EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE

What is preoperational?

Use words, images, and drawings. Initial speech is "egocentric," symbolic representation.

________ is the essential ability that lets humans relate to other people in a give-and-take way.

Theory of mind

Why is the crowd the ideal medium to bridge the gap between the sexes ?

There is safety in numbers

The Western media-driven culture which promotes the idea that females need be abnormally skinny is referred to as the _____ ideal.

Thin ideal

What is animism?

This is the belief that inanimate objects (such as toys and teddy bears) have human feelings an dintentions.

Vocabularies can be expected to continue to grow:

Throughout the lifespan

Collaborative pretend play involves ______ and develops around age ________.

Two children fantasizing together ; age 4

In the process of teaching a class , the teacher learns new things . This illustrates ________ thesis , the idea that teaching is ________.

Vygotsky's : bidirectional

Who is likely to become sexually active at the youngest age ?

a low SES african american male

What is the proximodistal principle?

development proceeds from the center of the body outward

What is the area at the uppermost front of the brain called ?

frontal lobe

When is one likely to first experience sexual feelings ?

in Fourth grade

What is egocentrism?

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

What are gross motor skills?

incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion

What are fine motor skills?

involve the smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes. specific and deliberate

This gives humans the ability to engage in social cognition .

Language

Adolescence became a distinct stage of development during the:

1930's

Theory of mind usually appears by age :

4 years old

middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged : ?

7 to 12 years old

Who is likely to reach puberty at the earliest age ?

A 9 year old african american girl

Neuroimaging studies suggest theory of mind abilities depend on :

A certain level of frontal lobe development

Which is a factor that can hinder children's growth and motor skills ?

A lack of outdoor play and a lack of food

Humans have ______ compared to other species.

A larger cerebral cortex

Which is NOT a feature of anorexia nervosa ?

A total obsession with health

Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been implicated in :

ADHD

For immigrant teens , the task of separating from one's parents may be more difficult because of issues related to : ?

Acculturation

Autobiographical memory begins to develop at about the same time as :

Theory of mind

Who is least likely to be influenced by the media's thin ideal ?

An african american girl who does not identify with mainstream ideas about beauty

Jeremy's mother asks her son where he put his new tractor. Jeremy replies, "My tractor is sleeping." Jeremy is showing signs of _____, and he is probably _____.

Animism ; in preschool

Robert Epstein argues that adolescents : ?

Are a product of their culture

The top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children today, affecting roughly 4 million children, is:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHDH)

_______ is defined by deficits in theory of mind.

Autism spectrum disorder

Pick the factor that does NOT encourage an early "transition to intercourse."

Being the youngest sibling in the family

______ are likely to enter puberty with the LEAST amount of adult guidance.

Boys

Children who pick on others , get picked on , and then pick on others again are :

Bully-victims

What is conventional morality?

By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.

Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school ?

Children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers.

James is 9 years old .Which stage of development is he currently in , according to Piaget ?

Concrete operations

In Piaget's theory , _____ refers to a child's knowledge that a substance remains the same despite changes to it's shape or form .

Conservation

A group of preteens are talking about how cool it would be to cut class and rob the local market . Such socialization into delinquency is called : ?

Deviancy training

Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering?

Early Childhood

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder routinely appear in : ?

Early childhood

Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility , attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among ______ with _______ being affected MOST often .

Elementary schoolers ; girls

Joining a "bad crowd":

Encourages at-risk teenagers to do bad things

The hallmark of ADHD is deficits in :

Executive functions

The _______ task has been used by developmentalists to demonstrate theory of mind.

False-belief

Mike is 5 years old and loves to draw. His kindergarten teacher loves to collect his art work and believes that he has a very special gift. His ability for art represents :

Fine motor skills

Undernutrition impairs the development of : ?

Gross and fine motor skills

The talents involved i running , jumping , and climbing are _____ skills.

Gross motor skills

Pick the primary sexual characteristic.

Growth of Penis

Kohlberg defined the postconventional level of morality as a person's ability to :

Have moral standards apart from society's rules

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget , which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition ?

