exam 2 questions from quizzes

Why is the partial-report method so important to scientists who are studying memory formation?

It allows researches to study memories of extremely short duration

What did Shiffrin and Schneider's 1977 study reveal about automatic processing?

Once research subjects learn it for one task, that processing applies to new tasks

Which of these is the most accurate restatement of "incompatibilities tax attention"?

Stimuli are harder to process when they come from an unexpected direction or location.

Why are Bartlett's 1932 studies important?

They prove that people tend to fill in forgotten information with their own experiences without realizing it, which can affect their view of people in other groups.

Which of these is the best comparison to how the visuospatial sketchpad works?

a chalkboard that can be erased and reused

Which type of amnesia results in an inability to explicitly retrieve memories from after the brain damage has occurred?

anterograde amnesia

Dual-task methods measure

attentional resources

In Treisman and Gelade's (1980) experiments on visual search for a target, the targets in the _____________ condition seemed to pop out of the displays.

color

Humans store memories in _________

different parts of the brain

In a study, subjects are asked to perform an arithmetic task while also attempting to remember lists of words for later recall. The researchers in this study compared the performance on the memory task with and without the accompanying arithmetic task to determine if the arithmetic task interferes with one's performance on the memory task. This study used the ____________ methodology to study attention abilities.

dual-task

You know your professor is likely to give you a pop quiz, so before class starts, you quickly skim the parts of the chapter that you failed to read. What would a clinical psychologist call this action?

encoding

Which of these could you use to help improve your performance on prospective memory tasks?

environmental cues

After Clive Wearing suffered damage to his hippocampus, he could no longer access his ______ memories, but his ______ memories were undamaged.

episodic; procedural

Shadowing tasks indicate that, in most cases, research subjects who hear two competing messages in each ear ______.

filter out much but not all of the information they are told to ignore

not noticing a change in the environment from moment to moment is called

inattentional blindness

the retrieval process can be ________

intentional or unintentional

You are studying for a test that will require you to recall names and definitions. In which of these situations would you be likely to perform better on the test?

intentional study condition

According to most memory researchers today, what are the two most likely causes of forgetting?

interference and lack of consolidation

Research subjects performing a shadowing task are more likely to recall information from a competing message if ______.

it is meaningfully relalted to the attended message

Which of the following effects shows that long-term memory encoding is based on the meaning of information?

level-of-processing effect

According to what you have read in this chapter, which of these statements is no longer supported by most memory researchers?

memories decay over time

Which aspect of long-term memory do scientists believe is limited?

number of items retrieved at one time

Some researchers believe that memory is actually a continual act of remembering rather than a repository for information. In other words, these researchers consider memory a(n) ______ rather than a(n) ______.

process; structure

Which of these correctly lists the sequence of events in the modal model of memory?

sensory memory-short term memory- long term memory

what are the types of memory as described in the modal model?

sensory, short term, and long term

I have a memory that I took my medicine this morning. But in reality, I only thought about taking my medicine. This type of memory error represents the ________ "sin" of memory.

source misattribution

Which of the following effects shows that long-term memories can be strengthened by retrieving them?

testing effect

What is the misinformation effect?

the mistakes people make after being mislead by suggestive information

Why is the passage in the 1972 Bransford and Johnson study so hard to remember?

the subject of the passage is unclear

Which memory "sin" is synonymous with normal forgetting over time?

transience

T/F Confusing the words "tree" and "free" is an example of the phonological similarity effect

true

Encoding the color of a stimulus involves the ______ , while encoding the sound of that stimulus involves the ______.

visual cortex; temporal cortex

Under what conditions do people experience inattentional blindness?

when we miss something remarkable because we are focusing on small, specific tasks