Exam 3

In regards to contradiction, how are East Asians most likely to describe their self-concept?

More likely to provide contradictory self-descriptions which can indicate high and low self-esteem.

What is naive dialectism and what is it best symbolized by?

Acceptance of contradiction; yin and yang.

What are the Western artwork preferences?

Attention to focal objects rather than relations in a scene, lower horizons, and larger faces in portraits.

What is distributional attribution and what type of thinking is associated with it?

Explaining behavior in terms of a person's inner characteristics; analytic thinking.

What is situational attributions and what kind of thinking is associated with it?

Explaining behavior in terms of contextual factors; holistic thinking.

What is the principle of contradiction?

If A is connected to and is always changing into its opposite, "not A", then there is no contradiction between A and "not A".

Eye tracking evidence has shown what kind of differences between Japanese and Americans?

Japanese pay less attention to the central figure increasingly over time, but Americans continue to focus on them instead; Japanese make more saccades and this indicates gaze shifting.

What is a low context culture?

Less involvement among individuals and there is less shared information for guiding behavior; more explicit information is needed for communication.

What is a high context culture?

People are highly connected with each other and shared information guides behavior; less explicit information is needed for communication.

What kind of organization is analytic thinking?

Taxonomic

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Tendency to ignore situational information while focusing on dispositional information.

What is field independence?

Tendency to separate objects from background.

What is field dependence?

Tendency to view objects as bound to background.

What kind of organization is holistic thinking?

Thematic

What did a study of fundamental attribution error show for Americans as they aged?

They became more dispositional.

What did a study of fundamental attribution error show for Indians as they aged?

They became more situational.

What is analytic thinking?

Thinking that involves objects and attributes with objects being perceived as independent from contexts. Rules are used to explain and predict the objects behavior.

What is holistic thinking?

Thinking that takes the context into thought and includes the relations between objects. Relationships are used to predict object's behavior by relying on associative thought.

How do Americans differ from East Asians in predicting future trends?

Westerners view the future as linear more so than East Asians, while East Asians believe change is more fluid and unpredictable.