Exam 2 study Questions (CH's 9,11,12)

It is recommended that herbal supplements not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. Why is that recommendation made? A)They have the potential of crossing the placental barrier. B)They can create nutritional deficiencies in the mother and fetus. C)They are known to cause teratogenic effects in the fetus. D)They have been proven to cause early labor.

A

The process of irradiating food enhances food safety. What statement is true about the process of irradiating food? A)Irradiation does not use heat. B)Irradiation decreases the shelf life of a product. C)Irradiation hides spoilage. D)Irradiation eliminates the need for safe food handling

A Irradiation does not use heat so it is sometimes referred to as "cold pasteurization." Bacteria, mold, fungi, and insects are destroyed as the food is exposed to radiant energy.

A client is discussing the process of irradiation of food with the clinic nurse. The client is concerned that these food products are not safe to eat. The nurse can explain that irradiation has been determined to be safe and is sometimes referred to as what? A)Cold pasteurization C)Beta-ray sterilization B)Heat irradiation D)Proton beam irradiation

A Irradiation is sometimes referred to as cold pasteurization because it does not use heat.

A 6-year-old boy has just come in from school and wants a snack. The mother is trying to maintain a heart-healthy diet for him by following the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. What would be the best snack the mother could give him? A)Peanut butter on crackers C)Ice cream B)Low-salt potato chips D)Cheese-flavored popcorn

A A heart-healthy diet encourages decreasing the intake of fats and sugars. Potato chips, ice cream, and popcorn all contain high amounts of fats and sugars. The peanut butter contains more nutrients that are heart-friendly.

The client has come to the clinic for her first prenatal visit. The nurse is assessing her risk for a high-risk pregnancy. Which of the following is a likely result of a high-risk pregnancy? A)Low birth weight infant C)Constipation B)Diabetes insipidus D)High birth weight infant

A A high-risk pregnancy is likely to produce a low birth weight infant.

Nutritional requirements generally go up during pregnancy. Which nutritional requirement proportionally increases the most during pregnancy? A) Calories B) Protein C) Iron D) Vitamin A

A According to the DRIs, pregnant women do not need additional calories until the second trimester. An extra 340 cal/day is recommended during the second trimester. An extra 452 cal/day is recommended during the third trimester.

The risk of nutritional and health problems is present in all age groups. What is a nutritional risk of adolescence? A)Vitamin A deficiency B)Sodium deficiency C)Vitamin D deficiency D)Protein deficiency

A Adolescents are at risk of consuming inadequate amounts of several nutrients, such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, vitamin A, and fiber, because they are underconsuming several food groups.

It is recognized that some substances are dangerous to the fetus and can cause birth defects. The use of what during pregnancy is potentially most harmful to the fetus? A) Alcohol B) Caffeine C) Aspartame D) Acesulfame-K

A Alcohol is a potent teratogen and a safe level of consumption is not known. Women are advised to completely avoid alcohol before and during pregnancy.

To prevent birth defects, it is very important to correctly assess the woman's nutritional status. Studies have shown a correlation with impaired cognitive development and a deficiency of which nutrient? A) Iodine B) Omega-3 C) Iron D) Calcium

A An iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause neurologic damage from fetal hypothyroidism. Population studies correlate iodine deficiency with impaired cognitive development in the fetus and in children.

To be awarded the USDA organic seal, a food must adhere to strict national standards. What criterion must organic labeling meet? A)Criterion that define the four official organic categories B)Criterion that define the three official organic categories C)Criterion that define the two official organic categories D)Criterion that define the one official organic category

A As per the USDA, organic labeling must meet criterion that define the four official organic categories.

The nurse is doing client education for a 21-year-old pregnant woman in the clinic. She asked why breastfeeding is so highly recommended. What would be the best response? A)Breast milk is specifically designed to support optimal growth and development in the newborn, and its composition makes it uniquely superior for infant feeding. B)The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 9 months of life. C)Research in developed and developing countries shows that breastfeeding decreases the incidence and/or severity of infectious diseases. D)You will get down to your prepregnancy weight much faster if you breastfeed your baby.

A Breast milk is specifically designed to support optimal growth and development in the newborn, and its composition makes it uniquely superior for infant feeding.

During a well-child visit, the nurse determines the BMI and reviews the food records to evaluate for which of the following? A)Adequacy of intake B)Progression toward optimal BMI C)Risks of obesity D)Risks of malnutrition

A During each well-child visit the nurse should monitor the growth in height and weight. The food records should also be evaluated to assess adequacy of intake.

In children, breakfast skipping is an everyday occurrence for 8% to 15% of children ages 6 years to 13 years. What have studies suggested about skipping breakfast? A)It adversely affects cognition and learning. B)It is correlated with obesity. C) It promotes high cholesterol levels. D)It tends to stop when the children become adolescents.

A Eating breakfast is linked to better academic performance and cognition among children.

A mother is concerned her 15-year-old daughter is not very active. The mother wants to know how many calories a day should she feed her to keep her from gaining weight. A) 1800 calories B) 900 calories C) 1200 calories D) 1500 calories

A Females between the ages of 12 to 18 need 1800 cal/day to maintain their weight if they are sedentary.

While explaining the irradiation of food to the nutrition class, the nurse gives the students list of foods allowed to be irradiated in the United States. Which of the following foods would be expected on this list? A) Wheat flour B) Sweet potatoes C) Canola oil D) Jelly

A Foods that can be irradiated include wheat, wheat flour, white spuds, pork, fresh produce, iceberg lettuce, spinach, many spices and dry vegetable seasonings, and fresh red meat and poultry.

