term or exclusive relationships, similar to the dating scene of the mid-1950s despite its having been more formal.
Chapter 8: Researchers have found that within the last few decades, people with less education are increasingly delaying their first marriage due to __________. higher fertility rates. increased economic insecurity. social stigmas about marriage. lowered incentives for marriage. lack of less-educated marriage partners.
increased economic insecurity FEEDBACK: Economic insecurity has become much more prominent for less-educated young adults, especially men. A good job generally requires a college degree, and therefore low wages and job insecurity are major factors impacting young adults with less education, which influences their decision to delay marriage.
Chapter 8: Social and cultural changes have brought about more __________, which some argue has weakened marriage ties, however, researchers suggest that the relationships that do survive are emotionally stronger. individualism religious endogamy familial pressure to marry marriage markets
individualism FEEDBACK: Major social change within society has included the growth of individualism, with goals of individual fulfillment and self-expression. Some suggest that this has weakened the ties of marriage, however, other researchers believe that the relationships that do survive are emotionally stronger.
Which of the following describes the manic love style?
jealous and possessive
Chapter 8: In June 2015 the Supreme Court's ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that gay and lesbian couples have a fundamental constitutional right to marry. Since that time, the Internal Revenue Service and other federal agencies have written new rules that include same-sex married couples. This is an example of: symbolic status. economic pressures. cultural flexibility. legal status.
legal status. FEEDBACK: An important feature of marriage is its legal status, which brings tangible benefits and protections to those who receive it. Because of this status, as well as its symbolic status, there is often a high value placed on marriage. (Question Variation: Since the Supreme Court's Windsor decision, which invalidated the Defense of Marriage Act and allowed the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages, the Internal Revenue Service and other federal agencies have written new rules that include same-sex married couples. These new tangible benefits are an example of the __________ of marriage.)
James and Brooke share intimacy without either passion or decision/commitment. Their relationship is best described as:
liking
According to Sternberg, empty love relationships are characterized by _____ levels of intimacy, _____ levels of passion, and _____ levels of decision/commitment.
low, low, high
Grace enjoys going out with Doug but has no plans to make their relationship "permanent." She doesn't always tell him the truth about where she's been or the other people in her life, and becomes annoyed when he asks too many questions or expects too much from her. According to Lee's love theory, Grace is a(n) _____ lover.
ludic
According to Lee's love theory, the primary style of love that involves game-playing and a desire to avoid commitment is known as _____.
ludus
What is the type of love that is playful, not possessive, and more about fun and games then about commitment?
ludus
In the context of the types of lovers, the ________ lover combines something of eros and ludus.
manic
When Will met Jada, he immediately began to think of her as his future wife. He calls her every day, worries about whether she's truly committed to their relationship, and becomes extremely jealous whenever another man even glances in her direction. According to Lee's theory, Will has a(n) _____ approach to love.
manic
Chapter 7: Compared to the past, one unique feature of relationships today is that __________. relationships tend to be less committed. many long-term relationships start with sex. more women are marrying men who are younger than them. people tend to date people similar to themselves
many long-term relationships start with sex FEEDBACK: Sex outside of romantic relationships certainly isn't new, although sex often took place in the context of a relationship. Also, relationships now tend to start out as hookups, in which people have sex and then maybe pursue more serious relationships.
Chapter 8: One reason the U.S. Supreme Court cited in favor of gay and lesbians' right to marry in the Obergefell v. Hodges case was
marriage does not exist solely to support procreation and child-rearing in stable families.
Chapter 8: One reason the U.S. Supreme Court cited in favor of gay and lesbians' right to marry in the Obergefell v. Hodges case was 1. the right to marry is specifically cited in the Constitution. 2. a political majority of people supported marriage equality. 3. marriage does not exist solely to support procreation and child-rearing in stable families. 4. The Court recognized the importance of the traditional definition of family in society.
marriage does not exist solely to support procreation and child-rearing in stable families. FEEDBACK: Many man-woman couples cannot (or choose not to) have children, so procreation is not a defining element of legal marriage. The Court had established in previous cases that the right to marriage is a fundamental right, even though it is not specifically listed in the Constitution. The Obergefell case represents the deepening social recognition of family diversity.
Chapter 7: What does endogamy mean? spreading disease among people in the same group marrying people in the same group the end of a marriage the study of marriage
marrying people in the same group FEEDBACK: Endogamy is the practice of marriage and reproduction within a group.
