EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
What is preoperational?
Use words, images, and drawings. Initial speech is "egocentric," symbolic representation.
________ is the essential ability that lets humans relate to other people in a give-and-take way.
Theory of mind
Why is the crowd the ideal medium to bridge the gap between the sexes ?
There is safety in numbers
The Western media-driven culture which promotes the idea that females need be abnormally skinny is referred to as the _____ ideal.
Thin ideal
What is animism?
This is the belief that inanimate objects (such as toys and teddy bears) have human feelings an dintentions.
Vocabularies can be expected to continue to grow:
Throughout the lifespan
Collaborative pretend play involves ______ and develops around age ________.
Two children fantasizing together ; age 4
In the process of teaching a class , the teacher learns new things . This illustrates ________ thesis , the idea that teaching is ________.
Vygotsky's : bidirectional
Who is likely to become sexually active at the youngest age ?
a low SES african american male
What is the proximodistal principle?
development proceeds from the center of the body outward
What is the area at the uppermost front of the brain called ?
frontal lobe
When is one likely to first experience sexual feelings ?
in Fourth grade
What is egocentrism?
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
What are gross motor skills?
incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion
What are fine motor skills?
involve the smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes. specific and deliberate
This gives humans the ability to engage in social cognition .
Language
Adolescence became a distinct stage of development during the:
1930's
Theory of mind usually appears by age :
4 years old
middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged : ?
7 to 12 years old
Who is likely to reach puberty at the earliest age ?
A 9 year old african american girl
Neuroimaging studies suggest theory of mind abilities depend on :
A certain level of frontal lobe development
Which is a factor that can hinder children's growth and motor skills ?
A lack of outdoor play and a lack of food
Humans have ______ compared to other species.
A larger cerebral cortex
Which is NOT a feature of anorexia nervosa ?
A total obsession with health
Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been implicated in :
ADHD
For immigrant teens , the task of separating from one's parents may be more difficult because of issues related to : ?
Acculturation
Autobiographical memory begins to develop at about the same time as :
Theory of mind
Who is least likely to be influenced by the media's thin ideal ?
An african american girl who does not identify with mainstream ideas about beauty
Jeremy's mother asks her son where he put his new tractor. Jeremy replies, "My tractor is sleeping." Jeremy is showing signs of _____, and he is probably _____.
Animism ; in preschool
Robert Epstein argues that adolescents : ?
Are a product of their culture
The top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children today, affecting roughly 4 million children, is:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHDH)
_______ is defined by deficits in theory of mind.
Autism spectrum disorder
Pick the factor that does NOT encourage an early "transition to intercourse."
Being the youngest sibling in the family
______ are likely to enter puberty with the LEAST amount of adult guidance.
Boys
Children who pick on others , get picked on , and then pick on others again are :
Bully-victims
What is conventional morality?
By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake.
Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school ?
Children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers.
James is 9 years old .Which stage of development is he currently in , according to Piaget ?
Concrete operations
In Piaget's theory , _____ refers to a child's knowledge that a substance remains the same despite changes to it's shape or form .
Conservation
A group of preteens are talking about how cool it would be to cut class and rob the local market . Such socialization into delinquency is called : ?
Deviancy training
Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering?
Early Childhood
Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder routinely appear in : ?
Early childhood
Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility , attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among ______ with _______ being affected MOST often .
Elementary schoolers ; girls
Joining a "bad crowd":
Encourages at-risk teenagers to do bad things
The hallmark of ADHD is deficits in :
Executive functions
The _______ task has been used by developmentalists to demonstrate theory of mind.
False-belief
Mike is 5 years old and loves to draw. His kindergarten teacher loves to collect his art work and believes that he has a very special gift. His ability for art represents :
Fine motor skills
Undernutrition impairs the development of : ?
Gross and fine motor skills
The talents involved i running , jumping , and climbing are _____ skills.
Gross motor skills
Pick the primary sexual characteristic.
Growth of Penis
Kohlberg defined the postconventional level of morality as a person's ability to :
Have moral standards apart from society's rules
Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget , which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee's cognition ?