A supplement taken by many Americans to aid in lowering serum cholesterol levels is garlic. It has a potential herb-drug interaction with what? A)Anticoagulants B)Digitalis C)Vitamin E supplements D)Antidepressants

A Garlic may increase bleeding time when taken with anticoagulants; may decrease the effectiveness of cyclosporine, some calcium channel blockers, chemotherapeutic agents, antifungals, and glucocorticoids; and may interfere with oral contraceptives and antiretroviral drugs.

The genetic engineering of our food supply has produced varied results. Which foods available in American supermarkets are most likely to have genetically engineered ingredients? A)Soybean oil, cottonseed oil, and corn syrup B)Fortified wheat and oats C)Tomatoes and corn oil D)Milk and dairy products

A In 2010, 165 million acres of biotech crops were planted in the United States. Biotechnology is used to grow 86% of the corn and 93% of all soybeans. From these crops, soybean oil, corn oil, and corn syrup are pervasive in processed foods.

The nurse is doing nutrition counseling with a 21-year-old pregnant woman in the clinic area. What should the nurse explain to the client about caloric intake during the second and third trimesters of her pregnancy? A)She will need approximately 450 cal/day increase during the third trimester. B)She will need approximately 450 cal/day increase during the second trimester. C)She will need approximately 500 cal/day increase during the third trimester. D)She will need approximately 500 cal/day increase during the second trimester.

A It is recommended that a pregnant woman increase her calorie intake by 340 cal/day during the second trimester and 450 cal/day during the third trimester.

Because iron is one nutrient that needs supplementation during pregnancy, what is the recommended dosage for iron during pregnancy? A) 27 mg/day B) 35 mg/day C) 45 mg/day D) 60 mg/day

A It is recommended that pregnant women take an iron supplement of 27 mg of iron daily; women who are anemic may need 60 mg of iron daily until the anemia resolves.

The nurse is doing nutrition counseling for a 21-year-old woman in the clinic area and discussing the credibility of information reported in the media. What would be a red flag to a consumer when getting information from a media report? A)Failure to identify how much or little of a food should be eaten B)How often to eat the food C)Failure to identify a broader population than was actually studied D)Identifying the size of the effect

A Many features or articles fail to identify how much or little of the food should be eaten, how often it should be eaten, or to whom the advice applies. This does not give the consumer enough information to appropriately judge what the study means to them personally.

Mercury occurs naturally in the environment, including waterways. Bacteria in the water convert mercury to methylmercury, which is absorbed by fish low on the food chain and becomes concentrated in larger, longer living predatory fish at the top of the food chain. What can mercury exposure during pregnancy cause? A)Brain and neurologic abnormalities in the fetus B)Stunted fetal growth C)Fetal malformations D)Abortion

A Mercury poisoning in a fetus can result in learning delays in walking or talking to more severe problems such as cerebral palsy, seizures, and mental retardation.

Nutrient deficiencies in young children are generally not a health risk. However, young children who drink too much milk are at risk for what? A)Milk anemia C)Hypervitaminosis A B)Hypercalcemia D)Protein deficiency

A Milk intake should not exceed 2 to 3 cups per day because, in greater amounts, it may displace the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet and promote milk anemia.

A client is having difficulty with nausea and vomiting. She has been eating small, frequent meals as suggested; however, it is not totally effective. What other suggestions should the nurse make? A)Eat frequent, small snacks of dry carbohydrates. B)Drink green tea with each meal. C)Keep hard candy available. D)Increase fiber intake.

A Nutrition interventions to help with nausea and vomiting include eating easily digested carbohydrate foods before getting out of bed in the morning; eating frequent, small snacks of dry carbohydrates; eating small, frequent meals; avoiding liquids with meals; limiting high-fat foods; and eliminating individual intolerances and foods with strong odor.

A common complaint during pregnancy is heartburn. As the clinic nurse, what should be recommended to decrease the discomfort of heartburn? A)Eat small, frequent meals. B)Drink warm liquids with the meals. C)Eat easily digested carbohydrates. D)Drink liquids immediately before meals.

A Nutritional interventions for heartburn include eating small, frequent meals; eliminating fluids immediately before and after meals; and avoiding coffee, high-fat foods, and spices.

Biotechnology is not without its controversy and its opponents. Which of the following is a major area of concern for the opponents? A)The introduction of a major allergen into a food that does not usually cause an allergic reaction B)The decreased crop yield of genetically modified crops C)The loss of food varieties D)The decreased shelf life of produce

A Opponents to biotechnology cite concern over the risk of allergic reactions based on the idea that a protein from a food identified as a major allergen could be incorporated into a food that typically does not cause an allergic reaction, leaving susceptible consumers vulnerable to an allergic reaction.

The nurse is teaching a class on nutrition in the local nursing program. While discussing organically grown foods, it is mentioned that these foods are produced with what? A)Little or no synthetic fertilizers B)Antibiotic additives C)Manufactured chemicals D)Artificial hormones

A Organic foods are grown without synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Instead, natural products, such as manure, compost, and other organic wastes, are used.

