Exam 3- Chapter 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Mathematical equality refers to:

the idea that the values on the two sides of the equal sign must balance

Which section of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children focuses on spatial abilities?

the perceptual-reasoning section

Comprehension monitoring involves:

the process of keeping track of one's understanding of a text

children contribute to their own intellectual development through their ____, _____, and _____

their genetic endowment, the reactions they elicit from other people, and their choice of environments

why is it that some children learn to read so effortlessly, whereas others experience great difficulty?

there are stages of learning that children must go through

most middle-income children learn the names of letters of the alphabet before ___

they enter school

analytic abilities

traditional IQ skills

Greater math achievement comes from:

understanding mathematical concepts

children with dyslexia should be taught to ___

use strategies that enhance their phonological recoding skills

clicker q: does a better home environment CAUSE higher IQs?

we can't tell (although scores on the HOME clearly correlate with children's IQ scores, it is still uncertain if causal relations exist between the two)

studies of brain imaging and dyslexia (neural basis of dyslexia)

when dyslexic children read, two areas of their brains are less active than the corresponding areas in typical children reading the same words

a child's IQ is more closely related to their later occupational success than is ____, ____ or _____

socioeconomic status (SES), school attended, or any other variable that has been studied

there are a variety of strategies that children use to ___

solve arithmetic problems in different contexts

Jonah is able to take things apart and put them back together, is a talented artist, and enjoys chess. Which of Gardner's intelligences best pertains to Jonah?

spatial

clicker q: Language (sign or spoken) is both species-specific AND species-universal. Reading is _____

species-specific ONLY

Jeanne Chall's Stages of Reading Development

stage 0, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3 and stage 4

IQ scores are ____ for children of different ages

standardized!

phonemic awareness

the ability to identify component sounds within spoken words

self-discipline

the ability to inhibit actions, follow rules and avoid impulsive reactions predicts 8th graders' grades even after IQ is taken into account more influential on later success than IQ scores

fluid intelligence

the ability to think on the spot to solve problems ex: drawing inferences and understanding relations between concepts that have not been encountered previously. It is closely related to adaptation to novel tasks, speed of information processing, working-memory functioning, and ability to control attention

phonological recoding skills

the ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend the sounds into words ("sounding out")

retrieval

-from memory -used for simple problems like 2 + 2 = 4

integrated model

-g at the top -g influences all moderately general abilities -and both g and moderately general abilities influence specific abilities!!!

but the positive effects of the Carolina Ab. Project DID include:

-gains in IQ that lasted after the program ended -benefits to the mothers of children who participated -more positive mother-child interactions at home

John Carroll's "Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence"

-general intelligence (g) at the top -several moderately general abilities in the middle (including fluid and crystalized intelligence) -specific processes at the bottom

problems with intelligence tests

-highly controversial and culturally biased -reducing someone's "intelligence" to a number is ethically questionable -intelligence does not equal worth or value

measures of "g" correlate with ____

-indicators of school achievement -information-processing speed -speed of neural transmission in the brain -knowledge of subjects not studied in school

sternberg's theory of successful intelligence

-intelligence is "ability to achieve success in life" relative to personal and cultural standards

Which is related to a child's IQ?

-level of emotional support -family income -inadequate diet

Which of the following best describes Carroll's three-stratum theory of intelligence?

general intelligence influence intermediate abilities, which influence specific processes

most children with dyslexia are poor at reading primarily because of a ____

general weakness in phonological processing

children increasingly select environments compatible with their own ____

genetically based preferences children's increasing independence with age allows them greater freedom to choose environments that are compatible with their own genetically based preferences but not necessarily with those of the parents who are raising them

the genetic contribution to intelligence is greater in ____ than ___

greater in OLDER children than younger ones

some children are resilient despite risk factors, and this is often due to ____

high quality parenting

verbal comprehension

how are a mountain and river alike? what is a helicopter?

why is this true in the US but not other countries?

in other countries, access to quality education depends less on family income! education in the US is funded very locally (school districts get their money from property taxes, local wealth index etc. and resources for education in other countries are distributed much more equitably)

clicker q: Positive effects of the Carolina Abecedarian Project did NOT include:

increased longevity for participants

The fact that children who perform well on dissimilar intellectual tasks is supportive of:

intelligence as a single trait

Alfred Binet is credited with developing ____

intelligence quotient (IQ)

The summary measure that is the result of an intelligence test is referred to as a person's:

intelligence quotient (IQ)

phonological intervention for kids with dyslexia

kids scanned pre and post intervention and you are able to see the positive impact of the intervention in where their brains are activated when doing these tasks

mismatchers

kids that mismatch what they're saying with their mouths (spoken words) and what they're doing with their gestures are the kids that are about to learn how to solve problems

