Exam 3

In the TED video, "Philip Zimbardo shows how people become monsters ... or heroes," Zimbardo says that during the investigations at Abu Ghraib, Rumsfeld asked the wrong question. What erroneous question was Rumsfeld asking, and what question should he have asked?

"Who is responsible?" / "What is responsible?"

Which age range reports the highest levels of stress?

18-33 years old

In order for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder to be made, the required symptoms must be present for a minimum of:

2 years

According to the American Psychiatric Association (2013), approximately one out of _______ women experience the symptoms of depression after the birth of a baby.

20

Finding treatments for psychological health issues is of great importance as it is estimated that _______ percent of adults experience a mental health issue in any given year.

25

Dyanna is starting to develop more a purposeful and goal-directed approach to set the stage for her motivated self to grow. What age range is Dyanna likely in?

5 to 7 years old

A person who grew up in American culture has likely developed a redemptive narrative. Which of the examples best represents this concept?

Alison sees herself as a girl who had to endure great hardship growing up with divorced parents but has overcome this obstacle and is now happily married.

In dream interpretation, who should identify the hidden meaning of symbols?

All of the Above

In the TED video, "The Key to Media's Hidden Codes," through which of these channels do you absorb information?

All of the above

According to the Discovering Psychology videos on Social Psychology, which of the following would represent the "Principle of Scarcity" as described by Robert Cialdini?

An auto salesperson saying "this car won't be on the lot long..."

__________ can be defined as a negative mood state that is accompanied by bodily symptoms, muscle tension, a sense of unease, and apprehension about future danger or misfortune.

Anxiety

Which of the following individuals is experiencing a grandiose delusion?

Ashlie believes that she is the President of the United States of America.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the difference between Bipolar I Disorder (BD I) and Bipolar II Disorder (BD II)?

BD I involves at least one manic episode, while BD II involves at least one hypomanic episode.

Which is an example of using a downward comparison?

Britni, who has earned a Master's degree, feels that she is better than her sister, Alicia, who never graduated from college.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders?

CBT is often effective, and in some cases even more effective than the use of medication.

The figure most associated with the person centered therapy movement is:

Carol Rogers

__________ is a term that refers to an overall reduction in responsiveness to one's external environment. It can appear as holding unusual physical postures for an extended period of time, failing to respond to another person, or purposeless physical activity.

Catatonia

Which of the following is one way in which delusions differ from normal, everyday thought processes?

Delusions are hard to change even in the face of conflicting information.

Zeppo is under great stress from his spouse to pursue a promotion at work, but knows there aren't any higher level jobs available. On the drive to work, Zeppo yells at other drivers, and complains about how none of them seem to able to drive the right way. Zeppo is using which defense mechanism?

Displacement

Sandra has relatively high subjective well-being. As such, we can predict she is most likely to do which of the following?

Donate her time and money to help others in her community or around the world to try and make a difference.

Mike is a pretty poor bowler, but he always brags that he can beat anyone in his league. Christoff, however, is the league champion but he always thinks that his opponent will beat him. Mike's overestimation and Christoff's underestimation of their abilities demonstrates the ________ effect.

Dunning-Kruger

The tendency for unskilled people to be overconfident in their ability and highly skilled people to underestimate their ability is the ________ effect.

Dunning-Kruger

Elmer has trouble remembering things and has poor eyesight at his old age. Due to these characteristics, doctors are likely worried about which health behavior?

Elmer's adherence to medical recommendations such as taking medicine on time

Which of the following provides evidence that the need to belong is a fairly universal human tendency?

Even people who are described as introverts report being happier when they are in social situations.

What is the definition of stressors?

Events or experiences that induce psychological and/or physiological stress

Cognitive behavioral therapies are effective treatments for anxiety disorders. _____________ is/are a key component of this therapy.

Exposure exercises

Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems?

Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.

In the readings and discussion on the prison abuses at Abu Ghraib, any student of social psychology should be surprised that basically good people could behave in such a horrible manner.

False

____________________________ is characterized by constant worry over minor and catastrophic events. Other complaints, such as muscle tension, fatigue, and irritability are also common.

Generalized anxiety

Which of the following is the best distinction between hallucinations and delusions?

Hallucinations are sensory/perceptual while delusions are beliefs.

Vishnu is an extremely hostile and competitive person. One might say he has a Type A personality. Due to these characteristics, we can predict what about Vishnu?

He is at risk for heart problems such as damaged arteries.

Heather just failed her sculpting class. From this failure Heather concludes it was her fault, she has no talent, and she will always do poorly in sculpting. What is Heather displaying?

Heather has made an internal, global, and stable attribution about herself.

A representative from which perspective would say, "We have a Statue of Liberty on the East Coast, we should have a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast"?

Humanistic Existentialism

Of the three approaches to personality and psychotherapy presented in class notes, which one(s) thought Anxiety is healthy, natural, and a necessary component of living?

Humanistic/Existential

In Freud's view, which is the source of all drives and motivations?

Id

Which common saying is the foundation of the concept of reciprocity?

If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours.

International studies of happiness yield which of the following results regarding the relation of money and subjective well-being?

In general, average levels of happiness are higher in economically developed nations although Latin America is a notable exception to this trend

Why would it be accurate to suggest that anxiety has benefits?

It causes people to plan for the future and heighten alertness.

In the TED video, "The Key to Media's Hidden Codes," what's the first thing that constitutes a code?

It has to be recognized by all who read it.

Which of the following is the BEST description of a person's sense of self?

It is "reflexive": People reflect on their own identities.

Why do scientists sometimes avoid using the word happiness when referring to subjective well-being?

It is a popular word that can refer to different things such as feeling good or being satisfied.

Why does engaging in downward comparison provide a boost to an individual's self-esteem?

It reminds you that other people are not as good as you in a given domain.

Thirty-eight percent of people report using the internet and having it influence their decision to see a doctor. While the internet has an important role, which of the following is a concern doctors have over the average person turning to the internet for medical advice?

Judging the credibility of information based on irrelevant factors

Which of the following is an example of anhedonia?

Julie typically enjoyed taking her kids to the park but lately has lost interest or pleasure in this activity.

Kevin comes from a large family with 6 siblings and 18 aunts and uncles. He's also very sociable in school and has many friends he feels he can rely on such as his swimming team, his Spanish club members, and the other student workers in the cafeteria. Taylor, on the other hand, is an only child being raised by her grandparents. She is striving to earn her high school diploma online and spends most of her free time completing online marketing surveys for extra cash. Comparing Kevin and Taylor, who has greater "social integration" and why?

Kevin because he has a large support network and many social roles in his community.

Which social psychologist produced a theory of social comparison, suggesting that in many cases people join with others to evaluate the accuracy of their own beliefs and attitudes?

Leon Festinger

Which social psychologist suggested that our need to compare ourselves to others is rooted in a basic human desire called self-evaluation?

Leon Festinger

Which of the following best describes the relation of money to subjective well-being?

Money can boost happiness, but it does not guarantee it, and can interfere with happiness if a person values money too much.

___________ is the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards.

Need for achievement

Experiencing negative emotions can be beneficial, although unpleasant. Which of the following is the best example of the function of a negative emotion?

Negative emotions, such as worry, help motivate people to prepare for the future.

What part do negative feelings play in subjective well-being?

Negative feelings are functional and should be experienced as appropriate but only some of the time.

The well-known researcher Mead believed the reflexive self was a social actor sensitive to information about the self that came from others. This can also be described as which of the following?

Other people function like mirrors reflecting ourselves back to us.

Walter Mischel (1968, 2009) pointed out this apparent fact about the predictability of individuals' behavior through personality tests:

People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average behavior across many situations.

What were the main findings from Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome?

Phases of stress, including arousal, coping, and exhaustion, was first discovered while studying rats.

Which of the following best describes the possible relation between positive affect and disease?

Positive feelings can boost the immune system and improve health behaviors.

Psychodynamic therapy has largely replaced psychoanalysis. Which of the following is a characteristic of psychodynamic therapy that distinguishes it from psychoanalysis?

Psychodynamic therapy looks at client problems while paying attention to the context of her social life.

Which of the following effects of money might interfere with happiness?

Pursuing money can lead us to give up social relations, spirituality, or interests.

Which of the following is the most accurate with regards to self-report happiness measures?

Self-report can used for measure happiness but because these assessments are flawed it is helpful to use them along with other types of measures.

According to __________, the ego is the part of personality that observes outside reality, engages in rational thought, and copes with the competing demands of inner desires and moral standards.

Sigmund Freud

Donnie is very resistant to acting on any impulse, always measured and constrained in thought and action. When advised to try "busting loose and living a little," Donnie says that is irresponsible and just leads to trouble. According to the Freudian structural model, which part of the personality is dominant?

Superego

Dr. Chui is trying to make recommendations to her client, Gary, to increase his subjective well-being. In this scenario, Dr. Chui is likely to do which of the following?

Tailor specific feedback for Gary since no one single recommendation is appropriate for everyone.

What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model?

The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.

What does the therapy technique of free association aim to do?

The patient shares any and all thoughts that come to mind without attempting to organize or censor these thoughts in any way.

What does it mean when psychologists say that the "I" is perceiving the "me"?

The self as a knower is able to reflect on the self as a known object or target.

Which is a distinct feature of the self?

The self can reflect on itself.

What is the essential quality of a therapist who is conducting person-centered therapy?

The therapist must be nonjudgmental and empathetic with their clients.

Walter Mischel was an important figure in the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists. What was Mischel's side of the argument?

Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations.

All but which of the following are goals that would be considered mastery goals.

Wanting to get an "A" in French class

When did Freud's theories first become controversial?

When he proposed them.

According to research, which are the most stressful events in a person's life?

When they experience a loss of a relationship.

Which circumstance provides an example of social facilitation?

When working out at the gym, Josh runs faster on his treadmill when another customer is running on the treadmill beside him than he does when he's all alone.

Manpreet experiences high levels of anxiety about exposure to germs. As a result, he typically washes his hands more than 100 times a day. What is the clinical term for this behavior?

a compulsion

Freud's usage of the term "sex"

a matter of tension build-up and release.

What is the definition of self-esteem?

a person's sense of feeling worthy or good.

_____________ best describes when people feel like they have the power to change their environment or behavior if they need or want to?

a sense of control

An example outcome of high subjective well-being includes:

a stronger immune system

Which therapeutic approach is designed to foster nonjudgmental observation of one's own mental processes?

acceptance and commitment therapy

Which of the following is a central focus of dialectical behavioral therapy?

acceptance of current conditions and the desire to change current conditions are equally important

After people first react to good or bad events their feelings and reactions tend to dampen down over time and they return toward their original level of subjective well-being. This process is known as what concept?

adaptation

Amy is very excited for the day of her wedding. On that day she experiences a spike in happiness and this feeling lasts for about a month. After that she returns to her "normal" levels of mood. What is this an example of?

adaptation

A temporary committee to address company policy on promotions was formed at the Iwanna Workhere Corporation. The group had five meetings, ironed out new wording for the promotion procedures, and is now deciding that future meetings are no longer necessary. In Tuckman's model of group formation, what stage is this group now in?

adjournment

When a person experiencing depression demonstrates the symptom of psychomotor __________, they might fidget, pace, tap their feet, or wring their hands.

agitation

A person who avoids public places or situations because they are viewed as not "safe" would most likely be diagnosed with:

agoraphobia

Dianne has a reputation for being a difficult person. She is suspicious of others, unhelpful, and not very compassionate. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Dianne likely score low in?

agreeableness

A person who presents with multiple vulnerabilities and life stress, and symptoms of this stress interfere substantially with daily functioning, will most likely be diagnosed with _______________.

an anxiety disorder

In the TED video, "Philip Zimbardo shows how people become monsters ... or heroes," the term "Evil" essentially refers to

an exercise of power to intentionally cause harm or destruction.

Complementary views for assessing and understanding a phenomenon in psychology are referred to as levels of ________, and they range from the most general to the most specific.

analysis

Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:

analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones

Which of the following is a term that suggests a lack of caring or pleasure, and a reduction in a person's motivation or ability to engage in actions necessary to obtain a positive outcome?

anhedonia

Velva has been having difficulty getting herself out of the house lately. She usually meets with an art group 2 nights a week and has always enjoyed these gatherings. Lately, however, she doesn't go and doesn't do the things that used to bring her pleasure. Which of the following describes Velva's symptoms?

anhedonia/amotivation

Researchers have studied whether being left out of a group can cause the same neural responses as physical pain. Through fMRI studies, they found that two areas of the brain - the dorsal anterior cingulate and the ________ showed heightened activity when a person experienced social ostracism. This suggests that social pain can be as problematic as physical pain!

anterior insula

Jacinta beliefs that people who are military veterans are all brave, honorable, and respectable. She tends to treat them with an enhanced sense of consideration, and thanks them for their service whenever she can. These beliefs represent a(n) ________ that Jacinta has for veterans.

attitude

The study of ________, which is a major topic of focus for social psychologists, examines the psychological processes involved in having a sexual interest in another person.

attraction

Vicenta is looking at a book at the local library when Daina brushes past her, gently pushing Vicenta backward. "Wow, she is very rude," Vicenta thinks. This is an example of social ________, which occurs when we make educated guesses about the efforts or motives of another person.

attribution

Parisa has schizophrenia and regularly experiences hallucinations. According to the research, which type of hallucination is most common in people who have schizophrenia?

auditory

Around adolescence a person is able to start reconstructing their personal story. In other words, the self becomes a(n):

autobiographical author

After Jeff is expelled from school for cutting classes, he seeks help from a therapist. The therapist develops a contract that specifies that if Jeff attends all his classes in a day, he will be allowed one hour of computer time. However, if he cuts a class he will have to wash dishes - to his parents' acceptance of quality. Jeff's therapist is probably a ______ therapist.

behavior

What is a field similar to health psychology that integrates psychological factors in the treatment of disease?

behavioral medicine

Only one perspective emphasized the need to treat Psychology purely by modern scientific standards. That perspective is

behaviorism

Which of the following is an advantage of humanistic therapies?

being mentally attentive but also non-judgmental

Which of the following is the best definition of mindfulness, as it relates to therapy?

being mentally attentive but also non-judgmental

Which of the following is most true of the way therapy is currently conducted?

between 1 and 4 therapists does not use a single therapeutic orientation but integrates several together.

One day, Betty felt lethargic, hopelessly sad, fatigued, and had no interest in anything. A few days later she was feeling extremely euphoric and powerful, engaged in risky sexual exploits, and spent money irresponsibly. Betty could be diagnosed with:

bipolar disorder

Specific phobias can be categorized by type. Which of the following is a type of specific phobia?

blood-Injury type; symptoms include a fear of blood or needles

Jason goes to check on his friend Michelle, who moves very slowly when she answers her door. When Jason asks her questions, Michelle doesn't answer him at all and appears not to know he is there. Michelle is demonstrating which symptom of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder?

catatonia

Which of the following techniques are associated with CBT?

challenging automatic thoughts

Which of the following is a risk factor for schizophrenia?

children born to older fathers

Research finds that __________ stress, which involves problematic events that activate one's biological or psychological stress response system over an extended period of time, is related to an increased risk of major depressive disorder.

chronic

Which of the following is a health condition that persists over time, typically for periods longer than three months?

chronic disease

Jenny is, by nature, a nervous person. She has been having a hard time concentrating and seeks the help of a counselor, Amanda. Amanda begins by being very warm. She does not direct Jenny with regards to what she should talk about. Instead, Amanda primarily focuses on empathizing with Jenny and accepting her for who she is. Which therapeutic orientation is Amanda most likely using?

client centered therapy

Which of the following assumptions is associated with client change in humanistic therapies?

clients should experience anxiety

Jimmy has a tendency to interpret other people's actions-such as his friends arriving late to meet him for lunch-in a very negative way. These thoughts often leave him feeling depressed. A therapist who wanted to intervene in his depression by challenging this way of thinking would most likely use:

cognitive behavioral therapies

Walter is an alcohol abuser who, thanks to the recommendation from his therapist, is using a computer game to try and train himself to avoid stimuli related to alcohol and more automatically interpret these stimuli negatively. This emerging treatment strategy is called what?

cognitive bias modification

According to the reading assignment on Abu Ghraib, people who deny that any abuse was real, or deny that it was really so terrible are operating according to which social psychological principle?

cognitive dissonance

Which type of psychotherapy has been found to help improve a variety of symptoms and protect against loss of gray matter in the brain of those with schizophrenia?

