Exam 2 Review

Bacon's Laws, Bacon's Rebellion, and Nathaniel Bacon

(1676-1677) the impact of Metacom's war was felt beyond New England. Metacom's message of Pan-Indian resistance to British settlement spread. By 1676, the warriors from the Potomak and the Susquehannock nations of the Chesapeake began to raid English outpost in Virginia. The British governor of the colony, sir William Berkeley, showed a reluctant to retaliation, favoring instead of policy of keeping a strict boundary between the Indian and colonial land. His disinclination to fight, and his unwillingness to compromise with the demands of the laboring people, or middling sorts, who aspired to own land, sparked a revolt among the colonist, called Bacon's rebellion. Nathaniel bacon was a young, well educated, and cosmic member of the Virginia colony counsel. He was also related to Berkeley through marriage. In opposition to Berkeley, bacon advocated immediately retaliation against the Potomack and Susquehannock. Berkeley denied Bacons bid for a commission to attack the Indians, recognizing that arming hundreds of young colonial men-mostly former indentured servants - would pose a threat to the colonial leader ship. Bacon ignored Berkeley's commands and raised a militia to fight the Native Americans. Bacons militia quickly vanquished the Indians in the area. Bacons laws were the new rules granted the franchise to all free men, inaugurated elections of the members of the legislation, and granted greater representation and taxation. In sum, bacons laws reduce the influence of the ruling elite in Virginia, setting a precedent for free white men and democracy. This was the meaningful step in the expansion of colonial liberty, although it was of course brought about by the desired subjugation of Indians. Beacons rebellion succeeded in pushing the Potomack and Susquehannock further west, opening up more land for European American settlement. But bacons rebellion is significant to American history for other reasons as well. Such as land lust, demonstrable violence, and the rise of slavery.

The War of Spanish Succession (aka Queen Anne's War

(1702 -1713). -the French king tried to put his grandson on the newly vacant Spanish throne, which upset European powers and led to conflict. This was the war of the Spanish succession, called queen Anne's war in the New World. 12 years of battle between the Spanish and Florida, the French in the north American interior, the British along the coast, and various Indians siding with wither of them led to a British victory. Queen Anne's war was significant for two reasons. First, success gave the British a base on the Hudson Bay, further prompting the expansion westward, into the interior of America. Second in on allowed a period of relative peace in Europe, which allowed French and Britain to fortify their position in the New World, so that when later Atlantic world battles came both sides were better entrenched. Over time, increasing economic and social strength of the British colonies during the French, who feared that the alliances they had built with the Indians would weaken.

King William's War

(battles between the Iroquois, French, and English colonists, (1689-1697)-King Williams war began when New York's governor, Thomas Dongan, motivated the Iroquois's into attacking Indian nations that were friendly with the French. The French fought back by attacking the Iroquois's and, eventually, British colonist in northern New England and New York. Britain in turn attacked various French outpost, with minimal success. The New World front had stalemated it without significant gain for either side. King Williams war was influence for three reasons. First it prompted the French to strengthen their New World position, and created a stronghold of settlers for the first time. Second, it demonstrated the ways Europeans manipulated Indians in efforts to conquer the land. And third, in its wake, the Iroquois establish better relations with the French and agreed to remain neutral and future conflicts.

Why did the American slave trade develop? Where were the major hubs? Who benefitted economically? / Analyze the impact of slavery on the economic expansion by the British in the early 1700s.

After enslaved Native American laborers began to die due to exposure to disease, European powers began purchasing enslaved Africans, who became their primary labor source. Britain sent their first slave ships to the British West Indies to work on tobacco plantations and then later sugarcane plantations. In the English colonies, the first use of enslaved labor started in the British West Indies. The majority of enslaved Africans were sent to sugar plantations in the British West Indies, even after the first ship of enslaved Africans landed in Virginia in 1619. By 1776, 20% of the colonial population was African American. Tobacco, rice, and indigo, which were the three staple crops of the Southern and Chesapeake colonies, demanded significant labor which European required from African slaves. Once in the New World, slave traders auctioned off their cargo in public squares, mainly in New York in Charleston which were the center of the city of the slave trade. There is a common misconception that slavery was limited to the Chesapeake and Southern colonies, as well as the British West Indies. Slavery did exist in the New England and Middle colonies, just at a smaller scale. In New England, enslaved Africans accounted for about 2-3% of the population before the American Revolution.

Compare and contrast societal life, governmental institutions, and economics in the following regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Area, and the Southern Colonies-SOUTHERN-

Although the Southern Colonies were the wealthiest, many did not live there for long periods of time due to its horrible living conditions (humidity and bugs). They grew their wealth off of tobacco, rice, indigo, and later cotton; However, unlike in the Middle colonies, farmers here did not live on their farms and decided to live in the city instead. No social models or leadership developed in these colonies. Plantation bosses were on top of the social hierarchy, followed by the middle class of lawyers merchant and skilled workers, and the working class was made up of slaves. There was also little industrial development. African American slaves were a key factor in Southern colonies due to the amount of labor required on the large plantations. Like the Chesapeake colonies, the Southern colonies had very few industries and got most of their industrial goods through the Triangular Trade. Life was expectancy was notably short (usually under twenty years) in the Southern colonies, however, those who did live there lived in extreme luxury. Unlike the other colonies, family was not a key factor in this colony due to the short life expectancy. There were very few religious obligations in these colonies, followed by a lack of law-enforcement, and there was no interest in public education. Aiding a slave in any way was faced with extreme punishments, however, a few slave revolts resulted in slave codes, but there were not enough slave owners to implement them properly. There were also very few Native Americans in this area at the time. There was a difference in lifestyle between the upper and lower southern colonies, in the lower colonies, life expectancy continues to be previously short.