Dr. Knowit is a well-known scientist. If you were to categorize his intelligence based on Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which type of intelligence would you expect Dr. Knowit to score high in?

logical

normal distribution

mean = 100 SD= 15

intelligence tests are ___

measurements of observable behavior on a variety of types of tasks that require intelligence

practical intelligence

mental abilities not measured on IQ tests predicts occupational success even after IQ is taken into account (ex: accurately reading other people's intentions and motivating others to work as a team) more influential on later success than IQ scores

children learn best from info in multiple ___

modalities

measurements conducted closer in time are ____

more closely correlated (more similar IQ at two points in time that are closer to each other rather than farther from each other)

evidence for one trait "g"

most measures correlate strongly despite lack of surface similarity Supporting this idea is the fact that performance on all intellectual tasks is positively correlated: children who do well on one task tend to do well on others, too. These positive correlations occur even among dissimilar intellectual tasks—for example, remembering lists of numbers and folding pieces of paper to reproduce printed designs.

but what other factors are important influences on success?

motivation, creativity, health, social skills, etc.

some genetic processes do not impact IQ until later childhood and adolescence like ____

neural connectivity some types of synchronization of activities in distant brain areas are not evident until adolescence or early adulthood and this synchronization reflects genetic influences

scores are more stable at ____

older ages

this suggests that mismatchers are at an ____

optimal point to learn new strategies

Mr. and Mrs. Novel want to do everything possible to foster little Tina's pre-reading skills so that she will later be in the highest reading group in her class. What pre-reading skill should they work on developing?

phonemic awareness

Which is the strongest indicator of a kindergarten child's later ability to sound out and spell words?

phonemic awareness

Mr. and Mrs. Goal have two children, Tony and Trina. Both kids have soccer games on Saturday morning. Both parents want to attend the games but cannot be in two places at once. Mr. Goal thinks about the problem and eventually comes up with a solution—attending one child's game this week and the other child's next week. According to Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence, Mr. Goal is using:

practical abilities

intelligence tests have their greatest success and widest application on ____

preschoolers and older children

clicker q: reading disability (dyslexia) is most strongly linked to:

problems with phonological processing

sandra scarr

proposed that gene-environments relations involve three types of processes: (effects of the genotype arise because of:) passive, evocative and active

intelligence quotient (IQ)

quantitative measure of a child's intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age

phonemic awareness is both correlated and a cause of ____

reading achievement

practical abilities

reasoning

Summer vacation! Everyone at Bass Elementary School is looking forward to a break. The children are ready for summer fun activities—swimming, baseball, and summer camp. What will most likely happen to math achievement test scores over the summer?

scores will decrease

quality of family environment such as ____

shouting, involvement, reading, eating together, 3+ books

Who developed the first intelligence test that focused on predicting children's school performance and individual differences?

Binet

example of perceptual processing

"do you see these 4 boxes? in the top row the pictures go together in a certain way. now look at the bottom row. do you see the empty box? which of the 4 pictures goes with the picture in the bottom box the same way the two pictures in the top row go together?

working memory

"repeat the following numbers in order when I'm finished: 5, 3, 7, 4, 9" "now say these numbers from last to first: 2, 9, 5, 7, 3"

counting from larger addend

- 9 + 3 -"9, 10, 11, 12"

HOME

-"home observation for measurement of the environment" -measure family influences -Caldwell & Bradley

intelligence as a few basic abilities

-2 types of intelligence!

decomposition

-3 + 9 -3 + 10 = 13, and 13 - 1 = 12

features of the Carolina Abecedarian Project

-6 months - 5 years old -7:45 AM - 5:30 PM -5 days a week -50 weeks a year -extensive focus on communication, responsiveness, exploration, academic skills -parent education: nutrition, health care, child development (to instill knowledge/beliefs into the parents of the children so they can carry on the high level of engagement when the children were at home) -control group= got nutritional and health benefits but NO educational intervention!

attending school boosts IQ

-Cahan and Cohen study found that children who were only slightly older, but who had a year more schooling did better on parts of an IQ test (verbal tests and math tests) -IQ and achievement test scores rise during the academic year and are stable or drop during the summer

influence of society on IQ

-Flynn Effect

family influences

-HOME -throughout childhood, children's IQ scores are positively correlated with the quality of their family environment as measured by the HOME

SES and parental occupation can have an impact on reading development:

-SES/occupation --> parent's interaction with child -amount parent talks to child --> # of words child knows -child's vocabulary --> reading proficiency

