Exam 2 Review: BSC 2085 Ch 5-8 for Dr. Julaine Lewis

(CH 6) Function of the hemidesmosomes found in the basal layer.

Attach the cells of this layer to the basement membrane that separates the epidermis from the areolar (provides nutrition to the cells & also acts as a cushion to protect the organs from external forces) tissue of the dermis

(CH 6) New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________. A. blood B. fibrous connective tissue C. adipose tissue D. reticular tissue E. urothelial tissue

C. Adipose tissue

(CH 7) What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from a limited range the directions?

Compact bone

(CH 6) Function of the calcitriol?

It is essential for the normal absorption of calcium & phosphate ions in the small intestine. An inadequate supply leads to impaired bone maintenance and growth.

(CH 7) Name all the bone cells.

Osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts. GBCC

(CH 6) The lipid secreted by the sebaceous gland is known as ----

Sebum

(CH 6) Identify this muscle tissue

Skeletal Tissue

CH 6: Name the two major components of the Integumentary system? EX: glands, tissues, and accessory organs

Skin & hair --nails, cutaneous glands, accessory organs

(CH 6) Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?

Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines), except the heart, appear spindle-shaped.

(CH 7) What type of osseous tissue reduces the weight of the skeleton?

Spongy bone tissue. Lighter & much less dense than compact bone. Helps make muscle movement of limbs less challenging.

(CH 6) Functions of dendritic cells/ Langerhans cells?

They are produced in bone marrow, migrate to epidermis to interact with T-cells in immune function to protect against... (1) microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis (2) superficial skin cancers

(CH 6) Name the layers of the Dermis.

(1) Papillary layer (2) Reticular layer

(CH 6) What is a malignant melanoma?

- Arises from melanoma - Less than 5% of skin cancers - Can be successfully removed if caught early, but usually fatal if metastasizes - Greatest risk factor is familial history - Highest incidence in men, redheads, people who had severe sunburn as a child

(CH 7) List the organic components of the matrix

-synthesized by osteoblasts --collagen, carbohydrate-protein complexes, such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, & glycoproteins

(CH 7) Describe an irregular bone.

-various bones that don't fit the flat or long bone groups -fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs -ex: such as the vertebrae and some skull bones

(CH 6) What is sensible perspiration?

-you are usually very aware water loss due to secretion by the sweat

(CH 7) Name the two types of Osseous (BONE) Tissues?

1. Compact (Cortical) bone - an outer shell of dense white osseous tissue 2. Spongy bone tissue - at ends of the bone, the central space is occupied by a more loosely organized form of osseous tissue

What is osseous tissue?

A connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals.

(CH 6) Explain the cancer's key characteristics.

A is for asymmetry: One half of a melanoma is unlike the other half. Typically, they are raised; they may also ooze or bleed. B is for border: The border of a melanoma is generally irregular, and in some cases notched. C is for color: A melanoma is generally mottled, with any combination of tan, brown, black, red, pink, white, and blue tones. D is for diameter: Melanomas are usually more than 6 mm in diameter, or approximately the area covered by a pencil eraser. E is for evolving: Benign lesions look the same over time. Any change in size, shape, or color signals possible melanoma.

(CH 6) Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________. A. dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues B. plasma; formed elements C. elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage D. spongy bone; compact (dense) bone E. adipose tissue; reticular tissue

A. dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

(CH 6) Name the two types of sweat glands of the skin

Apocrine & eccrine (merocrine)

The sunlight causes epidermal cells to convert a steroid into Vitamin D3. (T/F) Why?

True When exposed to UV radiation, epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum & stratum basale convert a cholesterol-related steroid compound into cholecalciferol , or vitamin D3. The liver then converts cholecalciferol into an intermediary product used by the kidneys to synthesize the hormone calcitriol.

(CH 6) Hairs are nonliving structures (T/F)

True, known as hair follicles

(CH 6) Carotene can be converted to Vitamin:-

Vitamin A

(CH 6) Vitamin ------- is required for normal maintenance of --------------------- and the synthesis of photoreceptors pigments in the ----

Vitamin A, Epithelia, Eye.

(CH 7) What is the endosteum?

a thin layer of reticular connective tissue called this that lines the internal marrow cavity and covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone and lines a canal system found throughtout the compact bone

(CH 6) What type of sweat gland produces an intense odor?

apocrine sweat glands --> coiled, tubular glands produce a sticky, cloudy, & potentially odorous secretion. Bromhidrosis- disagreeable body odor produced by bacterial action on sweat from apocrine glands

(CH 6) The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________ tissue. A. connective B. fibrous C. nervous D. epithelial E. muscular

b. Fibrous tissue is actually a type of connective tissue that forms the structures such as the tendons and ligaments.

