Exam 2 - Skeletal System, Articulations/Joints, and Muscular System - ULTIMATE STUDY GUIDE COMBINED
What is appositional growth?
Cartilage formation by which new cells are added from the outer perichondrium----increases the WIDTH of cartilage Increase in thickness Occurs after intramembranous ossification
Sympheses belong to which type of joint? and how is it connected?
Cartilaginous Joints - Connected via Fibrocartilage -Ex intervertebral Disk
Synchondrosis belong to which type of joint? and how is it connected?
Cartilaginous joints -Hyaline Cartilage - Ex Costal Cartilage and Epiphyseal Plate
Whether skin is penetrated
Compound vs Open Simple vs Closed
complete vs incomplete fracture
Extent of break 1. complete: break goes completely through the bone 2. incomplete: occurs partly across a bone shaft but the bone is still intact -often the result of bending or crushing forces applied to a bone
True or false Ca ions are stored in muscles
False they are stored in bone and blood
Syndesmoses belong to which type of joints
Fibrous Joints -Bone is farther than suture -Conneted by lgament -Amphiarthrotic Ex Tibia and Fibulla or Radius and Ulna
Sutures belong to which type of joints
Fibrous Joints -Ossified seams that flatten over time
Gompheses belong to which type of joints?
Fibrous Joints -Peg in cup -Subject to infection -Gingivitis can lead to Periodental disease -Will cause your blood to thicken and give you heart disease and stroke
What does concentric lamellae look like?
The actual circular things themselves
True or false As you age, red marrow gets replaced by yellow marrow. If it is true then where does this occur?
True and it occurs in the medullary cavity
What is the bone healing process? - 4 steps
Type of fracture repair 1.Hematoma Formation -Blood clot scales arrea -Occurs immediately 2.Fibers secreted in blood vessel -No mineralization -Occurs after several days 3. Bony Callus formation -Mineralzation occurs -After several weeks 4.Bone Remodeling -Several months to 1 year
What is the difference between woven bone and compact bone?
Woven bone has trabeuclae and is in the inside -Appears like a spider web -Allows blood vessel to pass through Compact bone is in the outside and is resistant
What is calcitriol?
active form of vitamin D -Increases blood Ca level -Parathyroid hormone causes Calcitriol to occur
What is osteogenesis?
bone formation
What is the function of the osteoblast?
bone formation
What is the function of the osteoclast?
bone resorption
What is a pathological fracture?
break in a bone weakened by some other disease
What are the 3 components of bone?
cells, fibers, ground substance 1.Organic component - Resist breakage -Osteocells 2.Matrix -Osteoid tissue -Collagen fibers -Proteogylcan and glycoprotein 3.Inorgnaic component - Resist compression and is rigid -Hydroxyapaitate
What are the two types of bone texture?
compact and spongy
What is compact bone?
dense outer layer of bone that is very hard and strong
What is a long bone?
femur and tibia Bone is longer than it is wide
What is hematopoiesis?
formation of blood cells
What is interstitial growth?
growth in length Occurs after endochondral ossification Increase the number of cells and amount of matrix
What is spongy bone?
honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow -trabeculae is a bunch of spikes and plates
What are the two types of bone growth?
interstitial and appositional
The hip bone is an example of what type of bone classificaiton?
irregular bone
Where is synovial fluid found?
joint cavity
orientation of break - 2 types
linear, transverse
What are hydroxyapatites?
mineral salts, inorganic CaPO4
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone
What are the organic components of bone?
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, osteoclasts, and osteoid
Where do osteoblasts and chondroblasts originate?
osteoprogenitor cells
linear fracture
parallel to long axis of the bone Orientation of break
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Girdles and limbs - also the pelvic
What is canaliculi?
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
What is detoxification?
Harmful toxins in blood/waste products are broken down or channeled to the kidneys
what is osteoprosis
Homeostatic imbalance of bone -Brittle bone due to blood stealing Ca from bone -bone enventually deteroriates -
What is Paget's disease?
Homeostatic imbalance of bone Osteoblast and clast grow way too fast -Paget bone forms Spongy bone takes over and alot of weak spots form Compact bone takes place of red marrow
What is rickets?
Homeostatic imbalances of bone Same thing as osteomalacia but in children -much more dangerous
bone growth is regulated by
Hormones in childhood: growth hormones at puberty: sex hormones -Progestrone (women) Testorone (Men) Block osteoclast activity Stop when hits epipyseal plate
What are the inorganic components of bone?
Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) AKA CaPO4
What does interstitial lamellae look like?
Inbetween the other lamellae
Is bone mainly organic or inorganic material>
Inorganic =
What does circumferential lamellae look like?
Its on the outside of the perimeter and appears as flat lines, no curve
What is Wolf's law of bone?
Mechanical stress in particular area wil cause more bone to be deposited in that area
Where do osteoprogenitor cells come from?
Mesenchyme (stem cells for all CT)
What is a stress fracture?
Microfractures overwhelm osteoblasts Ex Running everyday
Does yellow marrow produce blood?
No only red marrow
Lacunae houses what type of cells?
Osteocytes and Chondrocytes
nondisplaced fracture
Position Displaced = not aligned
What does Piezoelectric mean?
Pressure on bone will seperate ions in collagen fiber Ca ions allow osteoblasts to flood in
Where do osteoclasts come from?
Red marrow when red marrow is exposed to Parathyroid Hormone
What is reduction?
Repair of fracture via manipulation and realignment - open reduction - Surgical repair - Ex Pins -Closed reduction - External Manipulation - Ex resetting a bone via pulling
Where does bone remodeling occur?
periosteum and endosteum surfaces
What is parathyroid hormone?
