Exam 3
Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.
30
Habit
A pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage
Inferiority complex
A person's feeling that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standard of others or of society
Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother" What does this exemplify?
Freudian Slip
How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?
Giving them unconditional positive regard
Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
ID
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have similar personalities
equipotentiality hypothesis
If part of one area of the brain is involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?
It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.
What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?
It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.
Which individual is probably not living in a culture that promotes a collectivist view of the world?
James, who lives in England
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
Which individual produced volumes that discussed sexual behavior among Americans in a way that had never before been made public, research that was not happily received by all who read it?
Kinsey
Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________.
Migration
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.
proactive interference
Old information hinders recall of new information
Yorkers Dodson law
Simple task are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex task are performed best when arousal is lower
self-efficacy
Someone's level of confidence in their own abilities
Instinct
Specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned
Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?
Suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality
The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
Internal locus of control
Tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct results of our efforts
External locus of control
Tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control
Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?
The secure baby
________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
Trait
Motivation
Wants or needs that directs behavior toward some goal
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Which of the following is an example of an instinctive behavior?
infant rooting for a nipple
Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do, even though she receives no material rewards for doing so. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.
intrinsic
Which option is best described as a hormone that induces feelings of satiety, or fullness when eating?
leptin
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.
an internal locus of control
The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.
anterograde
Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.
arousal
Set point theory
assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change
reciprical determinism
belief that one's environment can determine behavior, but at the same time, people can influence the environment with both their thoughts and behaviors
________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
congruence
A(n) ________ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
emotion, mood
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.
motivation
Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. His body mass index, or BMI, is 42.7. According to the standards set by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Greg is ________
obese
Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.
overjustification
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory
recognition
Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?
refractory period
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
retrieval
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.
self-actualization
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding
semantic
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
bariatric surgery
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?
using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
Amir bites his fingernails when he is nervous or anxious, and he does so without any intention or even recognition that he is doing so. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.
habit
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.
hindsight
HEXACO
honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to
Anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
Overweight
BMI of 25-29.9
Obese
BMI over 30
temperament
Babies can be classified as easy, difficult, or slow to warm up
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive an hourly fee
Social cognitive theory
Bandura; theory of personality that emphasizes both cognition and learning as sources of individual differences in personality
Dr. Korkolos is a surgeon who conducts procedures that modify a patient's gastrointestinal system so that they can only eat or absorb a limited amount of food. Dr. Korkolos's expertise is in ________ surgery.
Bariatric
What is the primary distinction between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder?
Bulimia nervosa involves inappropriate purging behaviors while binge eating disorder does not.
Johanna is almost always nasty to people. She talks about others behind their backs, looks for ways to undercut classmates, and intentionally does things to impede other's success. Virtually everyone she knows eventually grows to dislike her, often citing her nastiness as the reason why they don't want to be around her. According to Allport, this negativity seems to be a(n) ________ trait for Johanna.
Cardinal
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
Denial
Drive theory
Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result psychological drive states the direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis
Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.
Distributed
Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Esteem
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer?
Extraversion
Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Physiological
You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.
Rehearsal
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades.
achievement
Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.
acoustic
The need for __________ might explain why we "friend" people on social media websites, join clubs or hobby groups, and spend time with others when we might otherwise feel like being by ourselves.
affiliation
Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women, although he tends to date only one person at a time and prefers monogamous relationships. Jude is ________.
bisexual
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
chunking