cognitive enhancement therapy

The process of identifying, evaluating, and changing maladaptive thoughts or schemas is known as what?

cognitive restructuring

The Baltimore Bashers, a semi-professional football team, has been very successful this season. When interviewed, the head coach says that their success comes from having a tight-knit team of players who like and support each other and who believe that they can only be successful together. The coach is referring to group ________.

cohesion

The idea that feelings of self-worth are based on our evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups is called _________.

collective self-esteem

After her high school football team loses a game, Maricella reminds herself that they are still at the top of their division, and are likely to make it to the championship at the end of the season. By taking pride in the team's superiority, Maricella is bolstering her feelings through _________.

collective self-esteem.

The tendency of a group to spend more time discussing information that several (two or more) group members know than information that is known by fewer members is called the ________ effect.

common knowledge

Nicholas has been diagnosed with depression, borderline personality disorder, and a phobia of social interactions. Since Nicholas has multiple mental disorders at once, we would say that a high _______________ exists in his case.

comorbidity

After William went to college, he decided to join the Young Republicans club. He went to make sure that his political beliefs where shared and supported by others, and that he could feel confident that his positions were legitimate. According to Leon Festinger, William's decision to join this group was driven by the process of social ________.

comparison

The process by which people understand their own ability or standing by mentally contrasting themselves against others is called social ________.

comparison

When Jarvis goes to his first karate class, he watches some of the other new students and wonders if he is as good as they are. "They really seem to have the natural ability for kicks and punches," Jarvis thinks. Jarvis is engaging in social ________ when he studies the other students and rates his own skills against theirs.

comparison

A research ________ is a person who works with or for the researcher, and who poses as a participant or bystander. Sometimes they have instructions to behave a certain way to see how the actual participant will respond.

confederate

Mitsue notices that all of the girls in her 6th grade class are wearing ribbons in their hair lately, and even though she doesn't really like the ribbons she starts wearing one too so that she can be like her friends. Mitsue is engaging in a form of social influence called ________.

conformity

The night before a midterm exam, Kurt is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?

conscientiousness

What are the three criteria that characterize personality traits?

consistency, stability, and individual differences

A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types.

continuous distributions

Over the last 3 hours, Lyndon lost $2,500 playing blackjack in Monaco. As he walks out of the casino, he thinks about the hands that lost him the most money and wonders what would have happened if he had only played those hands differently. This "what if" kind of speculation is called ________ thinking.

counterfactual

What is the highest level of analysis in psychology?

culture and the environment

"I need the group to work quickly and come up with an answer. We don't have time to spare, so make a decision as soon as possible!" If this instruction as given to a group who was charged with making an important decision, groupthink would be more likely to occur as a result of:

decisional stress.

Christopher has the idea that a secret government organization is hunting him. His belief is hard to change even in the presence of conflicting information. This is an example of a _________.

delusion

According to Erickson, which is one of the greatest achievements for the self as a motivated agent?

developing an identity

Which of the following is NOT a new and emerging treatment strategy in mental health?

dietary restriction therapy

When a person lacks the skill to excel at a task and lacks awareness that they are poor at this task, it can lead them to predict that they will perform well even though they cannot do so. This is the ________ explanation of the Dunning-Kruger effect.

double curse

Charlie hates taking exams. He spends the week before finals biting his nails, sleeping poorly, and worrying. He tries to distract himself by watching funny movies the night before the exam. This is an example of _________________.

emotion-focused coping

Which type of coping regulates the negative emotions associated with stressful events?

emotion-focused coping

The main disadvantage to person-centered therapy is that the treatment is primarily based on unspecific treatment factors such as _________________________, without considering specific treatment factors to directly target the mental problem.

establishing a good relationship with the patient

When she first gets into the swimming pool, Theresa takes a moment to think about her swimming ability. She feels confident in her skill and swims immediately to the deep end of the pool. Theresa's momentary assessment is an example of self-________.

evaluation

Hostility is an experience or trait with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional components. Which of the following is NOT an example of these components?

excessive worry

Of all the possible stress reduction techniques which of the following has the most health benefits?

exercise

Which of the following actions from a child would exemplify having a sense of self as a social actor?

expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride

David is happy and optimistic. He enjoys being around other people and participating in extreme sports like skydiving and bungee jumping. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?

extraversion

What evidence supports the idea that social pain might be as devastating to a human being as physical pain?

fMRI imaging studies find similar brain areas activated by both experiences.