Parental support for a healthier lifestyle is vital to children. Parents also recognize that setting a good example for their children is important. Why do some parents who are overweight feel they cannot set a good example in diet and nutrition for their children? A)They do not practice what they preach. B)They feel their children are not motivated. C)They feel their children eat fast food too often. D)They feel their children do not listen to them.

A Some parents who are overweight may feel they cannot set a good example because they do not practice what they preach.

Infants who are formula fed do not need added dietary supplements. What do breastfed infants, ranging in age from birth to 1 year, need supplemented? A) Vitamin D B) Vitamin A C) Calcium D) Vitamin B12

A The AAP recommends 400 IU/day of vitamin D beginning at discharge for breastfed and partially breastfed infants.

During pregnancy, most nutritional needs can be consumed in adequate amounts through the diet. What nutrient is the exception to this statement? A) Iron B) Calcium C) Sodium D) Vitamin D

A The DRI for iron increases by 50% during pregnancy to support the increase in maternal blood volume and to provide iron for fetal liver storage.

The triage nurse at the local emergency department is triaging a client who arrives complaining of vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and mild fever. The client states that he attended a clambake about 36 hours ago. What should the nurse suspect as the causative agent? A)Norovirus B)Listeriosis C)Botulism D)Perfringens food poisoning

A The norovirus is responsible for food poisoning. Symptoms include explosive and projectile vomiting, watery diarrhea, cramps, headaches, mild fever, and muscle aches. The onset of symptoms is 24 to 48 hours after exposure.

The parents of a 9-month-old infant ask how to prevent obesity in their child. What would be the best age-appropriate response to their question? A)Infants should be allowed to self-regulate the amount of food they eat. B)Infants should be fed 8 oz of formula per month of age. C)Infants should be fed according to the recommendations of the MyPlate food plan. D)Infants should be fed according to what your family tells you.

A To avoid overfeeding, infants and children should be allowed to self-regulate the amount of food consumed.

Sometimes children do not want to eat when the parents want them to. What strategies could be used to get a child to eat? Select all that apply. A)Eating with the child D)Spacing meal time further apart B)Limiting snacks E)Giving them only what they like C)Offering one food group at a time

A,B,D Some strategies that can be used to help encourage healthy eating include eating with the child, limiting snacks, and spacing meal times further apart.

The nurse obtains a height and weight at each well-child visit to determine the risk for obesity. All young clients who are not in a healthy weight range should be evaluated for which of the following? Select all that apply. A)Medical risks B)Behavior risks C)Family dynamics D)Child neglect

A,B All children and adolescents who are not in the healthy weight range should undergo further assessment of medical risks, behavior risks, and attitudes.

The clinic nurse is doing client teaching regarding dietary supplements with a high school athlete. The client teaching will include which of the following? Select all that apply. A)Read the dietary supplement label. B)Do not give supplements to children younger than 6 years of age. C)Discuss supplement use with your doctor. D)Obtain a prescription from your doctor for the supplement. E)Be sure and take the supplement with any prescribed medication.

A,B,C Consumers should always read the label to know what they are taking. They should also discuss this with their health-care provider to ensure there are no contraindications with the current therapy. It is recommended that pregnant, lactating women, and children under 6 years not take supplements.

The client is requesting suggestions to help increase her folate intake. Which of the following are good sources for folate/folic acid? Select all that apply. A)Spinach B)Breakfast cereals C)Lentils D)Salmon E)Lean beef

A,B,C Sources of folic acid include 100% fortified ready-to-eat breakfast cereals; white breads, rolls, pasta, and crackers (enriched flour is required to be fortified with folic acid); leafy green vegetables, such as spinach; citrus fruits; and dried peas and beans, such as lentils, soybeans, and pinto beans.

A young mother is concerned her 2-year-old daughter is gaining too much weight. Which of the following should the nurse recommend the mother give daily when following a 1000 cal/day diet? Select all that apply. A)1 cup vegetables B)2 cups dairy C)2 oz protein D)4 oz grain E)1/2 cup fruit F)3 cups dairy

A,B,C The recommended intake of a 1000 cal/day diet is 3 oz grains, 1 cup vegetables, 1 cup fruit, 2 cups dairy, and 2 oz protein.

Which pregnant client is at risk for poor nutritional status? Select all that apply. A)Teens and women older than 35 years of age B)Prepartum BMI of less than 18.5 or greater than 25 C)Multiparity D)Increased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels E)Exercise of 30 minutes per day

A,B,C There are various factors associated with high-risk pregnancy. They include teens (15 and younger) and women 35 and older; a prepregnancy BMI of less than 18.5 or greater than 25; and poor obstetric history, high parity, and multiparity.

A nurse is teaching a class on nutrition and how to determine when a media report is credible by discussing potential terms that fraudulent products might use. What are some of those fraudulent terms? Select all that apply. A)New B)Ancient formula C)Breakthrough D)Time tested E)Research proven

A,B,C There are various red flags or "buzz words" that might signal a health or nutrient claim is fraudulent. They can include breakthrough, easy, enzymatic process, discovered in Europe, new, mysterious, quick, secret, absolutely safe, miraculous cure, ancient formula, and all natural.

The nurse is developing a pamphlet for the local public health department. The topic of the pamphlet is preventing foodborne illnesses. What information should be included in the pamphlet about keeping foods safe? Select all that apply. A)Wash your hands and surfaces often. B)Keep foods separated. C)Keep foods warm. D)Cook all foods to the correct temperature. E)Always put food in plastic containers.

A,B,D To prevent foodborne illnesses, handling food and the environment in which it is kept and prepared is very important. Always clean your hands and environment, keep foods separated to prevent cross-contamination, chill food promptly, and cook food to the proper temperature to ensure any pathogens are destroyed.

The nurse is meeting with several pregnant clients to discuss breastfeeding. There are several benefits to breastfeeding for both the mother and the infant. Which of the following statements are true about these benefits that the nurse should point out to the women? Select all that apply. A)Breastfeeding may decrease the risk of food allergies in the infant. B)Breastfeeding may be protective against breast cancer in the mother. C)Breastfeeding provides reliable contraception. D)Breastfeeding can mobilize fat stores to help women lose weight, particularly in the lower body. E)Breastfeeding decreases bone density.

A,B,D Breastfeeding offers many benefits to the mother and child. Decreasing food allergies is one for the child, and protection against breast cancer and mobilizing stored fat are beneficial for the mother. Breastfeeding does not provide reliable contraception, and it increases bone density in the mother.

Most children do not follow the "ideal" of eating breakfast, dinner, and a snack at home along with a healthy brown-bag lunch at school. How do many children eat today? Select all that apply. A)Obtain a significant portion of their calories from sweetened beverages B)Eat less protein than meets their needs C)Get one third of their calories from snacks D)Eat at least two heart-healthy meals per day E)Skip breakfast

A,C,E An estimated 8% to 15% skip breakfast. They also eat large portion sizes, snacking, away-from-home meals, and sugar-sweetened beverages are on the menu.

The nurse has given the nutrition class an assignment to list and designate the most common foodborne illnesses and their symptoms. What symptoms would you expect to see designated by the students? Select all that apply. A) Diarrhea B) Sore throat C) Nausea D) Muscle aches E) Fever

A,C,E The most common symptoms of foodborne illness are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and headache. More serious symptoms may include bloody diarrhea, stiff neck with severe headache and fever, and excessive vomiting and diarrhea with dehydration.

The nurse is teaching a group how to read the label of supplements. The nurse explains that the label should include some specific facts now required by law. Which of the following are some of those facts? Select all that apply. A)Purity of product B)Quality of product C)Quantity of product D)Expected action of product E)Use of product

A.B.C In June 2007, the FDA announced a final rule establishing current good manufacturing practice requirements for dietary supplements. Identity, purity, quality, and composition of dietary supplements are required to be accurately reflected on the label.

The client is learning to read the Nutrition Facts label when shopping for food. Information that appears on the Nutrition Facts label is specific for what? A) Size eaten B) Size listed C) A 1800-calorie diet D) A 2500-calorie diet

B All information that appears on the Nutrition Facts label is specific for the portion size listed.

Most pregnant women are at low risk for nutritional deficiencies because they can meet their daily requirements through diet alone. Folic acid is an exception to this statement and requires what? A)The ingestion of enhanced foods B)The ingestion of fortified foods C)The ingestion of biotech foods D)The ingestion of reinforced foods

B All women of childbearing age who are capable of becoming pregnant are urged to consume 400 μg of synthetic folic acid every day from fortified food or supplements.

The infant is 6 months old. What feeding skills would be expected for the infant to have developed? A)Swallows liquid but pushes most solid out B)Begins to eat mashed foods C)Experiments with spoon but prefers to eat with hands D)Begins self-spoon feeding

B At 6 months of age, the infant should be drinking small amounts from a cup when held by another person, and they should begin to eat mashed food from a spoon easily.

While discussing the Nutrition Facts label with a community diet and nutrition class, the nurse talks about the percent daily value. What is the Percent Daily Value (%DV) listed on the Nutrition Facts label based on? A) Percentage of carbohydrate, protein, and fat B) 2000-calorie diet C) 150-pound individual D) Serving size of 1 cup

B For nutrients whose amounts are based on a percentage of total calories, the %DV is calculated on a 2000-calorie diet

While discussing functional foods with a group of nursing students, the instructor is asked to describe what functional foods are. Which of the following is the best response? A)Functional foods are those that are nutritionally complete. B)Functional foods are those that have components that appear to enhance health. C)Functional foods are those that treat specific health concerns. D)Functional foods are those that have been altered to produce medicinal benefits.

B Functional food is a marketing term, not legal term. It implies the foods or food components that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

Nausea and vomiting are common complaints during pregnancy. What nutritional action can be used to lessen nausea and vomiting? A)Drinking liquids with meals B)Limiting fat intake C)Increasing fluid intake D)Limiting carbohydrate intake

B High-fat foods will delay gastric emptying. By limiting their intake, it should lessen the nausea and vomiting experienced during pregnancy.

The client is considering taking dietary supplements. What would be the best advice the nurse could give this client? A) Be sure to take supplements that complicate each other. B) Check the FDA website for advisories on supplements to avoid. C) Be sure to read the manufacturer's information on the supplement as it is the most factual available. D) Check any studies cited by the different manufacturers for results that tell you how to use the supplement.

B Individuals who choose to use supplements should check with the FDA website first for consumer advisories on supplements to avoid.

The nurse is discussing nutrition labels with a high school health class. What would be an important fact to discuss about the ingredient list? A)Ingredients are listed in descending order by amount. B)Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight. C)Ingredients are listed alphabetically. D)Ingredients are listed by percentage of calories.

B Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight. The further down the list an item appears, the less of that ingredient is in the product.