Environmental Risk Scale

-Sameroff -features of the environment that put children at risk for lower IQ ex: unemployed, 4+ children, maternal anxiety

genetic influences are mediated by family income

-Socioeconomic status (SES) -among middle and upper class families, genetic influences are higher -among lower class families, influences of shared environment are higher -true in the US, but not in Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, or Australia

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

-Spatial -Kinesthetic -Musical -Naturalistic -Intrapersonal -Interpersonal

according to sternberg, success depends on

-analytic abilities -practical abilities -creative abilities

Resilient children usually have parents who:

-are responsive to their needs -provide safe play areas -provide their child with a variety of learning materials

passive effects

-arise when children are raised by their biological parents -overlap between parents' and children's genes ex: children whose genotypes predispose them to enjoy reading are likely to be raised in homes with plentiful access to reading matter because their parents also like to read.

counting from 1

-asked what is 3 + 2? -child counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (often using fingers)

results of the Abecedarian Project

-at 21 years old, the treatment IQ > control IQ -ALSO, there were lower rates of special education, being held back, arrest -higher graduation rates -positive effects on moms (especially teen moms and moms with less education)

Flynn Effect

-average IQ scores have risen over past 70 years in many countries -reasons: better nutrition, health care, and access to education -effect is seen mostly in lower IQ groups

stage 0

-birth until the beginning of first grade -acquire key prerequisites for reading, including knowing the letters of the alphabet and gaining *phonemic awareness*

changes in IQ scores over time can be a function of:

-characteristics of children and their parents -alterations in child's environment -random variation

Susan Goldin-Meadow video

-children and adults often produce things with their hands that they don't produce with their speech -children who indicate more information are ready to learn

active effects

-children choose environments they enjoy -ex: a high school student who loves reading will read a great deal, regardless of whether he or she was read to when young

evocative effects

-children elicit or influence other people's behavior -emerge through children's eliciting or influencing other people's behavior ex: even if a child's parents are not avid readers, they will read more bedtime stories to a child who is interested in the stories than to one who is uninterested

genotype-environment interactions

-children's environments partially influenced by their genotype

gestures index learning

-children's gestures revealed more of their thinking about the problem than did their speech alone

arithmetic strategies

-counting from 1 -retrieval -counting from larger addend -decomposition

evidence of multiple intelligences

-deficits in people with brain injury -child prodigies & savants

intelligence as a single trait

-each individual possesses a certain amount of "g" (general intelligence)

stage 4

-eighth through twelfth grade -develop the skill of coordinating multiple perspectives

stage 1

-first and second grades -acquire phonological recoding skills

stage 3

-fourth through eighth grades -become able to acquire new information through print

evidence for multi-trait intelligence

-measures of crystalized intelligence correlated more highly with other measures of crystalized intelligence (same for fluid), and not necessarily with the other -different developmental trajectories

weschler intelligence test for children (WISC)

-most widely used instrument for children 6 years and older -gives an overall score comprised of 4 tests

how poverty impacts IQ

-nutrition -health care -intellectual stimulation -emotional support

Alfred Binet's approach

-predicted individual differences in school performance and helped identify children who needed special attention -original view= simple associative skills ----> reasoning

word identification

-rapid, effortless identification of words is crucial to reading comprehension and the enjoyment of reading

Scores on the Environmental Risk Scale are ____

-related to IQ -stable over time -related to changes in the child's IQ over time

intelligence is comprised of numerous distinct processes:

-remembering -perceiving -planning -comprehending -solving problems -encoding -reasoning -forming concepts

stage 2

-second and third grades -gain fluency in reading simple material

dyslexia

-the inability to read well despite normal intelligence (5%-10% of children in the US) ~7% of children are poor decoders despite normal cognition

effects of poverty on IQ

-the more children spend in poverty, the lower their IQs tend to be

gatekeeper effects

-the positive relation between IQ score and occupational and economic success stems from the fact that standardized test scores serve as gatekeepers, determining which students gain access to the training and credentials required for entry into lucrative (profitable) professions even among people who have the same job, those with higher IQ scores tend to perform better, earn more money and receive better promotions

mathematical equality

-the values on each side of the equal sign must balance -children in the US mostly encounter problems like this: 3 + 4= _____ -interpret the = to mean "start adding all the numbers" -so problems like 3 + 4 + 5 = ___ + 5 are often answered incorrectly

phonemic awareness (PA)

-understanding that words have parts (ex: syllables) -knowledge of individual sounds in words (recognition of same beginnings, same endings, rhymes) -lays the foundation for understanding the relationship between letters and speech sounds

but how are intelligence tests useful?

-useful for helping children in the classroom and in science -can help teachers do their job (evaluations?)