A Major Depressive Episode requires ________ of nine symptoms, including a depressed mood and/or diminished interest in activities for at least two weeks.

five

Even though her parents offer to get her a tutor, Alaine feels that she is not good at math and never will be. She believes that she is just not smart "in this way," and she's not interested in trying to get better. Alaine has a ________ mindset about her math skills.

fixed

Chet was in a car accident in which he could easily have been killed had he not been wearing his seat belt. He is aware of how lucky he was to survive without serious injury. Lately, when he drives past the location of the crash, he has a sudden, intense sensation that he is re-experiencing the accident. On one occasion he had to pull his car over to sit for several minutes until the feeling subsided. Chet is experiencing __________.

flashbacks

Leanora recently found out that she had been awarded a scholarship to the graduate school that was first on her list. Upon receiving the news, she did not smile or show any emotion, and just said, "well that's good," sighed, and walked away. This lack of emotional expression is a symptom of schizophrenia called __________.

flat affect

In order for a mood-related episode to qualify as a period of hypomania, the associated symptoms of elevation must last for a minimum of:

four days

Which of the following techniques are associated with psychoanalysis?

free association

Eliza earned a 61% on her first exam in Psychology, and the class average was 84%. On the second exam, Eliza again earned a 61%, but this time the class average was 63%. She felt much better about herself on the second exam as a result of the ________ effect.

frog pond

Which of the following is NOT a form of biological treatment for a person suffering from depression?

functional magnetic resonance imaging

The tendency to overemphasize the importance of personality factors when explaining someone else's behaviors while overemphasizing situational factors when explaining your own behaviors is called the __________.

fundamental attribution error

Gary spends much of his day wondering "what if" about catastrophic scenarios. This thought process makes him feel he has control over the situation. However, the lack of any catastrophes only reinforces the "what if?" behavior. Gary would most likely be diagnosed with:

generalized anxiety disorder

Twin studies suggest that familial influence on Major Depressive Disorders is due to _______________________.

genetic factors and environmental factors

April is starting to spend money quickly to buy the fanciest clothes, car, and hotel rooms because she has an inflated sense of self-importance and self-worth, believing she deserves these things due to her superior powers and abilities. What symptom of mania is April displaying?

grandiosity

The belief that personal qualities, such as intelligence, can be developed through effort and practice is indicative of a person who has a(n) ________ mindset.

growth

Happiness has been shown to be associated with a number of desirable outcomes such as __________.

happy lawyers are more likely to win cases

Having sufficient social resources helps support individuals' subjective well-being. Which of the following is the best example of these resources?

having a friend you can turn to in times of need

In the TED video, "Philip Zimbardo shows how people become monsters ... or heroes," what quality or action is it that Zimbardo calls, "the antidote to evil?"

heroism

In her research on social interactions, Dr. Fisher anticipates that people of the same racial background will interact more with each other than they will with people of different races. She then conducts research to test this idea. Dr. Fisher's prediction is an example of a(n) ________.

hypothesis

In science, a possible explanation that can be tested through research is called a ________.

hypothesis

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors used by researchers as a measure of one's subjective well-being?

income

Knowing Paige is extremely high in Extraversion does not help predict her scores on Neuroticism. This is because scores within the Five-Factor Model are mostly ___________, where two traits are separate from one another. Thus, in the Five-Factor Model, you need five scores to describe most of an individual's personality.

independent

Conformity and obedience are two widely researched forms of social ________ that have received attention in the field of social psychology.

influence

Vern would really like to be a guitarist in a heavy metal rock band. Despite nearly a full week of practice, he does not show any skill or talent for music. Nonetheless he believes he is quite gifted and expects to be a major star soon. Vern's behavior is most likely to be labeled abnormal by which of the following criteria?

involving some distorted perception of reality

In his structural model Freud argued that the mind:

is divided into three parts including both basic urges and moral judgments

One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality:

is shaped by the situations that we are exposed to

Dr. Shaw is conducting research on marital behaviors that predict divorce. He trains his students to observe and code videotapes of couples interacting. The students are looking for specific types of behaviors but they are unaware of the anticipated outcomes of the study. In this regard, the students are being ________.

kept blind to the research hypothesis.