He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

Boys' play is defined by _________

High energy competition and the effort to establish dominance in large groups

Pick the factor that did NOT help to make adolescence a distinct life stage.

High school made teenagers want to rebel.

What is NOT associated with autism spectrum disorder ?

Hyperactivity

Typical parent-child conflict centers on _______ issues.

Independence

what is the middle-childhood psychosocial task , according to Erikson ?

Industry

John is 7 years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation he stays next to his mother and has even hidden behind her. He is demonstrating _______ tendencies.

Internalizing

Melinda lives in Canada and has two younger sisters. Grace is the middle child , and Jennifer is the youngest. Which child would be MOST motivated to develop theory-of-mind abilities at the earliest age ?

Jennifer

When is an eating disorder MOST likely to develop?

Late teens or early twenties

This is a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events and gives up without trying.

Learned helplessness

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of : ?

Making billions of connections between neurons

What is the mass-to-specific principle ?

Mass grows first then details form. Such as hands then fingers.

Child art can be wonderful. At age 3 , young children often struggle with drawing circles but by the time they are in third grade , they can draw people with both bodies and faces. This is an example of the _____ principle.

Mass-to-specific

The meaning units of a language are it's :

Morphemes

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend , Shareese answers , " because she makes me laugh and is nice to me" . These girls are most likely _______ children , because they describe their friendship in terms of ______ qualities.

Older ; internal

The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem :

On his own versus after being taught

Having well-developed fine motor skills can predict what ?

Performance on both school-related memory tests and speed oriented cognitive tests.

According to ______ , we think logically for the first time during ______.

Piaget ; concrete operations

Which statement is true about popular children as they move into middle school ?

Popular middle school children may not be well liked

Long term weight problems can be detected as early as : ?

Preschool

What are the prenatal development principles ?

Proximodstal , cephalocaudal and mass-to-specific

At what stage is parent-child conflict apt to be it's worst ?

Puberty

The internal and external changes related to physically becoming an adult are called : ?

Puberty

Which statement is false?

Rates of teenage sexual intercourse are at an all-time high.

Which factors would have an impact on teenage dieting and body image concerns ?

Reaching puberty and dating , being teased by peers , and media messages stressing thinness

______ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out among their classmates in a negative way .

Rejected

During childhood boys and girls are : ?

Roughly the same size

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called : ?

Selective attention

Gender schema theory suggests that once children understand their gender label ; they :

Selectively attend to the activities of their own sex.

Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference, while being able to reflect on her own inner feelings. Samantha is showing ______ .

Self-awareness

______ the ability to observe one's abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state .

Self-awareness

This is G. Stanley Hall's phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize adolescence.

Strom and stress

What is industry?

The ability to learn and perform skills which are valued in a society.

The facet of adolescent egocentrism called _____ refers to young teenagers' belief that their own lives are totally special and unique .

The personal fable

According to research , MOST of today's teens : ?

are comfortable deciding their own sexual path

Abstinence-focused sex education programs in the United States:

are not very affective

Girls tend to ______ after puberty .

become stronger

internalizing, externalizing problems cause : ?

cause social difficulties around the world.

What is preconventional morality?

childlike; most basic level; calculating, self-centered, and selfish

What is postconventional morality?

morality of a mature adult; less concerned about how others might see them and more concerned about how they see and judge themselves over the long run

The secular trend in puberty refers to the fact that : ?

people are undergoing puberty at younger ages

Research suggests that : ?

personality weighs heavily in whether one is judged attractive.

Kohlberg believed individuals who use their own moral guidelines apart from society are in which stages of development ?

postconventional

Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Brittany memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Brittany is using a learning strategy called:

rehearsal

What is autonomy?

right to self-determination

What is identity?

sense of self

What is cephalocaudal principle ?

the "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

What is artificialism ?

the belief of the preoperational child that all objects are made by people

Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobes , humans are NOT cognitively adults until their : ?

twenties

Who is the typical bullying target ?

unpopular children