Colonial labor systems in the 17th century

As African Americans began to take the place of indentured servants in the late 1600s they began to be treated more as objects than as humans. By the 1680s the practice of indentured servitude diminished rapidly compared to the 70% in the early 1600s which led to North Americans. getting into the slave trade system. It created a more slave-based society, that was race-based with laws being passed preventing any romantic relationships between Africans and Europeans as well as making a baby's freedom dependent on the race of the mother. This resulted in more race-based restrictions against Africans, with women being exploited to produce more slaves. Race became the key factor in if an individual deserved "natural rights" with Virginia passing racial orientation of the new system of labor with a series of slave codes, which made it near impossible for slaves to gain freedom.

Compare and contrast societal life, governmental institutions, and economics in the following regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Area, and the Southern Colonies-CHESAPEAKE-

As a result of the Chesapeake's extremely fertile soil, most of their landmass was dedicated to the cash crop tobacco instead of a diverse selection of crops like the other two colonies. The influence of tobacco was so large in the Chesapeake that 90 percent of the economical wealth was created from that crop alone. Since so much of the land was dedicated to tobacco alone, cities and industries failed to develop in this colony, which later posed an issue. By 1760, Chesapeake's population grew to 500,000 non-Indians, with two-fifth of that population being African slaves. Since this colony was so economically centered, aristocrats controlled all politics. The aristocrats in this society were usually large landowners. Like New England, there were many scattered farms and plantations, however, this caused them to not have much of a social life. It wasn't until the development of roads that people began to move further from the rivers and diversify their economy from just agriculture. It is economically minded society; social relations were based on knowing ones place in the social hierarchy and deferring to one superiors. The top of the hierarchy were large land owners who created their structure of leader ship and power by modeling their lives after those of the British nobility. As the number of white indentured servant's decreased, and the number of Africans replacing them, the middle class of society declined. The Chesapeake colonist were devoted to the Anglican church rather than many religions. Lastly, as the number of indentured servants declined, the number of African slaves increased, which resulted in women getting a less prominent role in society. Through the 1700s, then, Chesapeake developed a strong aristocratic social structure in the large rule, British model of living. This pattern stood in contrast to New England, which featured small towns and social mobility.(

Compare and contrast societal life, governmental institutions, and economics in the following regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Area, and the Southern Colonies. - MIDDLE COLONIES-

Because the climate was hotter in the Middle colonies, the culture there was quite different. Farming was way more prevalent in the Middle colonies, with farmers living on the farm rather than in a city like New England. Their success in agriculture grew annually, with some colonies being referred to as "bread colonies". Like New England the middle colonies produce their own furniture in agricultural implements making their own clothes. The chief industries developed around corn and wheat, and Mills along rivers ground wheat grain into flour. Families were self-sufficient, producing their own clothing and home goods like new England. Another difference between the Middle colonies and New England is the middle colonies preferred to live in two large cities rather than small towns. The Middle colonies also participated in the Triangle Trade trading excess goods for sugar and molasses to make rum, however, unlike New England, Slavery was extremely prominent in their society. Several members of the natural aristocracy owned large tracks of land gaining them wealth which created a social hierarchy followed by small farmers and urban merchants which were followed by tenant farmers who rented the farms, below them were slaves. Also, women were expected to do homely duties while the men worked outside. Religion and population were extremely diverse in the middle colonies, with few ruling aristocracies. The populace founded urban institutions such as centers of public education, newspapers, theaters, fire appointments, and libraries allowed individuals to get professional occupation such as lawyers. The laboring people of the middle colonies exerted an impressive amount of control over civic life, as ruling elite were slow to emerge.

Pontiac's Rebellion

By 1763, several Indians had followed Neolin's advice and came together to present a unified front against the colonist. Under the leadership of Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa, they were ready to protest British intrusion into their land and attempt to drive the colonies back to the Appalachians. The result battles in Pontiacs rebellion were brutal, with the British attempting to introduce smallpox into Indian communities through infected blankets and Indians deliberately poisoning British troops drinking water by putting rotten meat in Springs upriver from Britain camps. The British troops were better equipped for warfare, however, and the Indian nations of native America, without the French available to help, could not withstand the British armies. They were beaten back and pushed farther west in yet another battle of what one historian called "the long war for the West"

Compare and contrast societal life, governmental institutions, and economics in the following regions: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Area, and the Southern Colonies. NEW ENGLAND

Family life was important to new England, women did indoor affairs, while men did outdoor affairs. They held social gatherings such as parks in a public town square. New England consisted mostly of stable, agriculturally based families, an expanding economy that led to the growth of some cities, and a rapid westward migration to accommodate the growth of the population. Like most of the other colonies at the time, New England focused on farming, diversified farming, which was not as large scale to be exact. They often produced their own furniture and agricultural implement, creating their own clothes. They had a plethora of goods they used to trade, such as furs, meat, and timber. They also began to establish companies well where they created stuff like ships providing one third of British ships. The new business led to a new type of commercial class to sell these goods and resulted in trade pattern referred to as Triangular Trade. The New England colonies traded fish and grains to Britain and to Southern Europe in return for wine, spices, and gold. They also sold the good to west Indies in return for sugar and molasses which the distilled into rum and traded it to Africa for slaves and gold which they used to purchase goods from Britain. Their successful trade and businesses made them economically dependent, steering them away from religion. New Englanders used slaves, but they were not a necessity to them. As the towns began to get bigger in New England, social classes began to become more prevalent in society. The social ladder had aristocrats at the top, followed by natural aristocrats, then it was commercial middlemen, and lastly, it was the working class. Like the rest of the colonies, there were only a few Native Americans in this area, however, they moved westward.

Why was the Georgia colony founded and what made it unique?

Georgia was founded after the restoration as a proprietary colony. The chief motives for its settlement was to create a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas and, perhaps more interestingly, to create a haven for British debtors and persecuted British protestants. Oglethorpe opposed Britain's policy of imprisoning those who could not pay their debt, and his vision fashioned Georgia as a colony where the worthy poor could start anew. The colony grew so slowly because the charter stipulated that no one could own enough land to develop a large-scale plantation. Furthermore, slavery was initially prohibited because of his vision for the colony and because the Spanish in Florida had promised freedom to any slaves who would serve in their military, which would have meant a collection of slaves eager to desert Georgia for Florida.

What have historians attributed the Salem Witch trials to?

Historians have attributed the Salem witch trial to fears triggered by the Indian wars. Because these which trials were prosecuted in 1682-93, during king Williams war, they suggest how the European wars for empire were felt in even the smallest of New World hamlets. It was caused by an older slave telling two younger girls voodoo tales, and later the girls were seized with fits leaving town leaders the were practicing witch craft. Social class, gender, commercial, professions, and religiosity as well as female land owners were targeted. It reveals the anxiety of the time, sparked at least in part by warriors with Indians. It also reflects the widespread willingness to believe in witches, spirits, and ghost, a prominent feature of what one historian has called the colonial world of wonder.

"Bread Colonies"

In the middle colonies, farms were larger than in New England, and farmers lived on the farm's rather than in the village. Many of the Middle Colonies farms achieved relative self-sustenance, and some were so bountiful they exported goods. Fruit, livestock, and wheat were the principal export crops of the region, wheat being the biggest export. Indeed, by the early 1700s, New York and Pennsylvania were sometimes known to the British traders as the "bread colonies". Agricultural population grew 2 to 3 times per year from 1700 to 1770, and best farmers in the middle colonies could afford to bring nearly 40% of their product to the market, we know this area quickly grew wealthier than New England as money from Britain poured.

What is the connection between African Slavery and sugar?

Labor needs arose in the New World during the late 1500s and 1600s after Europeans realize that sugar could be growing easily in the west Indies and South America. Cultivated sugar is increasingly labor-intensive though, and once Europeans had exhausted and exterminated native populations in the west Indies and South America, their search for labor led them to African slaves. This was made easier by the fact that the establish trade route between Europe and Africa had made Africans eager for European goods, especially guns. Thus, in a mutually beneficial trade system, beginning in the early 1600s west African kingdoms competed with one another to supply slaves to Europeans in return for European goods. As the Atlantic slave trade grew, West African kingdoms grew leery of supplying Europeans with more slaves because they were fearful of the overwhelming demand. Some Europeans resorted to kidnapping slaves from west African villages. The horrifying result of modern racial isolate systems were becoming increasingly apparent.

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

New Mexico, the pueblo people rejected the forced pity of the Spanish Catholic friars, and in a drastic 1680 rebellion, a shaman named Pope led the Pueblo revolt- an uprising of several village spanning several hundred miles across the new Mexican landscape. The villagers burned Spanish farms, destroy churches, and killed half the friars. Reeling from the revolt, the Spanish left the Southwest for more than a decade. They returned in the 1690s with a more tolerant outlook, and the pueblo people welcomed them only because they thought they needed European weaponry to fight the enemies.

New York under the Dutch

One of the five colonies Charles II gave to his friends. New York began as a Dutch colony founded in 1624, when the Dutch claimed New Jersey and New York. The Dutch based their claims on the voyage of Henry Hudson in 1609 and Peter Minuit's purchase of the island of Manhattan small amount of trinkets and jewelry. During the early 1600s, the Dutch had moderate success trading furs with the Iroquois. But their biggest success lay in the port town of new Amsterdam now New York. There, a multicultural group of traders gathered to trade and barter near the Atlantic. Competition over commerce lead to better relations between the English and the Dutch, and three small Anglo-dutch wars broke out between the two nations but mostly in the English channel between 1652 and 1675. In 1664 Britain's Charles II wrested new Amsterdam from the Dutch and granted it to his brother, the duke of York later naming at New York.

New Jersey Colony

One of the five colonies Charles II gave to his friends. in 1673, the Duke of York granted the southern portion of his colony to two friends, one of whom sold his portion to a group of Quakers. This led to the creation of East Jersey, which borders New Jersey, and West jersey, which border Pennsylvania. Although they retained certain differences, by 1702 both areas had grown substantially, earning a single royal charter. To attract settlers, the priorities of New Jersey promised both generous land grants and limited freedom of religion. For these reasons, Puritan New Englanders and Dutch New Yorkers migrated there, promoting significant growth by 1726. The two colonies were united and renamed New Jersey.

