Exam 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between a reinforcer and a punishment in operant conditioning?

A reinforcer is a consequence that makes it more likely that the subject will repeat their action in the future; a punishment is a consequence that makes it less likely that the subject will repeat their action in the future.

Clairvoyance

perceiving remote events

What is the English translation for the French word "Déjà vu"?

"Already Seen"

After suffering damage to her hippocampus, Pauline can still remember her past perfectly; however, she constantly forgets information she learned only moments earlier. Which of the following diagnoses best identifies Pauline's condition?

Anterograde amnesia

Tyler experienced a traumatic car accident. After recovery, he is only able to remember things that happened before the accident and is completely unable to retain new memories. He is most likely suffering from which of the following?

Anterograde amnesia

Pavlov is famous for his work in:

Classical Conditioning

Your dog loves to go on walks around the neighborhood. You begin an experiment by clapping your hand 3 times before getting the least to walk your dog. Soon every time you clap your hands the dog comes running. This is an example of what concept?

Classical Conditioning

Due to having retrograde as well as anterograde amnesia, this individual spends every day 'waking up' every 20 seconds, 'restarting' his consciousness.

Clive Wearing

You are online one evening when an advertisement appears showing your favorite movie star wearing a new brand of sunglasses. The advertiser hopes that your positive feelings toward the movie star will make you want the sunglasses. In this situation, the sunglasses would be the:

Conditioned Stimulus

Which concept is exemplified by being able to distinguish a slight change in light when a dimmer is used to adjust the brightness?

Difference Threshold

What is the process that involves the input of information into the memory system?

Encoding

What is the correct process of how memory functions?

Encoding, storing, retrieval

What does top-down processing rely on?

Experiences and Expectations

________ memory refers to knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered.

Explicit

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes the unconditioned stimulus. True or False?

False

Negative reinforcement is the same thing as positive punishment. True or False?

False

Taking away a child's iPad after they have misbehaved is an example of negative reinforcement. True or False?

False

Sam is driving down a busy street when a dog runs out of a yard and right in front of his car. Sam did not see the dog until it was in front of his car. This causes him to swerve and hit another vehicle. Why did Sam not see the car that was next to him?

He was experiencing inattentional blindess.

Walter decides that he would like to ride a bicycle. He has not used a bicycle in twenty years and wonders if he will remember how to do so. To his surprise he easily remembers how to ride. What type of memory allows Walter to ride a bicycle after twenty years?

Implicit memory

Automatic Processing is...

Memories that are encoded without thought

Ben's older sister, Kelly, always teases her. In order to make her less likely to tease him in the future, Ben ignores her whenever she is mean to him. Which of the following terms describes Ben's behavioral strategy?

Negative Punishment

Joseph forgot to take out the trash as part of his weekly chores, so his parents took away his video game privileges for the rest of the week. Joseph's parents are using which of the following principles of Operant Conditioning?

Negative Punishment

When a parent removes strict parental controls on the internet or tv when a child proves themselves responsible enough to handle more mature content. This is an example of:

Negative Reinforcement

Taking away a person's car after they have been caught speeding would be an example of:

Negative punishment

Kelly and Jeff live together, and Kelly constantly yells at Jeff to clean his dishes in the kitchen. She tells him that she will stop nagging if he does the chore. He finally cleans the dishes and Kelly, in turn, stops nagging him. As a result, Jeff is more likely to clean his dishes in the future. What is this scenario an example of?

Negative reinforcement

You get in your car and start backing out of the driveway. Upon moving, the car starts to beep, signaling that you have not buckled your seat belt. The sound is so annoying that you quickly buckle your seat belt in an attempt to make the beeping stop. The beeping is an example of which of the following?

Negative reinforcement

Robert gets a ticket for driving under the influence that results in a $3000 fine and suspension of his driving license. Is this an example of classical or operant conditioning?

Operant Conditioning

Because several of the employees were acting in an inappropriate manner, the supervisor decided to add extra sensitivity training to employees who offend or harass someone at work. This is an example of:

Positive Punishment

Of the given options, which type of reinforcement is used to strengthen a response by presenting a stimulus?

Positive reinforcement

Elizabeth is taking a fill-in-the-blank pop quiz in her English class. What form of memory is she exercising while answering the questions?

Recall

In operant conditioning, what is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement is delivery of a consequence that increases the likelihood that a certain response will occur. Punishment is delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a certain consequence will occur.

In school, Tim learned the basics of Spanish grammar; however, after learning this new information, Tim cannot seem to recall the French he learned several months ago. Which of the following could be causing Tim's inability to recall past learning?

Retroactive interference

Which of the following describes the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation is a bottom-up process and perception is a top-down process

What is a neutral stimulus?

Stimulus that evokes no response.

Timmy looks at a car engine, then from looking at the fully assembled engine attempts he figures out how the spark plugs work. Timmy is using __________.

Top-Down Processing

What does this say? Ps_ch_lo_y is ve_y i_ter_st_ng! Fairly quickly, you probably was able to fill in the blanks above to read "Psychology is very interesting!" Which of the following describes your ability to perceive the meaning of the incomplete sentence?

Top-down processing

In retroactive interference, newer information disrupts our ability to remember information that was learned earlier. True or False?

True

Punishment tells you what not to do; reinforcement tells you what to do. True or False?

True

People are more likely to notice a 50 cent increase in the price of a candy bar than they are to notice a 50 cent increase in the price of an iPad. This illustrates:

Weber's Law

A researcher notices that each time she makes a loud noise her research subject jumps. The researcher then shines a bright light before making a loud noise. After a few pairings she notices that her research subject jumps when only the light is flashed. In this case the light is considered to be which of the following?

conditioned stimulus

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important and/or emotional event is a (an) ________.

flashbulb memory

Anterograde amnesia is typically associated with damage to the:

hippocampus

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior, and negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior.

increases, increases

What is another term for difference threshold?

just noticeable difference

The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information is called:

long-term memory

What is an example of chunking?

memorizing 16 numbers by organizing them

Telepathy

mind to mind communication

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

occurs as a result of experience

Precognition

perceiving future events

Food is to ________ reinforcer as money is to ________ reinforcer.

primary, secondary

Although Clive Wearing was diagnosed with retrograde and anterograde amnesia, he did not loose the ability of his this particular memory.

procedural memory

Caroline was having trouble recalling how to play the guitar after learning how to play the piano. This is an example of

retroactive interference

After a stroke, 35-year-old Angela can no longer remember his childhood friends or the vacations he took with his family. Angela is suffering from:

retrograde amnesia

In stage models of memory, information moves from:

sensory to short-term to long-term memory

Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug. In classical conditioning, this is called

spontaneous recovery

After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed.

spontaneous recovery

After being bitten by a big Alsatian dog, Hugo was scared of other big dogs but he was not scared of little dogs like Chihuahuas. This pattern demonstrates:

stimulus discrimination

When she studies for a Psych exam, Melodee always tries to think of ways in which the information she is trying to learn relates to her own life. She is hoping to benefit from:

the self-reference effect

Positive punishment ________ behavior, and negative punishment ________ behavior.

weakens, weakens