- produce osteoclast -mineral excretion -mineral absorbtion
What is calcitonin?
-Occurs if too much Ca in blood -Will move Ca from blood to bone -Overall decrease amount of Ca in blood -Osteoblast activity
What is the structure of cartilage? - 4 main components
1. Chondrocytes 2.Lacunae 3.Matrix -Fibrous, tough and flexible 4.Perichondrium -Fibrous connective tissue covering blood and nerves - Associated with elastic and hyaline cartilage
What are the 3 types of lamellae?
1. Concentric 2. Interstitial 3. Circumferential
Synostosis
site at which adjacent bones or bony components have fused together Ex Fontanel
What is the axial skeleton?
skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is synovial fluid?
slippery lubricant in joint cavity
What is osteomalacia?
soft bones because there is a lack of vitamin D or no mineralization Homeoimbalances of bone
What is an osteon?
structural unit of compact bone
What is a short bone?
tarsals and carpals
What is an irregular bone?
vertebrae and hipbones Made to protect
The Perichondrium is associated with what types of cartilage? - 2 types
1. Elastic 2.Hyaline
What are the 4 types of bones?
1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular
What are the 3 important hormones?
1. Parathyroid 2.Calcitonin 3.Calcitriol
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses
Bone fractures are classified by 4 things
1. The position of the bone ends after fracture 2. The completeness of the break 3. The orientation of the bone to the long axis 4. Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin
When does bone remodeling occur? - 3 occurances
1. When Ca levels in blood are low -Reabsorption 2.When Ca levels in blood are high -Ca depostited in bone (Mineral storage) 3.Occurs in endosteum and periiosteum surfaces
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
1. axial skeleton 2. appendicular skeleton
What are the 3 characteristics of fibrous joints?
1.Amphiarthortic/Synarthrortic 2.Bones connected via fibrous connective tissue 3.No Joint cavity
What are the characteristics of Cartilaginous Joints? - 3
1.Amphiarthortic/Synarthrotic 2.Bones connected via cartilage 3.No joint cavity
What are the two fields of articulations?
1.Arthology - Study of joints 2.Kinesology - Study of muscoskeletal system
Why are Ca ions needed? - 7 reasons why
1.Bone formation 2.Muscle Contraction 3.Heart Muscle Action Potential 4.Pacemaker Potenetial 5.Synapse Transmission 6. Hormone Release
What are the 4 main components of the long bone?
1.Diaphysis -contains meduallary cavity 2.Ephysis 3.Periosteum -Fibrous layer -Osteogenic Layer -Sharpeys fibers 4.Endosteum -lines medullary cavity with trabeculae
How does nutrients and oxygen enter into the lacunae?
1.Enter via blood vessel in periosteum 2.Perforating Canals 3.Central Canals 4.Canaliculi 5.Osteocytes in the lacunae
What are categories of structural articulations?
1.Fibrous Joints 2.Cartilaginous Joints 3.Synovial Joints
What are the 3 cartilage for the skeletal system?
1.Hyaline - found in long ends of bones (AKA articular cartilage) - Can withstand lots of compression -No perichondrium or blood vessels 2. Elastic -Withstand lots of bending 3.Fibrocartilage -Padding between 2 bones
What is synovial fluid made of? - 4 components
1.Hyaluronic Acid - Increases viscosity --> increases elasticity of articular cartilage 2. Protein - Increases visocosity 3. White Blood Cells - Phagocytes clean debris 4.Glucosamine - Precursor to joint -component of chitin
What are the 7 types of bone tissue?
1.Osseous tissue 2.Bone Marrow - Red Marrow and Yellow Marrow 3.Blood 4.Cartilage -mainly hyaline cartilage 5.Adipose -Yellow Marrow 6.Fibrous connective Tissue -located in Periosteum and endosteum 7.Nervous tissue
What are the 4 types of homeostatic imbalances of bone?
1.Osteomalacia 2.Rickets 3.Osteoporosis 4.{agets disease
What are the 2 types of canals?
1.Perforating Canal 2.Central Canal
Where is Parathyroid hormone found? - 2 areas
1.Red Marrow -Will cause osteoclast production instead 2.Kidneys -Reabsorption if not enough Ca ions - Or just dump Ca ions if too much
What are the two ways bone fractures are repaired?
1.Reduction - Realignment 2. Bone Healing
What is a flat bone?
1.Skull 2.Sternum 3.Ribs 4.Scapulae
What are the 2 classifications for articulations?
1.Structural 2.Functional
What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?
1.Support 2.Protection 3.Movement 4.Mineral Storage 5.Detoxification 6.Electrolyte Balance 7. Hemapoteisis
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
1.Sutures 2.Syndesmossis 3.Gomphoses
What are the categories for functional articulations?
1.Synarthortic - No movement 2.Amphiarthortic - Some Movement 3.Diarthrotic - Free Movement
What is another name for spongy bone? - 3 different names
1.Woven bone 2.Cancellous bone 3. Trabecular bone
Where are Ca ions stored?
99% in bone 1% in blood
How is bone tissue healing similar to the healing process of the skin?
Bro idk
What happens if bone has no mineral?
Becomes very flexible
What happens if a bone has no collagen?
Bone becomes super brittle
What is bone remodeling
Bone remodeling happens throughout life and is also called "bone metabolism." It's the process by which bone tissue is removed and new tissue forms (ossification). It increases after a fracture and is the method by which the bone heals. Remodeling is rapid early in life (100% replacement during first year of life) and then slows (10% yearly for adult). An imbalance in the process can lead to bone diseases like osteoporosis.
What is trabeculae?
The irregularly arranged lamella in spongy bone
How does waste from the osteocytes in the lacunae exit?
The same way it got in