He can think abstractly in a scientific way.
Boys' play is defined by _________
High energy competition and the effort to establish dominance in large groups
Pick the factor that did NOT help to make adolescence a distinct life stage.
High school made teenagers want to rebel.
What is NOT associated with autism spectrum disorder ?
Hyperactivity
Typical parent-child conflict centers on _______ issues.
Independence
what is the middle-childhood psychosocial task , according to Erikson ?
Industry
John is 7 years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation he stays next to his mother and has even hidden behind her. He is demonstrating _______ tendencies.
Internalizing
Melinda lives in Canada and has two younger sisters. Grace is the middle child , and Jennifer is the youngest. Which child would be MOST motivated to develop theory-of-mind abilities at the earliest age ?
Jennifer
When is an eating disorder MOST likely to develop?
Late teens or early twenties
This is a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events and gives up without trying.
Learned helplessness
Synaptogenesis refers to the process of : ?
Making billions of connections between neurons
What is the mass-to-specific principle ?
Mass grows first then details form. Such as hands then fingers.
Child art can be wonderful. At age 3 , young children often struggle with drawing circles but by the time they are in third grade , they can draw people with both bodies and faces. This is an example of the _____ principle.
Mass-to-specific
The meaning units of a language are it's :
Morphemes
When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend , Shareese answers , " because she makes me laugh and is nice to me" . These girls are most likely _______ children , because they describe their friendship in terms of ______ qualities.
Older ; internal
The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem :
On his own versus after being taught
Having well-developed fine motor skills can predict what ?
Performance on both school-related memory tests and speed oriented cognitive tests.
According to ______ , we think logically for the first time during ______.
Piaget ; concrete operations
Which statement is true about popular children as they move into middle school ?
Popular middle school children may not be well liked
Long term weight problems can be detected as early as : ?
Preschool
What are the prenatal development principles ?
Proximodstal , cephalocaudal and mass-to-specific
At what stage is parent-child conflict apt to be it's worst ?
Puberty
The internal and external changes related to physically becoming an adult are called : ?
Puberty
Which statement is false?
Rates of teenage sexual intercourse are at an all-time high.
Which factors would have an impact on teenage dieting and body image concerns ?
Reaching puberty and dating , being teased by peers , and media messages stressing thinness
______ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out among their classmates in a negative way .
Rejected
During childhood boys and girls are : ?
Roughly the same size
A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called : ?
Selective attention
Gender schema theory suggests that once children understand their gender label ; they :
Selectively attend to the activities of their own sex.
Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference, while being able to reflect on her own inner feelings. Samantha is showing ______ .
Self-awareness
______ the ability to observe one's abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on one's inner state .
Self-awareness
This is G. Stanley Hall's phrase for the intense moodiness, emotional sensitivity, and risk-taking tendencies that characterize adolescence.
Strom and stress
What is industry?
The ability to learn and perform skills which are valued in a society.
The facet of adolescent egocentrism called _____ refers to young teenagers' belief that their own lives are totally special and unique .
The personal fable
According to research , MOST of today's teens : ?
are comfortable deciding their own sexual path
Abstinence-focused sex education programs in the United States:
are not very affective
Girls tend to ______ after puberty .
become stronger
internalizing, externalizing problems cause : ?
cause social difficulties around the world.
What is preconventional morality?
childlike; most basic level; calculating, self-centered, and selfish
What is postconventional morality?
morality of a mature adult; less concerned about how others might see them and more concerned about how they see and judge themselves over the long run
The secular trend in puberty refers to the fact that : ?
people are undergoing puberty at younger ages
Research suggests that : ?
personality weighs heavily in whether one is judged attractive.
Kohlberg believed individuals who use their own moral guidelines apart from society are in which stages of development ?
postconventional
Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Brittany memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Brittany is using a learning strategy called:
rehearsal
What is autonomy?
right to self-determination
What is identity?
sense of self
What is cephalocaudal principle ?
the "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
What is artificialism ?
the belief of the preoperational child that all objects are made by people
Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobes , humans are NOT cognitively adults until their : ?
twenties
Who is the typical bullying target ?
unpopular children