BUAD309 CHAPTER 2

technology

Refers to the methods used to create products, including both physical goods and intangible services

corporate governance

Refers to the oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors

cultural competence

The ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures

orientation to authority

The extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power

power distance

The extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power

preference stability

The extent to which people feel threatened by unknown situations and prefer to be in clear and unambiguous situations

uncertainty avoidance

The extent to which people feel threatened by unknown situations and prefer to be in clear and unambiguous situations

assertiveness or materialism

The extent to which the dominant values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and other possessions as opposed to concern for people, relationships among people, and overall quality of life

masculinity

The extent to which the dominant values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and other possessions as opposed to concern for people, relationships among people, and overall quality of life

globalization

The internationalization of business activities and the shift toward an integrated global economy

outsourcing

The practice of hiring other firms to do work previously performed by the organization itself; when this work is moved overseas, it is often called offshoring

culture

The set of shared values, often taken for granted, that help people in a group, organization, or society understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are deemed unacceptable

diversity

The variety of observable and unobservable similarities and differences among people

knowledge workers

Those employees who add value in an organization simply because of what they know

tiered workforce

When one group of an organization's workforce has a contractual arrangement with the organization objectively different from another group performing the same jobs

social responsibility

Businesses living and working together for the common good and valuing human dignity

collectivism

Characterized by tight social frameworks in which people tend to base their identities on the group or organization to which they belong

individualism

Exists to the extent that people in a culture define themselves primarily as individuals rather than as part of one or more groups or organization

long-term values

Include focusing on the future, working on projects that have a distant payoff, persistence, and thrift

deep-level diversity

Individual differences that cannot be seen directly, including goals, values, personalities, decision‐making styles, knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes

short-term values

More oriented toward the past and the present and include respect for traditions and social obligations

surface-level diversity

Observable differences in people, including race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities, physical characteristics, and gender

service organization

One that transforms resources into an intangible output and creates time or place utility for its customers

offshoring

Outsourcing to workers in another country

separation diversity

Outsourcing to workers in another country More oriented toward the past and the present and include respect for traditions and social obligations The extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power Differences in position or opinion among group members reflecting disagreement or opposition—dissimilarity in an attitude or value, for example, especially with regard to group goals or processes

manufacturing

A form of business that combines and transforms resources into tangible outcomes that are then sold to others

contingent worker

A person who works for an organization on something other than a permanent or full‐time basis

ethics

A person's beliefs regarding what is right or wrong in a given situation

psychological contract

A person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization, in return, will provide to the individual

global perspective

A willingness to be open to and learn from the alternative systems and meanings of other people and cultures, and a capacity to avoid assuming that people from everywhere are the same

variety diversity

Differences in a certain type or category, including group members' expertise, knowledge, or functional background

disparity diversity

Differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources—dissimilarity in rank, pay, decision‐making authority, or status, for example