Exam 3

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.

30

Habit

A pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

Inferiority complex

A person's feeling that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standard of others or of society

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother" What does this exemplify?

Freudian Slip

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

Giving them unconditional positive regard

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

ID

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have similar personalities

equipotentiality hypothesis

If part of one area of the brain is involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?

It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.

Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?

James, who lives in England

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it?

Kinsey

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________.

Migration

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

proactive interference

Old information hinders recall of new information

Yorkers Dodson law

Simple task are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex task are performed best when arousal is lower

self-efficacy

Someone's level of confidence in their own abilities

Instinct

Specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

Suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Internal locus of control

Tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct results of our efforts

External locus of control

Tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control

Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?

The secure baby

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

Trait

Motivation

Wants or needs that directs behavior toward some goal

Intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Which of the following is an example of an instinctive behavior?

infant rooting for a nipple

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating?

leptin

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

anterograde

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

Set point theory

assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change

reciprical determinism

belief that one's environment can determine behavior, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviors

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion, mood

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.

motivation

Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________

obese

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

overjustification

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory

recognition

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?

refractory period

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding

semantic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

bariatric surgery

surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Amir bites his fingernails when he is nervous or anxious, and he does so without any intention or even recognition that he is doing so. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

habit

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

HEXACO

honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to

Anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Overweight

BMI of 25-29.9

Obese

BMI over 30

temperament

Babies can be classified as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee

Social cognitive theory

Bandura; theory of personality that emphasizes both cognition and learning as sources of individual differences in personality

Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient's gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos's expertise is in ________ surgery.

Bariatric

What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder?

Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.

Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.

Cardinal

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Denial

Drive theory

Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result psychological drive states the direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.

Distributed

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Esteem

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer?

Extraversion

Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Physiological

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.

Rehearsal

According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades.

achievement

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

The need for __________ might explain why we "friend" people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves.

affiliation

Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, although he tends to date only one person at a time and prefers monogamous relationships. Jude is ________.

bisexual

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking