Nutrition Exam #2 (Minerals)
What has a greater effect on blood pressure (increases HTN) than either Na or Cl
-Salt (NaCl) --> the combination of the two
What are the main roles of selenium?
1. antioxidant 2. works closely with vitamin E 3. converts thyroid hormon to active form
What are roles and actions of copper?
1. assists enzymes 2. assists formation of hemoglobin 3. assist manufacture of collagen 4. assists healing wounds!!!!! 5. assists maintenance of sheaths around nerve fibers 6. required in reaction related to respiration & energy metabolism
What are the four antioxidants discussed in nutrition for exam 2?
1. beta-carotene 2. vitamin E 3. vitamin C 4. selenium
Manganese toxicity can result in what?
1. brain damage 2. abnormalities in appearance & behavior
4 scenarios which lead to potassium deficiency
1. diabetic acidosis 2. dehydration 3. prolonged diarrhea & vomiting 4. meds: diuretics, steroids, cathartics
Symptoms of zinc deficiency
1. dwarfism 2. arrest in sexual maturity 3. impaired immune function 4. loss of appetite 5. growth/development disorders during pregnancy
5 primary roles of major minerals
1. fluid balance (Na, Cl, K) 2. Nerve impulses & muscle contraction (Na, K, Ca, Mg) 3. Energy metabolism (Ph, Mg) 4. bone structure (Ph, Ca, Mg) 5. Shape of proteins (sulfur)
What are sources of magnesium?
1. hard water 2. dark leafy green veggies 3. nuts & legumes 4. whole grains 5. seafood 6. chocolate & cocoa
What are two forms of iron consumption...and what are their food sources?
1. heme iron = meat products 2. non-heme iron = animal & plant products
Signs/Symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
1. lack of coordination 2. confusion 3. coma 4. death
What are sources of iodine?
1. oceans 2. iodized salts
Salt-Sensitive individuals include:
1. patents with HTN, kidney disease, diabetics 2. African-Americans 3. People >50 4. overweight
What are two causes for low iron levels/iron deficiency?
1. poor iron in diet 2. blood loss
4 roles of calcium in the body fluids?
1. regulation of muscle contraction 2. transmission of nerve impulses 3. clotting of blood 4. secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, neurotransmitters
What are food source of zinc?
1. shellfish 2. meats & liver
Iron poisoning
1. sudden death can result from rapid ingestion of iron 2. this can result in as few as 6-12 tablets
Magnesium deficiencies can lead to what?
1. tetany 2. CVD & HTN 3. colon cancer 4. hallucinations during EtOH withdrawal
What are major roles and actions of iodine?
1. thyroid regulation
What is the upper intake level of copper a day?
10,000ug/day
What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for adults?
1000mg/day
Peak bone mass development occurs within what range of age?
12-30 of age
What percent of bone mass is lost in women after menopause & middle-aged/older men?
15%
Active bone growth normally occurs unit what age?
20 years old
What is the average Na intake in US?
2300mg/day (highest in processed foods, added by manufacturers)
What mineral helps relax muscles after they contract?
Magnesium
What mineral is critical for the operation of many enzymes?
Magnesium
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
Phosphorus (think about DNA & cell membranes)
True or False: Do signs/symptoms of iron deficiency mimmic signs/symptoms of iron overload?
True!
What vitamin assists with the absorption of calcium?
Vitamin D
Copper absorption is impaired by high levels of what other mineral?
high levels of zinc
All living cells contain what trace mineral?
iron
What organs recycles iron from dead RBCs?
liver
What is the RDA of iron for men & women?
men = 8 mg/day women = 18 mg/day
What food source is the most abundant in calcium?
milk & milk products
What electrolyte/ion/mineral is critical for maintaining cardiac regularity?
potassium!
What vitamin assists with iron absorption?
vitamin C
High protein diet enhances the absorption of what mineral?
zinc
Patients that are affected by pica (resulting from low iron levels) may have the urge to ingest clay...ingesting clay leads to a deficiency in what mineral?
zinc
HTN affects approximately how many Americans?
~60 million
What is a vital role of copper?
-assists cells to utilize iron
What is an important role of fluoride?
-assists with producing crystalline deposits in bone and teeth
What is a major role of sulfate?
-assists with protein structure and shape
What is transferrin?
-blood protein that carries iron to tissue throughout body
Hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) leads to what?
-calcium rigor
Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) leads to what?
-calcium tetany
Severe potassium toxicity can lead to what?
-cardiac arrest
What is that main role of iron in the body?
-carried in hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules
What mineral participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism & enhances activity of insulin?
-chromium
Main role of manganese
-cofactor for enzymes
If a patient presents with a gold ring around their cornea, they likely have a toxic level of what mineral?
-copper
What is Wilson's Disease?
-copper toxicity -Kayser Fleischer ring (gold ring around cornea)
What are some foods/compounds that bind calcium and prevents its absorption?
-dark leafy veggies & high fiber plant foods - Phytate & oxalate
Deficiencies in chromium mimmic what kind of disease?
-diabetes
Sources of fluoride
-drinking water -toothpastes -fish & tea
What is the term for too much fluoride?
-fluorosis -causes molting of tooth enamel
What is the term for iron overload?
-hemochromatosis
1% of calcium is located where?
-in the body fluids
98% of calcium is stored where?
-in the bones
Iron deficiency refers to what?
-iron levels are depleted in the body stores
What is Hemochromatosis?
-iron overload
What are food sources of copper?
-legumes, whole grains, seafood, nuts, seeds
Main role and action of chromium
-participates in carbohydrate & lipid metabolism -enhances activity of insulin
What is the craving of nonfood substances?
-pica
Iron-deficiency anemia?
-sever depletion of iron stores -results in low hemoglobin levels
What is ferritin & hemosiderin?
-stores iron and proteins
What are the risks of ingesting high levels of phytate & oxalate?
-they bind calcium and prevent its absorption -phytates also prevent iron absorption
Iodine deficiency can lead to what?
-thyroid enlargement & toxic goiter
What is fluorosis?
-too much fluoride, which leads to molting of tooth enamel
Final phase of growth occurs when? (here bone loss is greater than bone formation)
30-40 years of age
How many people are affected by osteoporosis?
40 million
What is the potassium AI for adults?
4700mg/day
Majority of magnesium is located where in the body?
50% of it is found in the bones
Human body is comprised of what percentage of water?
60% (body weight) ***Note: even greater in children
What are food sources of phosphorus?
Animal products
List the 7 major minerals
Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, Ph, Sulfur
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
What ion/mineral helps protect against HTN
Calcium!
85% of phosphorus binds with what other mineral
Calcium, for bone structure
What is the most abundant negative ion (anion) in the ECF?
Chloride
Difference between major and minor (trace) minerals
Difference is in how much of the mineral is needed in the body -major = larger quantity -minor = lesser quantity
What is a diet that promotes the elimination of salt from diet and promotes health food choices - with the end goal of lowering BP
DASH plan dietary approaches to stop HTN (D-A-S-H)
Zinc is transported in the body by what?
albumin
Manganese is found mainly in what two components of the body
bones & glands
Zinc does a lot for the body, it is require as what for more than 100 different enzymes?
cofactor
High levels of zinc interfere with the absorption of what other mineral?
copper
What is: extreme, irreversible mental & physical retardation due to iodine deficiency during fetal development?
cretinism
What is cretinism?
extreme & irreversible mental & physical retardation due to iodine deficiency during fetal development