Proprietary Colonies vs. Royal Colonies-

Proprietary colonies were granted by the king to a proprietor or head of a proprietary family, who owned the colony by title and governed it as he saw fit. Royal colonies were controlled by the king through his representative, the royal governor.

Propriety colonies founded after the English Restoration and how they were different from what preceded them.

Proprietary colonies were the chief means of colonial expansion between 1660 and 1700, and it was through them that the large gaps of land between Massachusetts and Virginia, as well as the land between Virginia and Florida, were colonized. Doing the restoration, friends of Charles II created five proprietary colonies: (1) Carolina; (2) New York; (3) Pennsylvania (4) East jersey and (5) West Jersey. The proprietary colony of Georgia was founded after the restoration. The proprietors of these colonies were free to establish any sort of government they wish, so long as their laws did not contradict those of Britain. Given this freedoms, each of the proprietary colonies developed quite differently. Expansion of colonial America had begun. It failed due to how abundant American land was and Caribbean settlers were accustomed to self-rule.

Quakers, William Penn The founding of Pennsylvania Colony and life in the colony

Quakers are protestants who believe that God's will is directly transmitted to people through the "the inner light" of divine knowledge that a person possesses within his or her inner being. This belief was in opposition to the protestant main stream, which made the Bible the center of the religious experience. The Quakers also rejected the concept of original sin and destiny, further separating them from the protestant core. Quakers didn't employee professional ministers they instead relied on laypeople (ordinary faith community members). Also called Society of friends, did not do class distinctions. In 1674, Penn, along with 10 other Quakers, purchase the proprietary rights to West Virginia. Penn drafted a constitution for the colony that protected the right of trial by jury, prohibited capital punishment, allowed almost all free males the right to vote, and sought to ensure good relations with the Indians. His constitution required settlers to purchase any land taken from Indian inhabitants and expand the right of trial by jury to Indians. In 1681, Charles II granted Pennsylvania meaning "Penn's wood" which he named after pens father. The selling of Penns wood relieved the king of two things his gambling debt to Penns father and the Quakers. Recruiting service was a key to fulfilling Penn's idyllic vision. Penn's promotion of the colony rested on two factors: religious freedom and a liberal land policy that allowed easy access to land. Penn dispatched agents throughout Europe to advertise the colony, and the response was overwhelming. Indians migrated their when facing violence with colonists as well. Penn did permit slavery owning some himself. Like most northern states, slaves in Pennsylvania were African use mainly for domestic work.

Why did the French build Fort Duquesne?

The French built Fort Duquesne because British colonies continuously push deeper into the Ohio Valley, which upset the French, who are already settled there. Eventually the French attempt to build a series of military strongholds that would intimidate the British, the largest of which was fort Duquesne in today's Southwest Pennsylvania. They wanted to keep the British out. Virginia colonist who were speculating on lands to the west retaliated against the French for it by building forts necessity nearby. When the Virginian set an inexperienced young militia colonel George Washington to deter the French from building forts, a skirmish between the French and the British ignited yet another war, with greater consequences than before which was known as the Seven Years war.

Discuss the American Enlightenment, including major leaders and beliefs

The ideas in the enlightenment inspired both harmony and conflict with religious leaders, and many of the most consequential American intellectual outpouring from the colonial period are either rejections of our support for the enlightenment. Cotton Mather, for instance, produce important sermons as he refined a puritan theology that articulated the centrality of God to an individual's well-being. William Bradford, John Winthrop, and Edward Johnson wrote histories of New England, giving special testament to the sacrifices made by religion by the colonial founders, and also hedging a bit towards the enlightenment by praising the individual fortitude of those founders. They seemed to try to balance the imperatives of reason with those of revelation. Religion, meanwhile, animated the poems of Anna Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, and Michal Wigglesworth. The American enlightenment did not produce many atheist or agnostic's, but it did begin a process whereby religious thinkers tried to find balance between science and religion. It also produced several generations of thinkers who, despite being across the Atlantic Ocean from most of the progenitors of these ideas, engaged with them thoughtfully. Colonists debated how the enlightenment idea of "natural rights" might influence their action as colonialist under the rule of the British crown. They discussed how far an individual reason could push them away from established Faith's, as the rejected authoritarianism, irrationality, and obscurantism. Some became deists, a Faith holding that God had merely set up this world and then allowed humans to develop it as their reason allowed. Famous American enlightenment think using he's been a Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.

Why was their tension in North America over the Spanish in Florida?

The resentment were compounded by the proximity of the colonial competitors, the British and the French. When Britain and France went to war in the War of Spanish Succession in 1701, British Carolinas attacked Spanish Florida because they feared that the Spanish and French were becoming too closely allied. The result was the devastation of all Spanish strongholds in Florida except Saint Augustine. And, because British colonies outnumbered Spanish settlers, the Spanish were slow to resettle Florida. By 1700, the Spanish presence in the future United States was limited to a few Catholic mission and a few increasingly smaller settlements.