2 types of intelligence

1. crystallized intelligence 2. fluid intelligence

words are identified in 2 main ways

1. phonological recoding 2. visually based retrieval

4 tests on WISC

1. verbal comprehension 2. perceptual reasoning 3. working memory 4. processing/perceptual speed

mean IQ of any group in the US

100

clicker q: if a child scored exactly 1 SD above the mean, their score would be _____

115

children's IQ scores at different ages show continuity from age ____ onward

5 onward (evidence from longitudinal studies)

Intelligence tests have had their greatest success and widest application with children who are at least:

5 to 6 years old

____% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean

68%

How many components does Gardner include in his multiple intelligence theory?

8 ??

____% of scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean

95%

How does attending school affect intelligence?

Attending school has been shown to increase intelligence scores.

Which factor is NOT associated with increases over time in a child's IQ? A. parents who take an interest in their child's academic success B. children whose friends are all the popular kids C. children who believe academic performance is valuable D. parents who use firm but moderate disciplinary rules

B. children whose friends are all the popular kids

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is most consistent with which framework of intelligence?

Carroll's three-stratum theory of intelligence

Which best describes poverty's effect on intelligence and achievement?

Children from wealthier homes score higher on IQ and achievement tests than do children from poorer homes.

clicker q: Why can't we tell? A. the HOME is rarely used with adoptive families B. Correlations between HOME and IQ are lower for adoptive children than for biological children C. A child's home environment is also affected by parents' genetic makeup D. All of these are true

D. All of these are true

clicker q: A. intelligence is a single entity that is common to all intellectual tasks B. there are 2 types of intelligence: crystallized and fluid C. intelligence is comprised of numerous mental abilities D. all of these have merit

D. all of these theories have merit

clicker q: which is FALSE? A. genes affect IQ B. Environment affects IQ C. Societal factors affect IQ D. Poverty affects IQ E. Schooling does not improve IQ

E. Schooling does not improve IQ (it DOES)

advantage of standardized IQ scores

IQs at different ages are easy to compare (100 means the same thing at 5 or 50)

Jan takes an IQ test at ages 7 and 9. Mike takes an IQ test at ages 5 and 9. Mark takes an IQ test at ages 7 and 10. Jane takes an IQ test at ages 5 and 8. Which child's IQ scores are most likely to be more positively correlated?

Jan

Which is NOT generally true of intervention programs aimed at enhancing the intellectual development of preschoolers?

The programs result in sustained long-term gains in intelligence scores among participants. (they initially increase, but gains eventually decrease)

Based on research, whose IQ score would reflect the strongest contribution of their genes?

Tom, aged 15 (the oldest one)

which two tests produce IQ scores?

WISC and Stanford-Binet tests

IQ is a strong predictor of ____, ____ and ____ success.

academic, economic and occupational success

Which of the abilities described in Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence is related to traditional assessments of intelligence?

analytic ability

creative abilities

application flexibility (HARD to measure creative ability)

early numerical skills are the foundation for children to learn ____ and ___

arithmetic and more advanced mathematical skills

IQ and Education affect Income

basically, if you have a lower IQ score you will always earn less money than someone with a higher IQ score and the same education level as you

After age 5 or 6, intelligence-test scores of individual children tend to _____ over long periods of time.

be stable

teaching PA skills to 4 and 5 year olds causes them to ____

become better readers and spellers for at least 4 years after the training

gesture-speech mismatchers _______ than children whose gestures matched their speech

benefited more from instruction

educational application of multiple intelligences

children learn best if instruction builds on their intellectual strengths

Which is NOT one of Thurstone's primary mental abilities?

comprehension

Carolina Abecedarian Project

comprehensive and successful enrichment program for children from low-income families to boost children's IQ scores focus of the program was to have people that function as a very engaged caregiver being an engaged caregiver WORKS!!

how do these two types of intelligence develop over time?

crystallized intelligence increases steadily from early in life to old age, whereas fluid intelligence peaks around age 20 and slowly declines thereafter

Environmental influences on intelligence _____ as an individual grows older.

decrease

intelligence tests measure ______ in children of different ages

different aspects of intelligence

intelligence tests are NOT ______

direct measurements of intelligence itself

there is NO causal relationship between ____ and ____

early mastery of letter names and reading achievement (but the two are positively correlated)

emotional regulation is also important for ___

educational outcomes (and life success)

crystallized intelligence

factual knowledge about the world ex: word meaning, state capitals, etc.

If Roger, a student in elementary school, is very good at doing puzzles, identifying which object doesn't belong, and thinking on the spot, he is showing a high type of what kind of intelligence?

fluid intelligence