Exam 3- Chapter 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement
Mathematical equality refers to:
the idea that the values on the two sides of the equal sign must balance
Which section of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children focuses on spatial abilities?
the perceptual-reasoning section
Comprehension monitoring involves:
the process of keeping track of one's understanding of a text
children contribute to their own intellectual development through their ____, _____, and _____
their genetic endowment, the reactions they elicit from other people, and their choice of environments
why is it that some children learn to read so effortlessly, whereas others experience great difficulty?
there are stages of learning that children must go through
most middle-income children learn the names of letters of the alphabet before ___
they enter school
analytic abilities
traditional IQ skills
Greater math achievement comes from:
understanding mathematical concepts
children with dyslexia should be taught to ___
use strategies that enhance their phonological recoding skills
clicker q: does a better home environment CAUSE higher IQs?
we can't tell (although scores on the HOME clearly correlate with children's IQ scores, it is still uncertain if causal relations exist between the two)
studies of brain imaging and dyslexia (neural basis of dyslexia)
when dyslexic children read, two areas of their brains are less active than the corresponding areas in typical children reading the same words
a child's IQ is more closely related to their later occupational success than is ____, ____ or _____
socioeconomic status (SES), school attended, or any other variable that has been studied
there are a variety of strategies that children use to ___
solve arithmetic problems in different contexts
Jonah is able to take things apart and put them back together, is a talented artist, and enjoys chess. Which of Gardner's intelligences best pertains to Jonah?
spatial
clicker q: Language (sign or spoken) is both species-specific AND species-universal. Reading is _____
species-specific ONLY
Jeanne Chall's Stages of Reading Development
stage 0, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3 and stage 4
IQ scores are ____ for children of different ages
standardized!
phonemic awareness
the ability to identify component sounds within spoken words
self-discipline
the ability to inhibit actions, follow rules and avoid impulsive reactions predicts 8th graders' grades even after IQ is taken into account more influential on later success than IQ scores
fluid intelligence
the ability to think on the spot to solve problems ex: drawing inferences and understanding relations between concepts that have not been encountered previously. It is closely related to adaptation to novel tasks, speed of information processing, working-memory functioning, and ability to control attention
phonological recoding skills
the ability to translate letters into sounds and to blend the sounds into words ("sounding out")
retrieval
-from memory -used for simple problems like 2 + 2 = 4
integrated model
-g at the top -g influences all moderately general abilities -and both g and moderately general abilities influence specific abilities!!!
but the positive effects of the Carolina Ab. Project DID include:
-gains in IQ that lasted after the program ended -benefits to the mothers of children who participated -more positive mother-child interactions at home
John Carroll's "Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence"
-general intelligence (g) at the top -several moderately general abilities in the middle (including fluid and crystalized intelligence) -specific processes at the bottom
problems with intelligence tests
-highly controversial and culturally biased -reducing someone's "intelligence" to a number is ethically questionable -intelligence does not equal worth or value
measures of "g" correlate with ____
-indicators of school achievement -information-processing speed -speed of neural transmission in the brain -knowledge of subjects not studied in school
sternberg's theory of successful intelligence
-intelligence is "ability to achieve success in life" relative to personal and cultural standards
Which is related to a child's IQ?
-level of emotional support -family income -inadequate diet
Which of the following best describes Carroll's three-stratum theory of intelligence?
general intelligence influence intermediate abilities, which influence specific processes
most children with dyslexia are poor at reading primarily because of a ____
general weakness in phonological processing
children increasingly select environments compatible with their own ____
genetically based preferences children's increasing independence with age allows them greater freedom to choose environments that are compatible with their own genetically based preferences but not necessarily with those of the parents who are raising them
the genetic contribution to intelligence is greater in ____ than ___
greater in OLDER children than younger ones
some children are resilient despite risk factors, and this is often due to ____
high quality parenting
verbal comprehension
how are a mountain and river alike? what is a helicopter?
why is this true in the US but not other countries?
in other countries, access to quality education depends less on family income! education in the US is funded very locally (school districts get their money from property taxes, local wealth index etc. and resources for education in other countries are distributed much more equitably)
clicker q: Positive effects of the Carolina Abecedarian Project did NOT include:
increased longevity for participants
The fact that children who perform well on dissimilar intellectual tasks is supportive of:
intelligence as a single trait
Alfred Binet is credited with developing ____
intelligence quotient (IQ)
The summary measure that is the result of an intelligence test is referred to as a person's:
intelligence quotient (IQ)
phonological intervention for kids with dyslexia
kids scanned pre and post intervention and you are able to see the positive impact of the intervention in where their brains are activated when doing these tasks
mismatchers
kids that mismatch what they're saying with their mouths (spoken words) and what they're doing with their gestures are the kids that are about to learn how to solve problems
Dr. Knowit is a well-known scientist. If you were to categorize his intelligence based on Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which type of intelligence would you expect Dr. Knowit to score high in?