(CH 6) The stratum germinativum is also known as --------------------------layer.

basal

(CH 6) Function of the Stem cells

basal cells are these type of cells that divide to replace the more superficial keratinocytes that are shed at the deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basale)

(CH 6) Basal cell carcinoma originates in the -------------------layer.

basal layer (stratum basale)

Osteoclasts

bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface -Osteoclasts develop from same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells (different origin from other bone cells) -Very large cells formed from fusion of several stem cells ---have multiple nuclei in each cell -Ruffled border (large surface area) faces bone -Cells often reside in resorption bays (pits in bone surface)

matrix of osseous tissue averages?

by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter

(CH 6) Function of the arrector pili muscle?

contract in response to cold or emotional states—muscle contracts causing hair to stand up

(CH 6) Where are the epidermal cells with the highest metabolic demands? Why?

epidermal cells with the highest metabolic demands are found close to the basement membrane, where the diffusion distance is short.

Osteocytes

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited -Lacunae- tiny cavities where osteocytes reside -Canaliculi- little channels that connect lacunae -Cytoplasmic processes of _ reach into canaliculi & contact processes of neighboring cells -Some _ reabsorb bone matrix while others deposit it Act as strain sensors- when stressed, produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling (shape and density changes that are adaptive)

(CH 6) What is vitiligo?

individuals lose their melanocytes, causing white patches on otherwise normal skin

(CH 7) Describe the canaliculi. Give the function of the canaliculi.

little channels that connect lacunae to osteonic canal. are microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes (called filopodia) project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi.

(CH 6) What is cyanosis?

oxygen deficiency bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

(CH 6) Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the trachea?

pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium.

(CH 6) Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the vagina?.

stratified squamous epithelium.

(CH 6) Layers of the epidermis

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum STRATUM LUCIDUM IS ONLY FOUND IN THICK SKIN

CH 6: Components of the cutaneous membrane

the epidermis, superficial epithelium, or the dermis superficial epithelium-form continuous sheets that can have one or multiple cell layers. Diff types of cell junctions mediate physical strength & cell communication within the epithelium. dermis- an underlying area of connective tissues containing nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, blood capillaries

(CH 6) What is jaundice?

the liver is unable to excrete bile, so a yellowish pigment accumulates in body fluids. In advanced stages, the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. bilirubin in blood caused by compromised liver function

(CH 7) What is the periosteum?

the sheath outside your bones that supplies them with blood, nerves and the cells that help them grow and heal.

(CH 6) The stratum corneum has a much thicker superficial layer in the --------------- skin

thick

(CH 6) The stratum lucidum appears only in the ----------------------------skin.

thick

(CH 7) What is a lacuna? What type of cell contains lacuna?

tiny cavities between the rings of the matrix, where osteocytes (bone cells) reside

(CH 6) Types of hair in the adults.

vellus hairs- the fine pale "peach fuzz" hairs located over much of the body surface. 2/3rds of the women hair, 1/10th of men hair, ALL hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes & scalp hair. terminal hairs- longer, coarse and heavily pigmented located eyebrows, eyelashes and hair of scalp. after puberty, forms the axillary and pubic hair -male facial hair and some of the hair on the trunk and limbs

(CH 6) What is insensible perspiration?

you are unable to see or feel (sense) the water loss -Evaporative water loss by diffusion across the epithelium of the skin or evaporation across the aveolar surface of the lungs

Osteoblasts

- bone-forming cells --Form single layer of cells under endosteum and periosteum --synthesize soft organic matter of matrix which then hardens mineral; deposition (osteogensis) --stress stimulates osteogenic cells to multiple rapidly and increase the number of osteoblasts which reinforce bone --secrete hormone osteocalcin -----stimulates insulin secretion of pancreas ; increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes which limits the growth of adipose tissue

(CH 7) List the inorganic components

-85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt) -10% calcium carbonate -Other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)

(CH 6) What is albino? Do the albino people have melanocytes?

-A deficiency or absence of melanin production leads -Individuals with this condition have a normal distribution of melanocytes, but the cells are incapable of producing melanin.

(CH 7) What is a sesamoid bone. Give an example of sesamoid?

-Bones that form within some tendons in response to strain. -Ex: Patella (kneecap) is largest of these, Rounded bones in such locations as the hands and feet.

(CH 6) Name of the cells of the stratum spinosum?

-Dendritic cells (AKA Langerhans cells)

(CH 6) Is the epidermis vascular or avascular? How does the epidermis obtain nutrients?

-Epidermis is avascular. -The epidermal cells rely on the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from capillaries within the dermis.

(CH 6) What is calcitriol? Where is calcitriol synthesized?

-It is an active form of vitamin D -It is synthesized in the kidneys

(CH 6) Lighter Skin relationship with Melanin?

-Melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus -Little melanin seen beyond stratum basale

(CH 7) Describe a long bone. (of the limbs)

-Most important bones in movement are this of the limbs -Serve as rigid levers that are acted upon by skeletal muscles to produce the major body movements -ex: (humerus, radius & ulna -of the arm and forearm) (femur, tibia, fibula- of the thigh and leg) (metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges- of the hands and feet)

(CH 6) Function of the Melanin?

-Most significant factor in skin color -Produced by melanocytes, accumulates in keratinocytes -Two forms of the pigment: 1.Eumelatin- brownish black 2.Pheomelanin- reddish yellow (sulfur-containing)

(CH 6) General functions of the skin.

-Protection of underlying tissues and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss, and chemical attack. -Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes by glands. -Maintenance of normal body temperature through either insulation or evaporative cooling, as needed. -Production of melanin, which protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. -Production of keratin, which protects against abrasion and repels water. -Synthesis of vitamin D3, a steroid that is converted to calcitriol, a hormone important to normal calcium ion metabolism. -Storage of lipids in adipocytes in the dermis and in adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer. -Detection of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature stimuli, and the relaying of that information to the nervous system. -Coordination of the immune response to pathogens and cancers in the skin.

(CH 6) What is Subcutaneous fat?

-Refers to subcutaneous tissue that is comprised predominantly of adipose tissue -Energy reservoir -Thermal insulation -Thicker in women, Thinner in infants, elderly

(CH 6) What is the hypodermis? Functions of the hypodermis?

-Subcutaneous tissue -Contains more areolar and adipose tissue than the dermis -Pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues -Common site of drug injection due to many blood vessels

(CH 6) Function of the melanocytes?

-Synthesize pigment melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet -Only occurs in stratum basale but branched processes that spread among keratinocytes & distribute melanin -one of the five epidermal cell types

(CH 6) Where are the merocrine sweat glands located?

-These are most numerous skin glands--> 3-4 million in adult skin (ESP dense on palms, soles, and forehead) -Simple tubular glands -Watery perspiration that helps cool the body

(CH 6) Function of the Reticular layer.

-Thicker layer of dense, irregular connective tissue -Stretch marks (striae) (Tears in the collagen fibers by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity

(CH 6) Function of the papillary layer.

-Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla -Allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells -Rich in small blood vessels

(CH 7) Describe a short bone.

-don't fit in flat or long bone groups -ex: such as those of the wrist and ankle

(CH 6) Where is thin skin present?

-has 4 layers of keratinocytes (produces keratin) -contains Stratum lucidum only here -found on most of the body surface besides palms of hands and soles of feet. -includes hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands -0.1 mm thick

(CH 6) Where is found the thick skin?

-has 5 layers -found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet -includes sweat glands only -0.5 mm thick

(CH 7) Describe a flat bone.

-most of the cranial bones are in the form of thin curved plates -ex: paired parietal bones that form the dome of the top of the head as well as sternum (breast bone), scapula (shoulder blade), ribs & hip bones -Has a sandwichlike construction with two layers of compact bone called "inner & outer tables" enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone.

(CH 6) Function of the Merkel cells? Where are they found?

-neural encoding of light touch stimuli -Skin surfaces that lack hair contain these type of cells scattered among the cells of the stratum basale. -Each cell together with a sensory nerve ending is called a tactile disc. The tactile cells are sensitive to touch & when compressed, release chemicals that stimulate their associated sensory nerve ending.

Osteogenic cells

-stem cells found in endosteum & inner layer of periosteum --arise from embryonic mesenchyme; multiply continuously and give rise to most other bone cell types play a prodigal role in bone repair and growth. These cells are the precursors to the more specialized bone cells (osteocytes & osteoblasts) and reside in the bone marrow.

(CH 7) Give the 5 primary functions of the Skeletal System.

BEMPS 1. Support- Bones of the limbs & vertebral column support the body; mandible & maxilla support the teeth; and some viscera are supported by nearby bones. 2. Protection- Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, pelvic viscera and bone marrow 3. Movement- Limb movements, breathing, and other movements are produced by the action of muscles on the bones 4. Electrolyte balance- the skeleton stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into the tissue fluid and blood according to the body's physiological needs 5. Acid-base balance- Bone tissue buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts 6. Blood formation- Red bone marrow is the major producer of blood cells, including cells of the immune system

(CH 6) Name the cells found in the basal layer

Basal Cells - Merkel Cells (Tactile Cells)- Melanocytes -

(CH 6) The most common skin cancer is the --------------------------

Basal cell carcinoma

(CH 6) Role of the blood and blood cells in the color of the skin?

Blood contains red blood cells filled with the pigment hemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream. When bound to oxygen, hemoglobin is bright red, giving capillaries in the dermis a reddish tint that is most apparent in lightly pigmented individuals. If those vessels are dilated, the red tones become much more pronounced. EX: your skin becomes flushed and red when your body temperature rises, because the superficial blood vessels dilate so that the skin can act like a radiator and lose heat (Erythema- redness due to increased blood flow to skin) The skin becomes relatively pale when its blood supply is temporarily reduced (Pallor- paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin) EX: A light-skinned person who is frightened may "turn white" due to a sudden drop in blood supply to the skin.

(CH 6) The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________. A. dense regular connective tissue B. dense irregular connective tissue C. elastic cartilage D. fibrocartilage E. ligaments

C. Elastic cartilage

(CH 6) Where are chondrocytes and osteocytes located? A. In plasma B. In muscle C. In lacunae D. In cartilage E. In bone

C. In lacunae

(CH 7) Name the 4 tissue types.

Connective Epithelial Muscular Nervous

(CH 6) Effects of the UV radiations over time?

Cumulative UV damage to the skin can harm fibroblasts, impairing maintenance of the dermis. The result is premature wrinkling. In addition, skin cancers can develop from chromosomal damage in basal cells or melanocytes.

(CH 6) Name the strata in order from the basal lamina to the surface, ie. Deep to superficial

DEEPEST LAYER -Stratum Basale -Stratum Spinosum -Stratum Granulosum -Stratum Lucidum -Stratum Corneum SUFACE LAYER

(CH 6) Skin Color & Melanocytes what number of melanocytes? Darker Skin relationship with Melanin?

Dark & light skinned individuals have the same # of melanocytes. Darker Skin -Melanocytes produce greater quantities of melanin -Melanin breaks down more slowly -Melanin granules more spread out in keratinocytes -Melanized cells seen through the epidermis

(CH 7) Name 4 bones that contain paranasal sinuses.

FESM 1. frontal 2. ethmoidal 3. sphenoidal 4. maxillary sinuses

(CH 6) What is Lanugo?

Fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development. Most lanugo hairs are shed before birth.

(CH 6) Where else can we find carotene?

Found in a variety of orange vegetables, such as carrots and squashes

(CH 6) Where is the apocrine glands found?

Groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard area in men -inactive until puberty -produces sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids -respond to stress and sexual stimulation

(CH 6) Hair is composed of what type of cells. Explain.

Hair AND nails of mostly dead, keratinized cells. Pilus - slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin called a hair follicle -Pliable soft keratin makes up stratum corneum of skin -Compact hard keratin makes up hair and nails (Tougher & more compact due to numerous cross-linkages btw keratin molecules)

(CH 6) Name the pigments of the epidermis.

Melanin - with two forms of the pigment (Eumelanin - brownish black & Pheomelanin- reddish yellow... sulfur containing ) Hemoglobin - Pigment in red blood cells Adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin Carotene - yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange vegetables concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

CH 6: Name and location of the accessory structures

Name: hair, nails, sebaceous/cutaneous glands Location: Originate from the epidermis then extend down thru the dermis into hypodermis. ---Often termed "appendages"

(CH 7) What is Osteogenesis?

Osteoblasts activity (bone-forming cells that synthesis the organic matter & promote mineralization)

(CH 7) What is Osteolysis?

Osteoclasts (bone-dissolving cells) action or process --which is opposite of osteogenesis

(CH 6) Name the areas of the body that have a higher concentration of melanocytes.

The cheeks and forehead, the nipples, and the genital region (the scrotum of males and the labia majora of females)

(CH 6) All strata of the epidermis contain Keratinocytes (T/F)

True

(CH 6) Hypodermis is loose connective tissue, also known as subcutaneous layer and superficial fascia (T/ F)

True

(CH 6) Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue. (true/false)

True

(CH 6) Sebaceous are holocrine glands (T/F)

True

(CH 6) Sebaceous glands discharge into the hair follicle. (T/F)

True

CH 6: Hypodermis is considered separated from the Integument (true or false) (T/F).

True