At what point in life does one begin to construct a narrative identity?

late adolescence

Researchers have found that when participants are exposed to a cold virus the participants with a lower risk of developing a cold were ________________________.

less stressed and more positive at the beginning of the study

Dr. Zelbing and her graduate assistant want to compile a list of personality traits using the approach advocated by Allport and Odbert. In order to do this, they get two copies of the unabridged dictionary of the English language, use it to look for words that are related to personality traits. When they are done several weeks later, they have a list of several thousand words that they will reduce based on duplicate terminology. Dr. Zelbing advocates for a(n) __________ to the study of personality.

lexical hypothesis

Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people

lexical hypothesis

A researcher is interested in the process by which a person reflects on their life and judges to what degree it is going well by whatever standards that person thinks are most important to a good life. What might the researcher be measuring?

life satisfaction

When surveyed, over 87% of Americans reported that they

lived with other people.

Life satisfaction has been found to be _______ in underdeveloped economic nations likely because __________________________.

low; citizens cannot get sufficient material resources

Celine has been having difficulty sleeping, cannot seem to concentrate at work, is sad most of the time, and seems to have lost interest in things that she always used to enjoy. Which disorder is Celine most likely suffering from?

major depressive disorder

Oscar is being treated for depression. His therapist, Annalise, encourages him to notice his unpleasant thoughts and feelings without trying to avoid them or judge them. This is likely an example of:

mindfulness based therapy

Jarrod reports feeling that his life is going well overall. He experiences many desirable and pleasant emotions on a daily basis, but also has battled with anger and worry since he had children. What level of subjective well-being (SWB) might we say that Jarrod holds?

moderately high SWB, because you can still have some negative emotions and be happy

The earliest anti-depressant medications were __________.

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Development of a mature identity involves an internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future in such a way as to provide a person's life with some degree of unity, meaning, and purpose over time. This is also known as ___________.

narrative identity

Which research technique is used in social psychology to avoid the problem of having participants change their thoughts or behaviors as a result of being watched?

naturalistic observation

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is:

now in its fifth edition

The decision to follow the orders or requests of people who have authority of you is called ________.

obedience

Victor is attending a CPR class, and he watches as the instructor performs chest compressions on a mannequin. He watches for several minutes, and then repeats the behavior with almost perfect precision on a second dummy. Victor has obtained this skill through ________.

observational learning

When he leaves his house, Carlton experiences high levels of anxiety about whether he has locked his front door. As a result, he goes back to check the door multiple times, and sometimes he is so anxious about not having locked up that he is unable to leave his home at all. Which disorder is he most likely experiencing here?

obsessive compulsive disorder

Kyle is so preoccupied with avoiding germs that he washes his hands as many as 20 times an hour. Kyle most likely suffers from:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Research indicates that bipolar disorders are:

often found to co-occur with other disorders such as an anxiety disorder or substance use disorders

In order to be diagnosed with brief psychotic disorder, a person must have symptoms that last no longer than __________.

one month

Hammond likes his daily routine that involves eating the same breakfast while reading the newspaper, and taking the same route to work. Every year he vacations at his favorite beach resort. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?

openness

Which of the following is Freud credited with?

organizing formal "talk therapies" for mental illness

The practices of excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contract with that person, often by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them, is called ________.

ostracism

When Lucia finds out that her friend Vina is dating the "hottest boy in school," she feels jealous. She doesn't want Vina to know that she feels this way, so she tells Vina, "I'm happy for you. I guess you're happy, if that's really the kind of guy you want to be seen with." Lucia is using ________ communication to overcome her disappointment.

passive-aggressive

What is the most common type of delusion experienced by people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder?

persecutory delusions

Rory has felt depressed most of the last three years. He also suffers from poor appetite and low self-esteem. Rory most likely has:

persistant depressive disorder

Which therapy focuses heavily on creating an accepting and supportive environment for self-discovery?

person-centered therapy

Marissa suffers from panic disorder, where she experiences unpredictable, unbearable episodes of panic that closely resemble that of a heart attack. What criterion of for defining abnormality does this description of her disorder represent?