logical
normal distribution
mean = 100 SD= 15
intelligence tests are ___
measurements of observable behavior on a variety of types of tasks that require intelligence
practical intelligence
mental abilities not measured on IQ tests predicts occupational success even after IQ is taken into account (ex: accurately reading other people's intentions and motivating others to work as a team) more influential on later success than IQ scores
children learn best from info in multiple ___
modalities
measurements conducted closer in time are ____
more closely correlated (more similar IQ at two points in time that are closer to each other rather than farther from each other)
evidence for one trait "g"
most measures correlate strongly despite lack of surface similarity Supporting this idea is the fact that performance on all intellectual tasks is positively correlated: children who do well on one task tend to do well on others, too. These positive correlations occur even among dissimilar intellectual tasks—for example, remembering lists of numbers and folding pieces of paper to reproduce printed designs.
but what other factors are important influences on success?
motivation, creativity, health, social skills, etc.
some genetic processes do not impact IQ until later childhood and adolescence like ____
neural connectivity some types of synchronization of activities in distant brain areas are not evident until adolescence or early adulthood and this synchronization reflects genetic influences
scores are more stable at ____
older ages
this suggests that mismatchers are at an ____
optimal point to learn new strategies
Mr. and Mrs. Novel want to do everything possible to foster little Tina's pre-reading skills so that she will later be in the highest reading group in her class. What pre-reading skill should they work on developing?
phonemic awareness
Which is the strongest indicator of a kindergarten child's later ability to sound out and spell words?
phonemic awareness
Mr. and Mrs. Goal have two children, Tony and Trina. Both kids have soccer games on Saturday morning. Both parents want to attend the games but cannot be in two places at once. Mr. Goal thinks about the problem and eventually comes up with a solution—attending one child's game this week and the other child's next week. According to Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence, Mr. Goal is using:
practical abilities
intelligence tests have their greatest success and widest application on ____
preschoolers and older children
clicker q: reading disability (dyslexia) is most strongly linked to:
problems with phonological processing
sandra scarr
proposed that gene-environments relations involve three types of processes: (effects of the genotype arise because of:) passive, evocative and active
intelligence quotient (IQ)
quantitative measure of a child's intelligence relative to that of other children of the same age
phonemic awareness is both correlated and a cause of ____
reading achievement
practical abilities
reasoning
Summer vacation! Everyone at Bass Elementary School is looking forward to a break. The children are ready for summer fun activities—swimming, baseball, and summer camp. What will most likely happen to math achievement test scores over the summer?
scores will decrease
quality of family environment such as ____
shouting, involvement, reading, eating together, 3+ books
Who developed the first intelligence test that focused on predicting children's school performance and individual differences?
Binet
example of perceptual processing
"do you see these 4 boxes? in the top row the pictures go together in a certain way. now look at the bottom row. do you see the empty box? which of the 4 pictures goes with the picture in the bottom box the same way the two pictures in the top row go together?
working memory
"repeat the following numbers in order when I'm finished: 5, 3, 7, 4, 9" "now say these numbers from last to first: 2, 9, 5, 7, 3"
counting from larger addend
- 9 + 3 -"9, 10, 11, 12"
HOME
-"home observation for measurement of the environment" -measure family influences -Caldwell & Bradley
intelligence as a few basic abilities
-2 types of intelligence!
decomposition
-3 + 9 -3 + 10 = 13, and 13 - 1 = 12
features of the Carolina Abecedarian Project
-6 months - 5 years old -7:45 AM - 5:30 PM -5 days a week -50 weeks a year -extensive focus on communication, responsiveness, exploration, academic skills -parent education: nutrition, health care, child development (to instill knowledge/beliefs into the parents of the children so they can carry on the high level of engagement when the children were at home) -control group= got nutritional and health benefits but NO educational intervention!
