BUAD309 CHAPTER 2
technology
Refers to the methods used to create products, including both physical goods and intangible services
corporate governance
Refers to the oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors
cultural competence
The ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures
orientation to authority
The extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power
power distance
The extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power
preference stability
The extent to which people feel threatened by unknown situations and prefer to be in clear and unambiguous situations
uncertainty avoidance
The extent to which people feel threatened by unknown situations and prefer to be in clear and unambiguous situations
assertiveness or materialism
The extent to which the dominant values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and other possessions as opposed to concern for people, relationships among people, and overall quality of life
masculinity
The extent to which the dominant values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and other possessions as opposed to concern for people, relationships among people, and overall quality of life
globalization
The internationalization of business activities and the shift toward an integrated global economy
outsourcing
The practice of hiring other firms to do work previously performed by the organization itself; when this work is moved overseas, it is often called offshoring
culture
The set of shared values, often taken for granted, that help people in a group, organization, or society understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are deemed unacceptable
diversity
The variety of observable and unobservable similarities and differences among people
knowledge workers
Those employees who add value in an organization simply because of what they know
tiered workforce
When one group of an organization's workforce has a contractual arrangement with the organization objectively different from another group performing the same jobs
social responsibility
Businesses living and working together for the common good and valuing human dignity
collectivism
Characterized by tight social frameworks in which people tend to base their identities on the group or organization to which they belong
individualism
Exists to the extent that people in a culture define themselves primarily as individuals rather than as part of one or more groups or organization
long-term values
Include focusing on the future, working on projects that have a distant payoff, persistence, and thrift
deep-level diversity
Individual differences that cannot be seen directly, including goals, values, personalities, decision‐making styles, knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes
short-term values
More oriented toward the past and the present and include respect for traditions and social obligations
surface-level diversity
Observable differences in people, including race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities, physical characteristics, and gender
service organization
One that transforms resources into an intangible output and creates time or place utility for its customers
offshoring
Outsourcing to workers in another country
separation diversity
Outsourcing to workers in another country More oriented toward the past and the present and include respect for traditions and social obligations The extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power Differences in position or opinion among group members reflecting disagreement or opposition—dissimilarity in an attitude or value, for example, especially with regard to group goals or processes
manufacturing
A form of business that combines and transforms resources into tangible outcomes that are then sold to others
contingent worker
A person who works for an organization on something other than a permanent or full‐time basis
ethics
A person's beliefs regarding what is right or wrong in a given situation
psychological contract
A person's set of expectations regarding what he or she will contribute to an organization and what the organization, in return, will provide to the individual
global perspective
A willingness to be open to and learn from the alternative systems and meanings of other people and cultures, and a capacity to avoid assuming that people from everywhere are the same
variety diversity
Differences in a certain type or category, including group members' expertise, knowledge, or functional background
disparity diversity
Differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources—dissimilarity in rank, pay, decision‐making authority, or status, for example