"Middle Ground" between Native Americans and European colonizers

although the discrimination of Native Americans is by far the most significant story of euro-Indian relations, positive interactions occur during the colonial era as well, usually over trade. In this "middle ground" as historians called it, the two groups operated as equals. Indians and Europeans shared rituals such as tea and rum drinking, gift giving, and pipe smoking. This middle ground was notable whenever colonist encountered large group of Indians, meaning that the group were close to equal in number, and it is allowed contact that benefited both Indians and colonist. Although these middle grounds were prominent places for trading, they were also spaces for cultural interaction and sharing. The spaces existed most prominently around the great lakes in upper Mississippi River basin.

The Albany Plan

another part of the Colonists strategy was to develop what would have been the first-ever colonial Union under the Albany plan, drafted by the printer, scientist, and later, politician Benjamin Franklin. The Albany plan would have placed all of British colonies in America under a single president general, appointed by the crown, whose responsibility would be to manage all activity on the frontier and handle negotiations with Indians. It also would have created a single legislator, made up of representatives who would've been from each of the colonies, which numbers would have depended on how much in taxes each colony paid. The union you failed to materialize, however, mainly because the colonist felt allegiant only to the particular colony and to the Crown. Though it did not happen it scared the crown. After the French and Indian war, British colonies considered uniting.

Why were the Spanish not willing to develop colonial settlements in North America?

as the British planted deeper roots in colonial America, the Spanish pulled theirs out. The main reason was an unwillingness to develop colonial settlements, preferring instead to bring home quick profit after a brief period of having conquered and controlled resource rich lands. This established some settlements, those who founded by Catholic friars eager to convert Indians, but these permanent settlements frequently conflicted with local Indian nations and persuaded Spain permanent settlements was not worth the investment. The colonial conflicts thus tended to be about labor relations and faith, rather than a struggle for land, which was paramount to the British.

Salutary neglect

by any attempt by the country assert control of the colonies was bound to aggravate the colonist, though, because they had become accustom to a hands-off style of relation between the crown and the colonies, a relationship that came to be labeled solitary neglect. The principal developed in the late 1680s, when, upon king Charles II death in 1685, his brother, James II, became king and promptly attempted to make England a catholic country again which lead to the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Though William and Mary tried to keep control, royal administration over the colony continued to decline which the colonist loved. The crown would allow the colonies to operate as they pleased as long as they provided England a sufficient cash flow.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

due to the salutary neglect developed in the late 1680s, when, upon king Charles II death in 1685, his brother, James II, became king and promptly attempted to make England a Catholic country once again. This change created such a severe rift within England that it almost fell into a Civil War. Unlike the Cromwellian revolution of the 1650s, however, the second revolution was bloodless and in the so-called Glorious Revolution of 1688, Protestant factions forced James II to flee England. His exit left the crown to his protestant daughter and son-in-law, William of Orange and Mary II, more commonly referred to as William and Mary. For the colonies, the result of the glorious revolution was looser governance by the crown and the removal of many of the proprietors who found the colonies.

Discuss the states of enslavement of Africans (eg: stage one was capture in Africa...)

enslavement was a brutal process in all three of the stages: (1) initial capture in Africa; (2) the middle passage across the ocean; and (3) the period of adjustment to the New World the process by which captured slaves came to North, south, and central America was Russian nice by the profit to be made. They were gathered through either European slave traders or kidnapping and forced to travel up to 550 miles while being bound with chains connecting them neck to neck. Once they were on the coast, they put the slaves in pens and branded them waiting to be put in cargo ships. Once the ships arrived they were paddled to the cargo ships, some drowned themselves at this time. Once on the ship they endured horrible and cramped conditions. Many were force feed due to starving themselves, those who were sick were thrown overboard. This middle passage took four to eight weeks. Once they arrived in the new world the slaves were auctioned off where potential buyers examined their teeth, underarms, and genitals. Strong men and child birthing aged women were the most sought after. There were few movements against this pre American revelation with many European societies just accepting it.

Middle Passage

enslavement was a brutal process in all three of the stages: (1) initial capture in Africa; (2) the middle passage across the ocean; and (3) the period of adjustment to the New World. When ships arrived, slave traders forced the slaves from their pens onto canoes and then paddle them out to the larger ships, during this time some committed suicide by drowning themselves. Once abroad the transport ship, slaves faced the middle passage, the horrible journey across the Atlantic. traders packed the ship until they were overfilled. They cuffed the slaves and kept them below deck, away from fresh air. The captives were denied access to restrooms, and the stench in the holds typically became unbearable. Many captains vomited in response, making the scent even worse. The Europeans also fed slaves small amounts of food and threw sick slaves abroad to try to prevent the spread of disease. They force-fed with a mouth wrench those who sought to starve themselves. Because the slaves came from varied tribes, it's likely they did not speak the same language, cutting them off completely from the life they once knew. The middle passage took between four and eight weeks, and more than one in four captains died along the way. in the 17th and 18th century, any Trans-Atlantic journey was dangerous and potentially fatal, but especially so for the captive Africans. Once they arrived in the New World the slaves auctioned off.

King Charles II and the English Colonies-

in 1660 a group of generals invited Charles II to fill his late father's position as the king of England. After 12 years of Civil War the Stuarts get regained power to England from conservative military men. The period that followed is called the restoration and it was significant for colonial North America because King Charles II second use the colonies: (1) to tighten control of his initially unstable leadership and (2) to pay off his debt inquired during his fight to recover the throne. to reinforce control over the colonies, Charles II first enacted strict trade regulations. Passed by Parliament in 1651, the first version of these regulations, known collectively as the navigation acts, dictated where colonial products could ship their goods and stipulated that colonist must transport the goods in British ships. To pay off his debt, Charles II offered his support land in the New World so they could establish preparatory colonies. During the restoration, friends of Charles II created five proprietary colonies: (1) Carolina; (2) New York; (3) Pennsylvania (4) East jersey and (5) West Jersey.