attending school boosts IQ
-Cahan and Cohen study found that children who were only slightly older, but who had a year more schooling did better on parts of an IQ test (verbal tests and math tests) -IQ and achievement test scores rise during the academic year and are stable or drop during the summer
influence of society on IQ
-Flynn Effect
family influences
-HOME -throughout childhood, children's IQ scores are positively correlated with the quality of their family environment as measured by the HOME
SES and parental occupation can have an impact on reading development:
-SES/occupation --> parent's interaction with child -amount parent talks to child --> # of words child knows -child's vocabulary --> reading proficiency
Environmental Risk Scale
-Sameroff -features of the environment that put children at risk for lower IQ ex: unemployed, 4+ children, maternal anxiety
genetic influences are mediated by family income
-Socioeconomic status (SES) -among middle and upper class families, genetic influences are higher -among lower class families, influences of shared environment are higher -true in the US, but not in Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, or Australia
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
-Spatial -Kinesthetic -Musical -Naturalistic -Intrapersonal -Interpersonal
according to sternberg, success depends on
-analytic abilities -practical abilities -creative abilities
Resilient children usually have parents who:
-are responsive to their needs -provide safe play areas -provide their child with a variety of learning materials
passive effects
-arise when children are raised by their biological parents -overlap between parents' and children's genes ex: children whose genotypes predispose them to enjoy reading are likely to be raised in homes with plentiful access to reading matter because their parents also like to read.
counting from 1
-asked what is 3 + 2? -child counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (often using fingers)
results of the Abecedarian Project
-at 21 years old, the treatment IQ > control IQ -ALSO, there were lower rates of special education, being held back, arrest -higher graduation rates -positive effects on moms (especially teen moms and moms with less education)
Flynn Effect
-average IQ scores have risen over past 70 years in many countries -reasons: better nutrition, health care, and access to education -effect is seen mostly in lower IQ groups
stage 0
-birth until the beginning of first grade -acquire key prerequisites for reading, including knowing the letters of the alphabet and gaining *phonemic awareness*
changes in IQ scores over time can be a function of:
-characteristics of children and their parents -alterations in child's environment -random variation
Susan Goldin-Meadow video
-children and adults often produce things with their hands that they don't produce with their speech -children who indicate more information are ready to learn
active effects
-children choose environments they enjoy -ex: a high school student who loves reading will read a great deal, regardless of whether he or she was read to when young
evocative effects
-children elicit or influence other people's behavior -emerge through children's eliciting or influencing other people's behavior ex: even if a child's parents are not avid readers, they will read more bedtime stories to a child who is interested in the stories than to one who is uninterested
genotype-environment interactions
-children's environments partially influenced by their genotype
gestures index learning
-children's gestures revealed more of their thinking about the problem than did their speech alone
arithmetic strategies
-counting from 1 -retrieval -counting from larger addend -decomposition
evidence of multiple intelligences
-deficits in people with brain injury -child prodigies & savants
intelligence as a single trait
-each individual possesses a certain amount of "g" (general intelligence)
stage 4
-eighth through twelfth grade -develop the skill of coordinating multiple perspectives
stage 1
-first and second grades -acquire phonological recoding skills
stage 3
-fourth through eighth grades -become able to acquire new information through print
evidence for multi-trait intelligence
-measures of crystalized intelligence correlated more highly with other measures of crystalized intelligence (same for fluid), and not necessarily with the other -different developmental trajectories
weschler intelligence test for children (WISC)
-most widely used instrument for children 6 years and older -gives an overall score comprised of 4 tests
how poverty impacts IQ
-nutrition -health care -intellectual stimulation -emotional support
Alfred Binet's approach
-predicted individual differences in school performance and helped identify children who needed special attention -original view= simple associative skills ----> reasoning
word identification
-rapid, effortless identification of words is crucial to reading comprehension and the enjoyment of reading
Scores on the Environmental Risk Scale are ____
-related to IQ -stable over time -related to changes in the child's IQ over time
intelligence is comprised of numerous distinct processes:
-remembering -perceiving -planning -comprehending -solving problems -encoding -reasoning -forming concepts
stage 2
-second and third grades -gain fluency in reading simple material
dyslexia
-the inability to read well despite normal intelligence (5%-10% of children in the US) ~7% of children are poor decoders despite normal cognition
effects of poverty on IQ
-the more children spend in poverty, the lower their IQs tend to be
gatekeeper effects
-the positive relation between IQ score and occupational and economic success stems from the fact that standardized test scores serve as gatekeepers, determining which students gain access to the training and credentials required for entry into lucrative (profitable) professions even among people who have the same job, those with higher IQ scores tend to perform better, earn more money and receive better promotions
mathematical equality
-the values on each side of the equal sign must balance -children in the US mostly encounter problems like this: 3 + 4= _____ -interpret the = to mean "start adding all the numbers" -so problems like 3 + 4 + 5 = ___ + 5 are often answered incorrectly
phonemic awareness (PA)
-understanding that words have parts (ex: syllables) -knowledge of individual sounds in words (recognition of same beginnings, same endings, rhymes) -lays the foundation for understanding the relationship between letters and speech sounds
but how are intelligence tests useful?
-useful for helping children in the classroom and in science -can help teachers do their job (evaluations?)