Chapter 7: When it comes to dating among college students Select one: a. men are expected to take the lead in formal date situations. b. very few students are likely to have gone on dates. c. the number of males available to date is much higher than the number of females. d. both males and females have the same goals in a dating relationship.
men are expected to take the lead in formal date situations
Chapter 8: According to the text, __________ are more likely than __________ to report happier marriages.
men; women
Chapter 8: remarriage is becoming _______ common
more
According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, passion is the _____ component that consists of the drives that are involved in sexuality and romantic and physical attraction.
motivational
Which of Reiss's four stages of love allows the couple to share ideas, jokes, hopes, and fears once the couple becomes more intimate?
mutual dependency
Chapter 7: Which of the following is a key similarity between hooking up and dating multiple persons at once? A. neither involves exclusive commitment to one partner B. they are financially expensive for the participants C. both behaviors have widespread support from parents D. legal penalties can be imposed on persons who participate
neither involves exclusive commitment to one partner
Chapter 7: Compared to 50 years ago, the population of single people looking for relationships is _____. more likely to include people who have never been married unlikely to include people with children older and more diverse younger and less diverse
older and more diverse FEEDBACK: More people are postponing marriage until they are older and more people are single after being divorced, so the population of single people is older and more diverse than in the past. (AKA The population of single people looking for relationships is: older and more diverse than in the past.)
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which of the following is a component of love that leads to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation? -commitment -self-love -passion -intimacy
passion
Which of the following terms is defined as a preoccupation and intense longing for union with a particular other?
passionate love
Chapter 8: One problem with using Becker's market principles to understand marriage choices is that a. it is unreasonable to assume that the marriage market is entered into voluntarily. b. there are too many people seeking marriage partners for the market to function efficiently. c. the tendency toward endogamy makes the marriage market problematic. d. people often make bad decisions when they are in love, so we cannot assume that these decisions are rational.
people often make bad decisions when they are in love, so we cannot assume that these decisions are rational. FEEDBACK: Some sociologists have described several problems with Becker's use of market principles to understand marriage choices. One such criticism is that market principles assume each actor that participates in the market makes decisions using rationality. Given the nature of love and romance and the reality that people often make bad decisions, a completely rational marriage market seems unlikely.
Chapter 8: Figure 8.6 shows that, in recent years 1. people with less education are more likely to live together than people with more education. 2. people with more education are more likely to live together than people with less education. 3. the increase in cohabitation rates has been slower for women with less education. 4. the education gap in cohabitation has become non-existent.
people with less education are more likely to live together than people with more education. FEEDBACK: Figure 8.6 shows the development of a gap in cohabitation rates for women according to education level. Women of all education levels have increased percentages for cohabitation, but the increase is the fastest and levels are highest for women with less education. This pattern also suggests that cohabitation rates have become part of the social class divide.
Chapter 8: Tori and Jamil are a married couple who receive aid from the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. In the late 1990s, their social worker encouraged them to sign up for "marriage and relationship training" classes funded by the Oklahoma Marriage Initiative. Both the TANF program and the classes are examples of the politics of marriage. decline of marriage. benefits of marriage. persistence of marriage.
politics of marriage. FEEDBACK: The politics of marriage refers to political movements on behalf of marriage in society. The marriage promotion political movement encourages marriage among poor people, using the reasoning that children benefit from having married parents. Both the TANF program and the Oklahoma Marriage Initiative are programs that were developed as part of the marriage promotion movement during the 1990s.
Which of the following characteristics represents manic love? -casualness -possessiveness -powerful physical attraction -self-sacrifice
possessiveness
Chapter 7: Utilitarian love refers to what? 1. practical dedication to another person based on shared understanding and commitment 2. sexual relations within a friendship, without commitment or obligation 3. love for oneself above and beyond all others 4. passionate devotion and attraction felt for another person
practical dedication to another person based on shared understanding and commitment FEEDBACK: Utilitarian love is more rational and practical than other forms of love, requiring people to think carefully about what makes a good partner. People work on their relationships and communicate what they want and need from them as well as what they can give.