Slave Codes

in 1705, Virginia codified the racial orientation of the new system of labor with a series of slave codes. These codes meant that, in most areas, especially in southern colonies and the Chesapeake, it became impossible for an African-American to live as a free person. The codes declared that all Negro, mulatto, and Indians brought into the region with slaves or real estate. This guaranteed slaveholders permanent ownership of the black bonds people they purchase. It also allowed masters to punish their property and because no one would deliberately destroy his own property, Virginia lawmakers said there was no need to enact laws prohibiting slave holders from kill their slaves. The codes stated that slaves need written permission to leave their plantation, receive severe physical punishment for any wrongdoing, and no longer have any legal standing. Virginia slave code served as a model the other states emulated. British colonist were constructing a legal slave society based entirely on perceived racial distinctions.

The Treaty of Paris (1763)

in 1758, the British began to take conflict more seriously and send a large army under the leadership of Jeffrey Amherst. What followed was warfare marked by extreme brutality on all sides. After a year, the British began to shift the tide of war, and a year later, in 1760, hostilities largely ended. In 1763 the 3 warring nations (Spain, Britain, and France) signed the treaty of Paris, which laid out the so-called proclamation line giving Britain the western interior of North America, Canada, and Florida. Spain had already received Louisiana from France, and the Mississippi river became the boundary between Britain holdings and Spain's. France had been evicted from North America.

Indentured Servants in America in the 1600s (pay attention to change over time) / Why were indentured servants eventually replaced by African slaves?-

in the early 1600s, the North American colonies relied mainly on European indentured servants from Britain. By the 1680s, however, African slaves had begun to replace indentured servants in the colonies, and became preferred labor source. By the early 1700s, there were a few indentured servants in the colonial labor pool. despite the variety of benefits of indentured servants, it posed problems in North America. First, many servants simply run away when they landed in the New World, and, as Europeans, once they escaped, they blended in easily. Second, most of those who did remain confronted the wet climate of the Chesapeake, which was so unhealthy that many servants did not survive after arriving in America. Those who did survive were habitually sick and unable to work. And third, indentured servant also earned freedom once their term of indentured expired. At that point, some of them acquired land and began competing with their former masters, a situation that most master did not welcome, shown by Bacon's rebellion. Finally, as Briton's economy improved, fewer people signed up to become indentured servants in the first place. By the 1680s, the practice of indentured servitude diminished rapidly. In need a labor, North American colonist tapped into the slave trade system that developed during the 1600s.

Beaver Wars and the Iroquois Confederacy

in the first half of the 1600s, most outbreaks of violence between British colonies and Indians were short-lived. The deadlier conflicts occurred between various Indian nations seeking twin European trade. The bloodiest of these inter-tribal battles were the beaver wars (1640-1680), in which the Iroquois, seeking beaver pelts to trade with the French, first Huron and their supporters out of the north east off together, leaving the Iroquois confederacy as a single most significant collection of Indians between North Canada, so then Virginia, and the Mississippi river. They decimated the competition and force the survivors to flee across the Mississippi river.

Why did Proprietorship fail in Carolina?

many do not understand the American context of abundant land would not accommodate the hierarchal society of England, with it's noble titles and haughty proprietors. Many of the early settlers of Carolina came from the Caribbean's rather than Britain because of temporary dipping sugar prices made the made the Caribbean islands less appealing. The settlers were accustomed to self-rule, not the hierarchical society the proprietors intended to emulate. The settlers from the Caribbean also brought slaves with them, meaning that, from earliest history, Carolina was powered by Moscow entrepreneurs and slave labor.

New England's "Natural Aristocracy"

one British import that crossed the Atlantic successfully was a social system demonstrated by class, which was defined by not only the amount of wealth a person had but also their mannerisms, their ancestry, and their power. The top was governors', judges, and wealthy businessman with distinct British background, but there was a slightly larger group consisting of what the colonies called "natural aristocracy" which were merchants and wealthy landholders who made their fortunes in the New World and usually did not possess noble titles. These men dominated economic affairs and owning increasing percent of the area's wealth. After that was a group of commercial middleman, farmers, and artisans making the middle class. Under them was the laboring class consisting of young men waiting to inherit land from their fathers. The bottom was slaves employed by the wealthiest members of the natural aristocracy. Due to a robust growth in the colonies minister slowly lost stature, no longer defining New England life as they when the Puritans first arrive. In their place, the natural aristocracy assumed a privileged place.

Triangular Trade

pattern of trade in which fish, grains, spices, sugar, ships, slaves, and gold were traded between the new England colonies, England, south Europe, the West Indies, and Africa. a pattern of trade that has come to be called the triangular trade, although it was much more complicated than a simple triangle. The New England colonies traded fish and grain to Britain and to Southern Europe in return for wine, spices, and gold. They also sold their good to the west Indies in return for sugar and molasses. The New Englanders then distilled the molasses to make a rum and traded it, along with other manufactures goods, to Africa return for slaves and gold. The gold from this traid allowed New Englanders to purchase manufactured goods, tools, and linens from Britain, which in turn bought new England manufactured ships. With success caused by mills, the middle colonies were able to participate in the triangle trade and do the same as the new England colonies, allowing them to establish large-scale slavery. The southern colonies were key players in the triangular trade, shipping their tobacco, rice, and indigo to Britain in return for manufactured goods and slaves.