2 types of intelligence
1. crystallized intelligence 2. fluid intelligence
words are identified in 2 main ways
1. phonological recoding 2. visually based retrieval
4 tests on WISC
1. verbal comprehension 2. perceptual reasoning 3. working memory 4. processing/perceptual speed
mean IQ of any group in the US
100
clicker q: if a child scored exactly 1 SD above the mean, their score would be _____
115
children's IQ scores at different ages show continuity from age ____ onward
5 onward (evidence from longitudinal studies)
Intelligence tests have had their greatest success and widest application with children who are at least:
5 to 6 years old
____% of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean
68%
How many components does Gardner include in his multiple intelligence theory?
8 ??
____% of scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean
95%
How does attending school affect intelligence?
Attending school has been shown to increase intelligence scores.
Which factor is NOT associated with increases over time in a child's IQ? A. parents who take an interest in their child's academic success B. children whose friends are all the popular kids C. children who believe academic performance is valuable D. parents who use firm but moderate disciplinary rules
B. children whose friends are all the popular kids
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is most consistent with which framework of intelligence?
Carroll's three-stratum theory of intelligence
Which best describes poverty's effect on intelligence and achievement?
Children from wealthier homes score higher on IQ and achievement tests than do children from poorer homes.
clicker q: Why can't we tell? A. the HOME is rarely used with adoptive families B. Correlations between HOME and IQ are lower for adoptive children than for biological children C. A child's home environment is also affected by parents' genetic makeup D. All of these are true
D. All of these are true
clicker q: A. intelligence is a single entity that is common to all intellectual tasks B. there are 2 types of intelligence: crystallized and fluid C. intelligence is comprised of numerous mental abilities D. all of these have merit
D. all of these theories have merit
clicker q: which is FALSE? A. genes affect IQ B. Environment affects IQ C. Societal factors affect IQ D. Poverty affects IQ E. Schooling does not improve IQ
E. Schooling does not improve IQ (it DOES)
advantage of standardized IQ scores
IQs at different ages are easy to compare (100 means the same thing at 5 or 50)
Jan takes an IQ test at ages 7 and 9. Mike takes an IQ test at ages 5 and 9. Mark takes an IQ test at ages 7 and 10. Jane takes an IQ test at ages 5 and 8. Which child's IQ scores are most likely to be more positively correlated?
Jan
Which is NOT generally true of intervention programs aimed at enhancing the intellectual development of preschoolers?
The programs result in sustained long-term gains in intelligence scores among participants. (they initially increase, but gains eventually decrease)
Based on research, whose IQ score would reflect the strongest contribution of their genes?
Tom, aged 15 (the oldest one)
which two tests produce IQ scores?
WISC and Stanford-Binet tests
IQ is a strong predictor of ____, ____ and ____ success.
academic, economic and occupational success
Which of the abilities described in Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence is related to traditional assessments of intelligence?
analytic ability
creative abilities
application flexibility (HARD to measure creative ability)
early numerical skills are the foundation for children to learn ____ and ___
arithmetic and more advanced mathematical skills
IQ and Education affect Income
basically, if you have a lower IQ score you will always earn less money than someone with a higher IQ score and the same education level as you
After age 5 or 6, intelligence-test scores of individual children tend to _____ over long periods of time.
be stable
teaching PA skills to 4 and 5 year olds causes them to ____
become better readers and spellers for at least 4 years after the training
gesture-speech mismatchers _______ than children whose gestures matched their speech
benefited more from instruction
educational application of multiple intelligences
children learn best if instruction builds on their intellectual strengths
Which is NOT one of Thurstone's primary mental abilities?
comprehension
Carolina Abecedarian Project
comprehensive and successful enrichment program for children from low-income families to boost children's IQ scores focus of the program was to have people that function as a very engaged caregiver being an engaged caregiver WORKS!!
how do these two types of intelligence develop over time?
crystallized intelligence increases steadily from early in life to old age, whereas fluid intelligence peaks around age 20 and slowly declines thereafter
Environmental influences on intelligence _____ as an individual grows older.
decrease
intelligence tests measure ______ in children of different ages
different aspects of intelligence
intelligence tests are NOT ______
direct measurements of intelligence itself
there is NO causal relationship between ____ and ____
early mastery of letter names and reading achievement (but the two are positively correlated)
emotional regulation is also important for ___
educational outcomes (and life success)
crystallized intelligence
factual knowledge about the world ex: word meaning, state capitals, etc.
If Roger, a student in elementary school, is very good at doing puzzles, identifying which object doesn't belong, and thinking on the spot, he is showing a high type of what kind of intelligence?
fluid intelligence