The client is a 6-month-old infant boy. What is the recommendation for the first solid food that should be introduced into his diet? A)Infant vegetables B)Infant rice cereal C)Strained infant fruits D)Non-citrus fruit juices

B Iron-fortified infant cereal is traditionally the first solid food introduced.

The client is 24 weeks pregnant. How much have her daily calorie needs increased over her first trimester needs? A) 200 calories B) 300 calories C) 400 calories D) 500 calories

B It is recommended that women increase their daily calorie intake by approximately 340 calories each day during the second trimester.

When are infants developmentally ready for the introduction of solid foods? A)2 to 3 months of age C)6 to 9 months of age B)4 to 6 months of age D)9 to 12 months of age

B Most infants exhibit readiness to spoon-feed around 4 to 6 months of age.

When safely introducing new foods into an infant's diet, the parents should introduce one food at a time in a simple form. What period of time should they wait between introducing new foods so that allergic reactions can be easily identified? A) 2 to 3 days B) 5 to 7 days C) 7 to 14 days D) 3 weeks

B New foods should be introduced in plain and simple form one at a time for a period of 5 to 7 days to identify allergic reactions.

Food allergies in children can be both frightening and dangerous. Which food is most likely to cause an allergy in children? A) Rice B) Soy C) Corn oil D) Tomatoes

B Ninety percent of food allergies are caused by milk, soy, eggs, peanuts, nuts (cashews, almonds), wheat, fish, and shellfish. Most people who have a food allergy are allergic to only one food.

Infants can be either breastfed or formula fed. What would an infant who is formula fed be at risk for? A) Underfeeding B) Overfeeding C) Dehydration D) Iron overload

B Overfeeding is one of the biggest hazards of formula feeding.

Physiologically and developmentally, an infant will indicate when it is ready and able to have solid foods added to his or her diet. What indication in an infant would tell you that he or she is ready to progress to solid foods? A)When the infant can sit with support B)The eruption of teeth C)The ability to self-feed D)When the infant can turn his or her head

B The eruption of teeth indicates readiness to progress from strained to mashed to chopped fine to regular consistency foods.

What are the nutritional recommendations for calcium during a normal pregnancy? A) 800 mg/day B) 1000 mg/day C) 1200 mg/day D) 1400 mg/day

B The recommended dosage of calcium is 1000 mg/day throughout the pregnancy.

For a woman who is obese at conception, the recommended total weight gain should be a minimum of what? A) 13 pounds B) 11 pounds C) 15 pounds D) 17 pounds

B The recommended weight gain for women who are obese at the time of conception is 11 to 20 pounds.

The nurse is working with a group of clients who are learning how to read nutritional labels on their favorite foods. The clients are learning the definitions of various terms that are used. The clients show they understand when one makes which of the following comments? A)"Very low means there is not much fat in this product." B)"Reduced means the product has at least a 25% reduction in a nutrient when compared to a regular product." C)"Lean means the meat has less than 6 g of saturated fat." D)"Good source means this product will provide 25% of the daily value for a nutrient."

B There are various terms that have been legally defined so they are reliable indications of the content of the product. "Reduced or less" means the product has at least a 25% reduction. "Very low" refers to only sodium. "Lean" refers to meat or poultry products with less than 10 g fat or less than 4 g saturated fat. "Good source" means the product provides 10% to 19% of the daily value for a nutrient.

Pica is a craving for nonfood items such as laundry starch, clay, or ice. What problem is associated with pica? A)Excessive weight gain B)Iron deficiency C)Lead contamination D)Diarrhea

B There is no evidence that micronutrient deficiencies cause a physiologic craving; however, the eating of soil and clay may displace the intake of iron-rich foods from the diet and may interfere with iron absorption.

The nurse is preparing the client to make the necessary dietary changes from what she has been doing during her pregnancy to what she should do during lactation. What should breastfeeding mothers be advised? A)Thirst is not a reliable indicator of need. B)Even if a mother has adequate fat stores, calorie intake should be increased. C)The intake does not need to be restricted because the caffeine does not enter breast milk. D)If she does not consume enough calcium, her milk will be calcium deficient.

B Women use approximately 500 calories above their normal total daily calorie needs to produce breast milk. An extra 330 cal/day are recommended for the first 6 months and an extra 400 cal/day for the second 6 months. Thirst can be a reliable indicator of need; caffeine can enter the breast milk; and if she does not consume enough calcium, her body will pull it from other areas to ensure the milk has enough.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend a heart-healthy diet. What ages are these recommendations for? A)1 year to adult C)5 years to adult B)2 years to adult D)10 years to adult

B The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are intended for individuals who are age 2 years and older.

Foodborne illnesses affect thousands of people every year. What is the major cause of foodborne illnesses? A)Keeping foods at room temperature B)Unsanitary food handling C)Undercooking D)Obtaining food from outdoor food vendors

B The major cause of foodborne illnesses is unsanitary food handling.

The nurse has been asked to speak on "Nutrition in the Foods We Eat" at a local town meeting. During the presentation, functional foods are explained. Which foods would be described as natural functional foods? Select all that apply. A)Raspberry tea B)Tomatoes C)Yogurt D)Garlic E)Strawberry jelly

B,C,D Functional foods are foods or food components that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. This is a marketing term. Tomatoes contain lycopene, yogurt contains probiotics, and garlic contains sulfur compounds.