What was the Enlightenment, who were some if its most important phosphors, and how did their ideas influence the future course of the United States? What ideas changed over time due to the influence of the Enlightenment? (Include Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Adam Smith)

the American enlightenment stemmed from the European enlightenment, which was a movement to protest human capacity for reasons as the highest form of human attainment. In the early 1600s, most of the people in western world believed: (1) in the unquestioned premise of rulers; (2) in humans in capacity for social changes; and (3) that our time here on earth is a temporary Interlude on our journey toward either external salvation or damnation. European scientist began to question natural laws however. The most prominent of the enlightenment thinkers were, perhaps, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke argued that one's environment was more significant than divine decree in the development of one's character, and the individual has natural rights to life, liberty, and property, which even a king or a pope cannot deny. For his part, Rousseau famously argue that humans are born virtues and therefore had a responsibility to use their virtue to check the growth of social institutions that would inevitably become premise on inequality and favoritism. The key Enlightenment economist was Adam Smith, who, among other things, proposed a natural balance in the economy determined by laws of supply and demand. Each of the central ideas implied that progress was possible as people achieve more and more of their natural rights and then people had to stake in their own life and were entitled to reject authority if certain rights were denied. The enlightenment was a fundamental transition in the way people in western world thought about themselves and their societies in which they lived.

Rice cultivation in the Carolinas

the colonies fortune reversed in 1693, when Carolinians discovered from their African slaves that Rice could be grown easily in the fertile soil. The cultivation of rice spread rapidly and farms popped up quickly, making Carolina lucrative and suddenly creating an urgent need for more labor. This labor crunch meant that by 1720 the Southern part of the colony, where the soil was most fertile, was populated by twice as many slaves as European Freemans or indentured servant's. Most of the slaves had been brought from the Barbosa, in the West Indies, which had became a key marketplace for the worldwide slave trade. The large number of slaves in Carolina made Charles Town the Center of North America and early slave trade, which would begin to prosper in the 1680s and 1690s. Before rice made California lucrative, its principal expert was captured Indian slaves who were sold in New England and the west Indies. few Europeans lived in southern part of Carolina because life there was so miserable.

Albany Congress (1754)

the coming war French and indian put the British colonist on high alert. To discuss the matter, seven of the colonies sent representatives to Albany, New York, in the summer of 1754. The meeting, called Albany congress, represented the first time the mainland England colonies met for unified purpose. Part of their purpose was to convince the Iroqouis to join the Britain in the battle, but the iroquois chose to remain neutral in order to preserve their trade routes. The French and Indian war allowed the British colonies to see themselves as a united body distinct from Britain. The Albany congress provided to be the first demonstration of an increasingly unified colonial identity. it would take time, but that sense of unity would grow.

Discuss slavery in the American colonies in the 1700s. Be sure to include women, the types of work slaves did, rights slaves did/did not have, how slavery different over regions, and law designed to perpetuate the institution.

the daily life of a slave depending on their location for instants slaves worked as Field heads on small farms, as house service for wealthy colonies, or skilled artisans. They could be isolated or live in Port towns such as Rhode Island were slaves made up 18% of the population. In the middle colonies, some slaves worked as field hand on small farms, while smaller numbers worked in cities in nearly every labor-intensive occupation. In the south colonies and the Chesapeake, on the other hand, most slaves were field hands who grow sugarcane, rice, tobacco, or cotton. Some were house servants who cooked, cleaned, and helped care for children. Very few were skilled artisans. As arduous as the southern labor system was, however, plantation life allowed for development of slave culture. This was possible because of the large number of slaves who could gather together after working hours. Plantations were common in the south, with slaves out numbering colonists in the lower south. The preserved several African religious traditions, such as a couple jumping over a broom stick to seal a marriage and merged their languages. Over time, these traditions merged with Christianity in the same way the catholic images merged with the traditional beliefs of native Americans. For slaves, family life was unpredictable, fragile, and subject to the arbitrary whims of their owners. Children typically stayed with their family until they were eight, at which time they were sometimes sold. Masters occasionally raped or coerced female slaves into sexual relations, further demonstrating their limitless power over their property. Nevertheless, families did struggle though, and wherever possible, strong family structure emerged. The hazards and difficulties inherent in the progress of sustaining a family life under these conditions lead slave men and women to take on roles different from those are their masters. Slave women, for instance, worked in both in the field and at home. Slave man, meanwhile, took on occasional domestic duties.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

the first large conflict was king Phillips war, which broke out in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and 1675. King Philip was the name of the British gave the Metacom, the son of the Wampanoag chief, Massasoit. Since New Englanders had expanded on to Indian territories the Wampanoag and other Indians had to obey English law and some cattle trampled native cornfields, demonstrating the differences in concepts of land-use between the two people and the arrogant of new Englanders, who felt God had granted them to learn to cultivate. Since many younger Indian generations had had enough, a vicious war breaks out. They recruited other Indians although some had already converted to Christianity and sided with the British. They attacked towns in fourcolonies Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut this caused New Englanders to get pushed back on most all the way to the coast. In 1676 of New England boy escaped captivity and lead the colonist to the exact location of the Indians. The fight ended in 1767 when Metacom fell in battle at the hands of the Indian acting as a scout for the colonies. The colonies placed Metacom's head on a stake and let it stand in Plymouth Square for 25 years. Because of the retaliation, Algonquian communities were decimated from Narragansett Bay to the Connecticut River Valley. Both sides suffered Metacom's warriors killed one and 10 of the New England colonists. It also led to further decline of puritan to leadership, as many colonists viewed the war as a sign of gods to displeasure. They were also exposed racism among the British colonist, many of whom were eager to attack and kill Indians.

King Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, -

the initial impetus for the expansion of England colonial holdings came from the Homeland. In 1642, revolutionaries led by Oliver Cromwell began a series of revolts that lead, in 1649, to the exclusion of the English King Williams I which ignited a decade of conflict and upheaval in England (English civil war). The revolutionaries intended to create a kingless republican government called the Commonwealth, found on concepts like taxation only with representation, limited government, and antimonarchical beliefs. Because English Puritans form the backbone of the revolutionary forces, the Civil War greatly slowed. To migration to Massachusetts. There are more interested in fighting battles at home. When Cornwell died in 1658, the commonwealth he found it dissolved in chaos, leading the revolution without a leader. Conservative military men to control the country, and, and 1660 a group of generals invited Charles the second to fill his father his late father's position as king of England. After 12 years of Civil War, the Stuarts regained power. The period of English history that followed is called the restoration (period of English history when the Stuarts were restored to the throne, 1660-1685), end it significant for colonial North America because Charles second use the colonies: to tighten control of his initially unstable leadership and (2) to pay off debt incurred during his fight to recover the throne. Penn was named after his father, a Royal courtier the king owned money to due to gambling. When the elder Penn died, the younger Penn inherited claims to the debt. And when Charles the second began imprisoning religious minorities in the 1670s, Penn, a newly converted quicker, traded the debt for a North American colony, where he could safely take his co-religionists.

Pan-Indianism

the outcome of the French and Indian war would prove to be a disaster for the Indians of North America. With all the land east of the Mississippi river now belonging to Britain, Indian tribes lost the ability to negotiate with one group of colonist and play the European nations off one another in order to win concessions. Now Indian-colonial relations were centered in London. Many Indian leaders recognize this transition and begin to realize the importance of an increased unity between the various Indian nations in opposition to the British. Simply put, in the aftermath of the French and Indian war, many of the Native American nations shifted from favoring a tribal identity to assuming or racial one, something called Pan-Indianism. This was especially true in the Northwest, between the great lakes in the Appalachian Mountains, we're contact with the colonist were more sustained.

British expansion from 1660-1700

the reason for British colonial expansion in North America was caused by the English Civil War, others to the issue of royal control, and the other to financial concern. The initial motivation for the expansion of England colonial holdings came from the homeland. In 1642, revolutionaries led by Oliver Cornwell began a series of revolts that led, in 1649, to the execution of the English king Charles I which caused a decade of conflict and upheaval in England. The revolutionaries intended to create a kingless Republican government called the Commonwealth, founded on concepts like taxation with representation, limited government, and anti-monarchical beliefs. To reinforce control over the colonies, Charles II first enacted strict trade regulations such as the navigation acts and enumerated articles that gave Britain a monopoly on goods from the New World. Lastly, to pay off debts, Charles II offered his supporters land in the New World so they could establish proprietary colonies. If the proprietors were successful, they had a guaranteed buyer in Britain.

Stono Rebellion/ Discuss slave resistance in the Southern colonies prior to the American Revolution.

there were a few slave rebellions due to slaveowners taking such drastic measures to maintain control over their slaves. The few revolts that they did actually commit resulted in stricter laws being put against them. One of the rebellions done in new York in 1740 ended with 13 slaves being burned and 18 others being hanged. The most notable salve revolt of the 1700s was the Stono rebellion which occurred in Stono South Carolina in 1739, when, on a quiet Sunday morning, a group of mostly newly arrived slaves marched into a firearm shop, killing the colonists manning the shop, stole several firearms, and marched south, probably in an effort to get to Florida, where the Spanish government promised Britain slaves freedom. After traveling only a few miles, the number of slaves had grown to more than 100. They marched from house to house, murdering slaveowners and their families as they went. After 10 miles, the band was eventually met by an armed white militia, which killed at least 30 of the rebelling slaves and captured almost all of the rest. Nearly all who are captured were killed. As a result of the rebellion, South Carolina past the Negro act, which consolidated all of the separate salve codes into one code that forbid slaves from growing their own food, assembling in groups, or learning to read. Miss Sharp response to the Stono rebellion continue the pattern of harsh legal retribution for slave interactions.

The French in North America

when British colonist wanted to move westward in North America they face more than just Indians, they also faced the French. Begging in the late 1600s, the French recognize the rich potential's of North America and fortified their posts from the great lakes in New Orleans, traveling down the Mississippi river and usually developing friendly relations with the Indians along the way, especially Algonquians. The French used the Americas to create a trading post for fur. The only significant settlement, however, we're at Quebec and New Orleans. Nevertheless, the increased French presence brought them into conflict with the British. When France and Britain had dispute in Europe, the battles had New World ramifications. Beginning in the late 1600s, Europe wars had North America's front as well as European ones.