Exam 3 - A+P1

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Amino acids

- 20 different types - combine in a unique sequence to form a chain called a polypeptide

Monosaccharides

- glucose - fructose - Galactose Single sugar molecule

Inorganic Compounds are small compounds that

- usually lack carbon in their structure - Possess either covalent or ionic bonds - Smaller than their organic counterparts

Each pH unit is how many times larger than the pervious one?

10 times

Triglyceride

2 part structure - head = glycerol - tails = 3 fatty acids - Function: provide energy for cells, insulation - cholesterol: gives cell membrane flexibility

Phospholipid

3 part structure - Head = glycerol and phosphate - Tails = 2 Fatty acids - Function: make up the cell membrane

Factors that can affect the rate of chemical reactions

?

Colloid

A heterogenous mixture with particles that never settle. Example of physically mixed solids, liquids, or gases. - Contains larger particles Ex: Milk

Sternocleidomastoid

A muscle that moves the head is the

endergonic reaction

Absorbs energy and forms bonds

Proteins

All protein molecules are made of amino acids - 20 different types of amino acids

Convergent

Also known as triangular muscles, this kind of muscle has fibers that originate from a large area but converge onto one attachment point

essential amino acids

Amino acids that are needed, but cannot be made by the body; they must be eaten in foods

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water

Hydrophobic

Aversion to water

Amino acids structure

Contains a central alpha carbon atom that has four other entities covalently bonded to it: a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxyl group, and an R group

2 classes of nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

Neutral and Salt

Does not contain hydroxide or hydrogen ions, contains cations and anions

3 levels of organization

Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

potential energy

Energy that is stored and held

Lipid Structure

Fats, oils, cholesterol, waxes

Monomer

Fatty acid

Acid + Water --->

Hydrogen ion + anion

Polymer

Lipid

Water is

One of the most abundant inorganic compounds found within the body

The body consists of what compounds?

Organic and Inorganic

Suspension

Physically mixed solids, liquids, or gases. - Heterogenous mixture - Solutes present are larger and sometimes visible - Often separates and settles out. Ex: Blood

exergonic reaction

Releases energy and breaks bonds

Compound

Substance containing two or more elements bonded together

Base

Substance with a pH greater than 7 - Aka Proton acceptor

Acid

Substance with a pH of less than 7 - Occurs in a solution as a result of a higher concentration of positively charged hydrogen ions compared with negatively charged hydroxide ions.

True??

T/F A muscle shortens during isometric contraction

True

T/F An aponeurosis is a broad sheet of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

True

T/F Fast twitch muscle fibers generate ATP quickly, rely on anaerobic respiration and tire quickly

True

T/F Isometric muscle contractions involve constant tension with no change in muscle length

False

T/F Isotonic contraction refers to development of a constant tension, with no change in the length of the muscle

True

T/F Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates

True

T/F Muscles have insufficient oxygen when they are functioning anaerobically

False

T/F Smooth muscle normally produces actions between two components of the skeletal system

True

T/F The cytoplasm of a muscle is referred to as SARCOplasm

False

T/F The rectus femoris muscle is a fan shaped muscle that occupies the inside of the ilium and whose primary action is to flex the hip

True

T/F The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

True

T/F The sarcomere is the basic functional unit of a myofibril consisting of contractile proteins know as myofilaments

True

The ILIACUS is a fan shaped muscle that occupies the inside of the ilium and whose primary action is to flex the hip joint

False

The endomysium is a thick layer of connective tissue that surrounds a group of muscle fibers to form muscle fascicles

Motor end plate

The part of the muscle that is innervated by the somatic motor neuron and contains many acetylcholine receptors

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Three main classes of carbohydrates

Weak acids have

a higher pH, because they only partially dissociate

Strong acids have

a lower pH because they fully dissociate and have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions - Proton donors

Solvent

a substance in which other substances are able to dissolve

Enzymes

act as catalysts to speed up the rate of chemical reactions in the body

Glycogenolsis

breakdown of glycogen

non-essential amino acids

can be made by the body

Four most important organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Sacroplasm

cytoplasm of a muscle

Properties of muscular tissue

electrical excitability, contractile, extensible, elastic

kinetic energy

energy due to motion

4 Main Classes of lipids

fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Enzyme

globular proteins that act as catalysts

Glycogenesis

glucose to glycogen

Solution

homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and solvent

Nucleic acids

large molecules composed of smaller units called nucleotides (pentose (five carbon) sugar, a linking phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base)

Polypeptides

long chains of amino acids

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose - two sugar molecules linked

pH Scale

measures how acidic or basic a substance is by measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) within it. - Ranges from 0-14

Anion

negative ion

Organic compounds are large and contain

one or more carbon atoms, linked by covalent bonds to other atoms.

Sacrolemma

plasma membrane of a muscle

Cation

positive ion

What is Mass Number?

protons + neutrons

3 different types of muscle found in the body

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose - many sugar molecules linked

Solute

the substance dissolved within a solvent

Most common inorganic compounds found in the body:

water, most acids, bases, and salts. Ex: carbon dioxide, carbonic acid

Mixture

where molecules and elements interact physically with one another but do not bond


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