In the context of the types of lovers, the ________ lover is a combination to some extent of ludus and storge and tries to find a partner who has a particular set of characteristics that he or she desires in another.
pragmatic
Melanie takes a very practical approach to love. She has a list of characteristics that she expects her future spouse to have, and she is very concerned that he reflect well on her family. She will not even consider going out with a man unless he meets these criteria. According to Lee's theory, Melanie has a(n) __________ approach to love.
pragmatic
Louis is extremely practical. Even in matters of love, he seeks similarities with his partner, May, in education, religion, and interests. Both of them are willing to move on with their respective lives if their relationship does not work out. Which of the following types of love does their relationship illustrate? agapic love storgic love pragmatic love ludic love
pragmatic love
According to Reiss's wheel theory of love, the first stage of love is ________.-rapport-self-revelation-mutual dependency-personality need fulfillment
rapport
Without ________, according to Reiss, would-be lovers don't have enough in common to establish an initial interest.
rapport
Chapter 7: Same-gender couples do not have well-established dating and relationship scripts to follow, an experience referred to as __________. hooking up endogamy relational ambiguity homophily
relational ambiguity FEEDBACK: While confusion about relationship scripts is common in society today, it is more pronounced in gay and lesbian relationships. The lack of well-established scripts increases stress and insecurity for many gays and lesbians.
Gina and Tom are obsessed with each other. They go out frequently for candlelight dinners and their love is characterized by ecstatic highs. However, they are more self-centered than altruistic. Their behavior represents ________ love. -romantic -pragmatic -long-term -agapic
romantic
Which of the following attachment styles is the most common?
secure
Which of Reiss's four stages of love brings the couple closer together, allowing them to be more likely to disclose intimate and personal feelings, and to engage in sexual activities?
self-revelation
Which of the following describes the agapic love style?
selfless and unconditional
Chapter 7: The greatest change in older adults' marital status is that they are more likely to be _________ in 2015 than they were in 1970. separated or divorced widowed never married married
separated or divorced FEEDBACK: Although most older adults continue to be married, Figure 7.3 shows that most single adults in the age range of 55 to 75 are divorced or separated. This is a major shift from half a century earlier, when most single people of those ages were widowed. Divorced people now dominate the population of older adults looking for new partners.
Chapter 7: cohabitors ages 50-69 are more likely than younger cohabitors to be
separated/divorced
Which of the following best describes the pragmatic love style?
shopping-list love
Chapter 8: Individuals tend to marry others with
similar education levels and earning potential.
A young man reads that married men live longer and report being happier. He then begins thinking about proposing to his partner. This is an example of
social pressure
Chapter 7: Angela, who identifies as heterosexual, has been encouraged to invite her boyfriend to family events and her parents were happy to pay for her prom dress. Niki, who identifies as lesbian, is unable to bring a possible romantic interest to a family dinner or to attend her high school prom with her girlfriend. Niki's experience is in part a result of what issue that makes it difficult for lesbians and gays to pursue romantic relationships? social stigma romantic ideology endogamy utilitarian love
social stigma FEEDBACK: The social stigma against gays and lesbians makes it difficult for them to enter into romantic relationships. They may confront disapproval from family and friends as well as formal barriers (like the inability to legally marry or to openly attend events like high school proms with their partners).
Chapter 8: According to the textbook, the marriage of Barack and Michelle Obama, two Harvard-educated lawyers, illustrates the role __________ plays in choosing a marriage partner. a. the politics of marriage b. the government c. socialization d. exogamy e. imitation f. social exchange
socialization FEEDBACK: Socialization is the process of internalizing elements of the social structure into our own personality. This suggests that our choice of a marriage partner follows a similar course, whereby people bring their life experiences into their decision of which partner to choose. In the example of Barack and Michelle Obama, their similar education levels and common experiences likely made them susceptible to each other's charms through the socialization process.
Chapter 7: Racially segregated proms are possible because _____. no laws regulate public school decisions regarding segregated proms some public schools choose not to hold official proms, thereby tacitly supporting racially segregated private proms most high schools have very few mixed-race couples most proms are organized by Parent Teacher Association(s) rather than school boards
some public schools choose not to hold official proms, thereby tacitly supporting racially segregated private proms FEEDBACK: When public schools decide not to sponsor proms because they do not want racially integrated proms or because they do not want to recognize same-sex couples, the result may be that parents and other organizations host proms that reflect those desires. These public schools are certainly aware of this potential and likely outcome and, by refusing to sponsor integrated and openly welcoming proms, they implicitly support segregated private proms.
According to Lee, ________ love is characterized by peaceful and affectionate love that is based on mutual trust and respect. -storgic -erotic -manic -ludic
storgic
Chapter 7: Contemporary courtship in the form of dating A. looks a lot like the "calling" of the past. B. supports a marketplace that sells single people clothes, cosmetics, meals, movies, dating advice and more. C. involves very little spending on the part of men. D. is governed by parents and community members who play a significant role in deciding who should date.
supports a marketplace that sells single people clothes, cosmetics, meals, movies, dating advice and more. FEEDBACK: Dating usually involves spending money. How much money can vary significantly and may include things like going out to dinner, renting a movie at home, concerts, or sky-diving. Spending may also include transportation, clothing, and makeup. Dating is a big business.
Chapter 8: Which policy passed by congress in 1996 forbade the government from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples
the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
Which of the following theories on love proposes that infants need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development? -the exchange theory -Sternberg's triangular theory of love -the attachment theory -Reiss's wheel theory of love
the attachment theory
The idea that wedding must be expensive, large, and lavish may contribute to
the divergence of marriage rates between rich and poor.
Chapter 8: The decline of religious endogamy has mostly been the result of changes in the marrying behavior of conservative religious groups. the number of religions available for spouses to belong to. the marrying behavior of liberal and moderate Protestants. demographics such as decreased rates of immigration.
the marrying behavior of liberal and moderate Protestants. FEEDBACK: Religious endogamy refers to people marrying inside their religious group. The decline of religious endogamy has mostly been the result of changes in the behavior of liberal and moderate Protestants (such as Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Methodists), who are now more frequently intermarrying among themselves as well as with non-Protestants. More conservative religious groups (such as Catholics, Mormons, Baptists, and Pentecostals) have not changed their marrying behaviors as much.
Theories of love: Definitions of love, the importance of attachment, theoretical perspectives, and the experiences of love are generally __________for same-sex couples as compared to heterosexual couples.
the same
Chapter 8: Juanita and La'Mon, who are both divorced, are a cohabitating couple with two teenage children, one from each of their respective previous marriages. If someone were to ask them why they choose to cohabitate rather than marry, they would most likely say a. they are looking to explore compatibility before deciding to remarry. b. they see cohabitation as a long-term and less risky substitute for marriage. c. there is often social pressure to not commit to another marriage after divorce. d. laws can make it difficult to remarry, especially after a divorce.
they see cohabitation as a long-term and less risky substitute for marriage.
Chapter 7: A large study of college students found that the majority reported hooking up how many times? zero three or fewer four or more 10 or more
three or fewer FEEDBACK: This study found that about three-quarters of students said they had ever hooked up and over half of students reported hooking up three or fewer times or not at all.
Chapter 8: Married couples are less likely
to be poor because there is the possibility of two incomes, not just one.
Chapter 8: 2/3 of people who are married have cohabitated.
true
For same-gender couples, one important cause of "relational ambiguity" is the constant need to create and modify social scripts for sexual and romantic relationships
true
T/F Social scrips can be nonverbal and verbal
true
Chapter 7: The dating habits of a mid-1950s college woman who went on multiple dates each week and dated five different men in a month would be viewed as _____. unlikely to lead to marriage typical compared to her peers likely to lead to promiscuous behavior unusual compared to her peers
typical compared to her peers FEEDBACK: Numerous partners and several dates each week were typical for college women in the mid-1950s. Strong social scripts were associated with dating and sexual intimacy, which may have supported this formal dating system.
Which of the following is NOT a component in the triangular theory of love?
understanding
Chapter 7: When comparing utilitarian love and romantic love Select one: a. utilitarian love is more rational and romantic love is more spontaneous. b. both types suggest that partners should be sexually available. c. romantic love is more likely to push the partners to marry. d. romantic love leads to relationships, but utilitarian love is a myth.
utilitarian love is more rational and romantic love is more spontaneous.
Chapter 7: Love that is practical and rational is called _________, whereas love that is spontaneous and passionate is considered ___________. traditional/ romantic utilitarian/ romantic romantic/ utilitarian utilitarian/ traditional
utilitarian/ romantic FEEDBACK: Utilitarian love is the practical, rational dedication of one person to another based on shared understanding and emotional commitment. The passionate devotion and attraction one person feels for another is called romantic love.
Chapter 8: The paradox regarding economics and marriage is illustrated by the fact that a. young couples with higher education are less likely to marry, despite the economic benefits that marriage would provide for them. b. although weddings cost much more than they used to, low-income couples are more likely to marry than those who can more easily afford a wedding. c. while there has been a decline in the economic need for marriage, those with higher incomes are now more likely to marry than those with lower incomes. d. people with a higher income have fewer choices available to them in the marriage market even though they can offer more economic security to a potential mate.
while there has been a decline in the economic need for marriage, those with higher incomes are now more likely to marry than those with lower incomes. FEEDBACK: Although there has been a declining economic need for marriage, people with higher incomes are now more likely to marry than those with lower incomes. This is in part due to the fact that although people with higher incomes have less economic need to marry, they are also more sought after in the marriage market, thus providing them with more opportunities to find someone to marry.