As children grow, they generally consume more calories, decide if they want to eat, and how much they want to eat. What is the rule-of-thumb guideline to determine an age-appropriate serving size for a 3-year-old? A)3 teaspoons C)3 tablespoons B)2 tablespoons D)Equal to that of an adult

C A rule-of-thumb guideline to determine age-appropriate serving sizes is to provide 1 tablespoon of food per year of age.

Gestational diabetes occurs around the 24th week of gestation. When should every woman be screened for gestational diabetes? A)Between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation B)Between 20 and 24 weeks' gestation C)Between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation D)Between 28 and 32 weeks' gestation

C All women should be screened for gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation.

When would an eating plan provide optimal amounts of all nutrients? A)When the food is fried B)When there are variety and large portion sizes C)When the food has been properly stored and cooked D)When all frozen foods are thawed before cooking

C An eating plan may not provide optimal amounts of all nutrients if the food has been improperly stored or overly processed.

The client has an active 15-year-old boy. To maintain his weight, how many calories may he need per day? A) 2000 calories B) 2400 calories C) 2800 calories D) 3200 calories

C As per MyPlate, an active 15-year-old boy needs 2800 cal/day to maintain his weight.

The client is now 20 weeks' gestation. At conception her weight was considered "normal." Approximately how much weight should she have gained by this time? A) 6 pounds B) 9 pounds C) 12 pounds D) 15 pounds

C Assuming a 1.1- to 4.4-pound weight gain occurred in the first trimester, normal-weight females are urged to gain approximately 1 pound each week during the second and third trimester. Each trimester is approximately 13 weeks; therefore, 4.4 pounds + 7 pounds = 11.4 pounds.

Whole milk is added to the diet of infants, just like other foods are added to their diet. By what age does whole milk become a major source of nutrients for the child? A) 6 months B) 9 months C) 12 months D) 2 years

C At age 1 year, whole milk becomes a major source of nutrients, including fat.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a slowly progressive, degenerative, fatal disease affecting the central nervous system of adult cattle. It can be transmitted to humans when the infected flesh of cattle is ingested. What is BSE thought to be caused by? A) Protozoa B) Prisms C) Prions D) Priori

C BSE is believed to be caused by prions, an infectious form of a type of protein.

A 32-year-old client at the clinic asks the nurse why breastfeeding is so highly recommended. What benefit would be named that would affect this client later in life? A)Breastfeeding is associated with a decreased bone density later in life. B)Breastfeeding is associated with an increased risk for hip fracture later in life. C)Breastfeeding is associated with reducing the risk of postpartum depression. D)Breastfeeding is associated with decreased iron stores later in life.

C Breastfeeding offers benefits to the mother. These include conserving iron stores by prolonging amenorrhea, improving bone density and reducing the risk of hip fracture, and reducing the risk of postpartum depression.

The client is a 32-year-old female whose prepregnancy weight is considered "normal." She is carrying a single fetus. What is the recommended amount of total weight gain? A)15 to 20 pounds B)20 to 25 pounds C)25 to 35 pounds D)35 to 40 pounds

C Current recommendation is 25 to 35 pounds gain in women of normal weight.

The nurse is evaluating the client's nutritional status at her prenatal visit. The client is asking if she should take a supplement. What is the basis for recommending a supplement during pregnancy? A)A decrease in eyesight B)The stress of pregnancy C)Individual circumstances D)Increased nutrient needs during pregnancy

C Each individual should receive a complete assessment to determine the risk and/or presence of any conditions that might indicate a concern. The need for supplements will depend on the individual circumstances.

The nurse is discussing with a nutrition class the health risks to infants of women who gain excessive weight during pregnancy. What risks should the nurse discuss with the class? A)High Apgar score C)Seizures B)Small for gestational age D)Hyperglycemia

C Excessive maternal weight gain increases the risk of hypoglycemia, large for gestational size, a low Apgar score, seizures, or polycythemia in the infant.

During a discussion on diet and nutrition at a local junior league meeting, the nurse is asked for tips on retaining the nutrient value of foods. Which of the following would be the best response? A)Cut produce into small pieces. B)Keep produce at room temperature. C)Do not thaw frozen vegetables before cooking. D)Peel and pare vegetables before cooking.

C Food should be prepared as close to serving time as possible. Thawing food before cooking can decrease its nutritional content.

The nutrition class is learning about food supplements. The nurse notes that several individuals in the class need more instruction on how food supplements are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when which of the following is heard? A)The FDA regulates dietary supplements as herbs. B)The FDA regulates dietary supplements as drugs. C)The FDA regulates dietary supplements as foods. D)The FDA regulates dietary supplements as over-the-counter medications.

C In the United States, dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA as foods.

The nurse is conducting client teaching for a new breastfeeding mother before she leaves the hospital. The client asks about how much fluid she should drink each day. Which of the following is the best answer? A)Drink at least 10 glasses of fluid every 24 hours. B)Drink a glass of fluid at every meal. C)Drink a glass of fluid every time the baby nurses and at every meal. D)Drink a glass of fluid every two hours around the clock.

C It is suggested that breastfeeding mothers drink a glass of fluid every time the baby nurses and with all meals.

At what age does the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend that juices be introduced into the diets of infants? A)Not before 1 month of age C)Not before 6 months of age B)Not before 3 months of age D)Not before 9 months of age

C The AAP recommends 100% fruit juice be introduced after 6 months of age.

