Exam 3 - A+P1
Amino acids
- 20 different types - combine in a unique sequence to form a chain called a polypeptide
Monosaccharides
- glucose - fructose - Galactose Single sugar molecule
Inorganic Compounds are small compounds that
- usually lack carbon in their structure - Possess either covalent or ionic bonds - Smaller than their organic counterparts
Each pH unit is how many times larger than the pervious one?
10 times
Triglyceride
2 part structure - head = glycerol - tails = 3 fatty acids - Function: provide energy for cells, insulation - cholesterol: gives cell membrane flexibility
Phospholipid
3 part structure - Head = glycerol and phosphate - Tails = 2 Fatty acids - Function: make up the cell membrane
Factors that can affect the rate of chemical reactions
?
Colloid
A heterogenous mixture with particles that never settle. Example of physically mixed solids, liquids, or gases. - Contains larger particles Ex: Milk
Sternocleidomastoid
A muscle that moves the head is the
endergonic reaction
Absorbs energy and forms bonds
Proteins
All protein molecules are made of amino acids - 20 different types of amino acids
Convergent
Also known as triangular muscles, this kind of muscle has fibers that originate from a large area but converge onto one attachment point
essential amino acids
Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by the body; they must be eaten in foods
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
Hydrophobic
Aversion to water
Amino acids structure
Contains a central alpha carbon atom that has four other entities covalently bonded to it: a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxyl group, and an R group
2 classes of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
Neutral and Salt
Does not contain hydroxide or hydrogen ions, contains cations and anions
3 levels of organization
Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
potential energy
Energy that is stored and held
Lipid Structure
Fats, oils, cholesterol, waxes
Monomer
Fatty acid
Acid + Water --->
Hydrogen ion + anion
Polymer
Lipid
Water is
One of the most abundant inorganic compounds found within the body
The body consists of what compounds?
Organic and Inorganic
Suspension
Physically mixed solids, liquids, or gases. - Heterogenous mixture - Solutes present are larger and sometimes visible - Often separates and settles out. Ex: Blood
exergonic reaction
Releases energy and breaks bonds
Compound
Substance containing two or more elements bonded together
Base
Substance with a pH greater than 7 - Aka Proton acceptor
Acid
Substance with a pH of less than 7 - Occurs in a solution as a result of a higher concentration of positively charged hydrogen ions compared with negatively charged hydroxide ions.
True??
T/F A muscle shortens during isometric contraction
True
T/F An aponeurosis is a broad sheet of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
True
T/F Fast twitch muscle fibers generate ATP quickly, rely on anaerobic respiration and tire quickly
True
T/F Isometric muscle contractions involve constant tension with no change in muscle length
False
T/F Isotonic contraction refers to development of a constant tension, with no change in the length of the muscle
True
T/F Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates
True
T/F Muscles have insufficient oxygen when they are functioning anaerobically
False
T/F Smooth muscle normally produces actions between two components of the skeletal system
True
T/F The cytoplasm of a muscle is referred to as SARCOplasm
False
T/F The rectus femoris muscle is a fan shaped muscle that occupies the inside of the ilium and whose primary action is to flex the hip
True
T/F The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
True
T/F The sarcomere is the basic functional unit of a myofibril consisting of contractile proteins know as myofilaments
True
The ILIACUS is a fan shaped muscle that occupies the inside of the ilium and whose primary action is to flex the hip joint
False
The endomysium is a thick layer of connective tissue that surrounds a group of muscle fibers to form muscle fascicles
Motor end plate
The part of the muscle that is innervated by the somatic motor neuron and contains many acetylcholine receptors
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Three main classes of carbohydrates
Weak acids have
a higher pH, because they only partially dissociate
Strong acids have
a lower pH because they fully dissociate and have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions - Proton donors
Solvent
a substance in which other substances are able to dissolve
Enzymes
act as catalysts to speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body
Glycogenolsis
breakdown of glycogen
non-essential amino acids
can be made by the body
Four most important organic compounds
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Sacroplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle
Properties of muscular tissue
electrical excitability, contractile, extensible, elastic
kinetic energy
energy due to motion
4 Main Classes of lipids
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
Enzyme
globular proteins that act as catalysts
Glycogenesis
glucose to glycogen
Solution
homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and solvent
Nucleic acids
large molecules composed of smaller units called nucleotides (pentose (five carbon) sugar, a linking phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base)
Polypeptides
long chains of amino acids
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose - two sugar molecules linked
pH Scale
measures how acidic or basic a substance is by measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) within it. - Ranges from 0-14
Anion
negative ion
Organic compounds are large and contain
one or more carbon atoms, linked by covalent bonds to other atoms.
Sacrolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle
Cation
positive ion
What is Mass Number?
protons + neutrons
3 different types of muscle found in the body
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose - many sugar molecules linked
Solute
the substance dissolved within a solvent
Most common inorganic compounds found in the body:
water, most acids, bases, and salts. Ex: carbon dioxide, carbonic acid
Mixture
where molecules and elements interact physically with one another but do not bond