The client is interested in breastfeeding her infant but has to return to work once her maternity leave is over. How long does the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend exclusive breastfeeding for an infant? A)The first 3 months of age B)The first 4 months of age C)The first 6 months of age D)The first 12 months of age

C The AAP recommends infants be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life and then continued with complementary foods until 1 year of age.

The nurse is doing client teaching for a new mother who is formula feeding her infant. The client asks about the nutritional value of formula. What would be your best response? A)Formulas made in the United States have lower nutritional values than are contained in breast milk. B)Formulas made in the United States need to be supplemented with iron. C)Formulas made in the United States have minimum nutrient requirements that are more than the nutrient amount provided in breast milk. D)Formulas made in the United States have the same nutrient value as breast milk.

C The Infant Formula Act regulates the levels of nutrients in formula, specifying both minimum and maximum amounts of each essential nutrient. The minimum recommended amount is more than the amount provided in breast milk.

A nurse is lecturing a class of nursing students about nutrition in children. The students are given an assignment to plan a heart-healthy diet for an 8 year old. Which of the following would be the best breakfast? A)2 fried eggs, 2 pieces of white toast with 3 teaspoons of butter, 2 pieces of bacon, and 8 oz of orange juice B)2 pieces of French toast, 1/4 cup of maple syrup, and 6 oz of grape juice C)1 cup of oatmeal, 8 oz of 2% milk, and 1 piece of wheat toast with 1 teaspoon of butter D)1 package of toaster pastries and 1 glass of apple juice

C The breakfast consisting of oatmeal, milk, toast, and butter presents the best option for a heart-healthy meal. The other options contain extra fats and sugars that should be avoided.

A client comes into the clinic complaining of arthritic symptoms. In reviewing the chart, the nurse notices that the client had been in the clinic approximately 3 weeks ago. At that time, the client was treated for a foodborne illness. Which of the following foodborne illnesses may result in arthritic symptoms 3 to 4 weeks after the onset of the acute illness? A) Shigellosis B) Listeriosis C) Salmonellosis D) Botulism

C The initial symptoms of Salmonella poisoning may occur within 6 to 12 hours; however, arthritic symptoms may occur 3 to 4 weeks later. These symptoms may include arthritic-like symptoms.

While learning about the Nutrition Facts label, the client sees the term "very low" on a food label. What does this mean? A)The product contains virtually none of the specified nutrient. B)The product has one-third fewer calories than a comparable product. C)It refers to sodium only. D)It refers to meat and poultry products with less than 10 g of fat.

C The term "very low" refers only to sodium. The product cannot have more than 35 mg of sodium per serving if this is included on the label.

There are commercial formulas made specifically for infants born with inborn errors of metabolism. For which of the following is there a special commercial formula? A)Constipation C)Phenylketonuria B)Corn syrup urine disease D)Cystic fibrosis

C There are specialty formulas for infants with inborn errors of metabolism, such as phenylketonuria or maple syrup urine disease.

The client has a 6-month-old infant. It is part of the infant's bedtime routine to get a bottle of warm milk when he goes down for the night. What is this infant at risk for? A)Consuming too many calories C)Nursing bottle caries B)Developing diabetes later in life D)Gastric reflux

C To avoid nursing bottle caries, infants and children should not be put to bed with a bottle of formula, milk, juice, or other sweetened liquid.

The nurse is presenting a workshop on preventing foodborne illness. Points to cover include proper handwashing, cooking at the proper temperature, and proper storage. Which of the following should also be covered? A)Proper vaccinations for food service personnel B)Quickly freezing meat after purchasing C)Prevent cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods D)Avoiding raw foods

C To keep food safe from bacteria, the Fight BAC! campaign recommends proper cleaning, separating raw and cooked foods to prevent cross-contamination, cooking foods to proper temperature, and chilling foods by refrigerating promptly.

The nurse is discussing weight gain with a group of pregnant women at the clinic. One woman is very thin, and her prepregnancy weight falls below the normal weight range for her height. What is her recommended weight gain during her pregnancy? A)40 to 50 pounds C)28 to 40 pounds B)30 to 50 pounds D)20 to 30 pounds

C Women with a BMI less than 18.5 are recommended to gain 28 to 40 pounds during their pregnancy.

One vitamin has been identified as helping to prevent neural tube defects when consumed in adequate amounts before conception through the early weeks of pregnancy. Which vitamin is it? A) Vitamin B6 B) Riboflavin C) Niacin D) Folic acid

D Folic acid is a necessary nutrient in the development phase of the neural tubes. If the mother is deficient, the developing fetus may suffer a birth defect of the neural tubes.

Because functional foods appear to enhance health or prevent disease, which natural functional food may help to support normal heart function? A) Yogurt B) Green tea C) Garlic D) Purple grape juice

D Purple grape juice contains resveratrol, which helps decrease platelet aggregation.

The nurse is providing client education for a client going home on a cardiac diet. The client voices concern about the nutritional value of the foods he is supposed to eat. To help retain the nutritional value of vegetables, what would the nurse teach the client? A)Thaw frozen vegetables before cooking. B)Deep-fry, steam, microwave, or bake vegetables. C)Cook to the mush stage of doneness. D)Cook only as many vegetables as are needed for one meal.

D Because reheating food can cause considerable loss of vitamins, individuals should only cook as many vegetables as are needed for one meal.

The regulation of dietary supplements falls to the FDA. Because dietary supplements are regulated as food, there is a vast difference between the regulation of supplements and the regulation of drugs. What is one major difference? A)There is scientific proof of an optimum dosage. B)There is scientific proof of the efficacy of the product. C)Dosage is standardized among manufacturers. D)There is no premarket testing to determine maximum safe dosage.

D Dietary supplement manufacturers do not have to prove their product is safe. They submit information to the FDA that supports their conclusion that reasonable evidence exists that the product is safe.

During lactation, many of the nutrient values go either up or down. Compared with those of pregnancy, what are the Recommended Dietary Allowances during lactation? A)Lower for vitamin D C)Higher for calcium B)Lower for protein D)Lower for iron

D In a healthy woman, the recommendation for iron decreases during lactation (9 mg) from pregnancy (27 mg). There is no change in the recommendation for vitamin D, protein, and calcium.

The client is concerned that her milk may not be providing adequate nutrition for her infant. The nurse recognizes that an inadequate maternal diet generally decreases what in the breast milk of a lactating mother? A) Protein B) Fat C) Calcium D) Vitamins

D In general, an inadequate maternal diet decreases the quantity of milk produced, not the quality. The exceptions are thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and iodine. Prolonged inadequate maternal intake reduces their amount in breast milk.

Calcium deficiency is a nutrition risk for adolescents. What is a contributing factor to the risk for calcium deficiency in adolescents? A)An increased intake of fast foods B)Iron deficiency C)The adolescent growth spurt D)The substitution of soft drinks for milk

D Milk intake has decreased while the intake of soda and fruit juices has increased. Milk is a primary source of calcium.

One of the students in the nutrition class is 8 months pregnant and asks the nurse to give her a recommendation to decrease her pregnancy-related constipation. What would be the best response? A)Drink prune juice with every meal. B)Eat vitamin-enriched white bread three times a day. C)Eat iron-fortified cereal. D)Try drinking hot water with lemon juice upon waking.

D Nutritional interventions to try for improving constipation include increase drinking at least 64 oz of liquid daily, increase fiber intake, and drinking hot water with lemon or prune juice first thing in the morning.

A student in a nutrition class is giving a report on "Adolescent Obesity." One of the topics in the report is health risks increased by obesity. What health risk would you expect to be included in the report? A)Hypercalcemia B)Type 1 diabetes mellitus C)Hypercholesterolemia D)Hyperlipidemia

D Obese children and adolescents are developing complications of excess weight seen in adults, such as prediabetes, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.

The nurse is discussing organic labeling with the nutrition class when one of the participants asked about the criterion for labeling organic foods. What would be the best response? A)It's based on what natural pesticides are used in the growing of the foods. B)It's based on whether the farm that produces the food has been certified organic. C)It's based on the number of natural fertilizers used to produce the food. D)It's based on whether it meets criterion that defines the four official organic categories.

D The USDA ensures that the production, processing, and certification of organically grown foods adhere to strict national standards and that organic labeling meets criterion that define the four official organic categories.

The nurse has been counseling a group of pregnant women concerning appropriate food choices. Which of the following lunch menus indicates the women understand a recommended diet for a pregnant woman? A)2-oz prime rib; a medium-baked potato with 2 tbsp of sour cream, 2 tbsp of butter, and 2 oz of grated cheese; 1 cup of creamed corn; 6 oz of green tea; ¾ cup of ice cream B)6 pieces of sushi, 2 cups of saki, 4 oz of steamed vegetables C)6 oz of swordfish, ¼ cup tartar sauce, 2 slices of French bread with 1½ teaspoons of butter on each, ¾ cup of sweet peas, 1 4-in slice of apple pie with 1 scoop of vanilla ice cream D)3 oz of tuna-stuffed tomato, 1 small apple, 8 oz of sugar-free orange drink

D The basic principles of healthy eating that apply to healthy people are also appropriate before, during, and after pregnancy. As with the general public, sodium, solid fats, added sugars, and refined grains should be limited. Fish that is known to be high in methylmercury should be limited in intake should also be avoided.

Which lunch is best for a 10-year-old who is active? A)6 oz of chicken noodle soup, 6 saltine crackers with 2 tablespoons of butter, 3/4 cup of ice cream, and 12 oz of diet soda B)3 oz of hamburger, lettuce leaf, tomato slice, 1 slice of onion, 1 oz of processed cheese, 1 hamburger bun, 6 oz of French fries, and one 8-oz strawberry milkshake C)6 chicken nuggets, 1/4 cup of ketchup, 4 oz cup of applesauce, and one 4-inch slice of pumpkin pie with whipped cream D)3 oz of tuna on whole wheat bread, 1 medium apple, and 8 oz of 2% milk

D The lunch of tuna, whole wheat bread, apple, and milk are more nutrient-dense than the other menu choices. The others contain items that contain empty calories, excessive fats, and sugars.

A young child, until the age of 4 years, is at risk of choking. To decrease this risk, what should young children not be given? A) Cubes of cheese B) Noodles C) Soda crackers D) Grapes

D Until the age of 4 years, young children are at risk of choking. To decrease the risk, foods that are difficult to chew and swallow should be avoided. Grapes, nuts, raw carrots, and popcorn are examples.

A student in the nutrition class is reporting on the availability of nutrition information. According to the student's report, where do most Americans get their information on nutrition? A) Internet B) Doctors C) Friends and family D) News media

D When asked to identify their top two or three sources of information about nutrition, 71% cited the news media as their top source.