personal distress

Examples of top-down causes of subjective well-being include:

personality, outlook, and resilience

After serving two terms in Afghanistan, Kurt is suffering from insomnia, is agitated and jumpy, and has intrusive thoughts that cause great distress. Kurt is most likely suffering from:

post-traumatic stress disorder

To focus on an event that is causing stress in an effort to change or improve the situation is what type of coping?

problem-focused coping

Psychodynamic theory is sometimes called

psychoanalytic

"Your problem is obvious!" declared two therapists simultaneously. "Your persistent nail-biting is a representation of unresolved issues from your infancy." "Poppycock!" interjected the second therapist, "Your nail biting represents the fact that you bite your nails. We need only change this activity to resolve your problem." The first therapist operates from the _________ perspective, while the second operates from the _________ perspective.

psychodynamic / behavioral

Bethany has found herself pacing with a feeling of restlessness while Bernard is starting to perform normal routine actions in an unusually slow manner. While Bethany is likely experiencing ________________, Bernard is showing _________________.

psychomotor agitation; psychomotor retardation

Russell has been suffering from the symptoms of a major depressive episode for the past three weeks, and his symptoms have included both hallucinations and delusions. Which specifier would be added to his diagnosis of a major depressive episode?

psychotic features

Research has repeatedly supported the notion that adult personality exists as a combination of the "big five" personality traits. Which of the following is NOT a big five personality trait?

psychoticism

When people are asked to rate one of their own personality traits, they tend to:

rate themselves higher on the trait compared to others

Harpo figures texting while driving isn't really very dangerous. After all, Harpo says, "lots of people do it and you don't see accidents all day long, so most people are just fine." Harpo is using which defense mechanism?

rationalization

A __________ narrative is a life story that affirms one's transformation from suffering to an elevated status or state.

redemptive

Duncan is aware that he does not have any skill at golf; in fact, he can barely swing a club! He watches the Ryder Cup and sees the amazing skill of the professional golfers. He doesn't care much about the game and is not motivated to work on his own golf swing. Duncan does not really compare himself to the professional golfers because golf lacks ________ to him.

relevance

Johnny has been known to "bounce back" from any negative situation he may encounter. When his small business went bankrupt Johnny didn't feel beaten. Instead, 10 years later he was able to modify his idea and turn it into a profitable business. Johnny is a perfect example of a person with ____________.

resilience

Dianne hears voices commanding her to warn people that alien beings from another planet are stealing children, so she tells parents outside a movie theatre to take their children safely home. Dianne would probably be diagnosed with:

schizophrenia

Which of the following is a potential negative effect of using downward social comparisons?

scorn

"I may not live in the biggest house in the city, but at least I'm not homeless like some other unfortunate people!" If this use of downward comparison makes a person feel better about their own situation, it demonstrates the ________ effect.

self-enhancement

Janine loves to play chess but she is only a beginner. The members of her chess club laugh when she suggests her opening moves are similar to those of Kasparov, one of the greatest players of all time. Janine's social comparison is really unusual, since there is no ________ to the figure to which she is comparing herself.

similarity

Any group of people in which membership is defined by similarities between its members is called a(n) ________.

social category

During his early work, social psychologist Normal Triplett noted that cyclists were faster in races against other riders than they were when they were racing alone against a clock. This lead to his concept of __________.

social facillitation

Aaruna believes that all fans of the Toronto Maple Leafs are strong, tough people who are loyal in any circumstance. Since he has become a fan of that sports team, he starts to think of himself in exactly these ways, and describes himself as tough, strong, and loyal. Aaruna's adjusted self-concept reflects the basic concepts of ________ theory.

social identity

The idea that one's self-concept and self-esteem is affected by the way in which an individual categorizes him- or herself as a group member is called ________ theory.

social identity

The fact that none of us are alone in the world - that we are all affected by others and, in turn, affect others - is the emphasis of the study of ________.

social psychology

Social integration helps improve health through perceptions that our social network can help us in times of need. This concept is also known as what?

social support

Which theory proposes that stressors which disrupt daily routines can trigger relapses in mood disorders?

social zeitgeber theory

The idea that self-esteem functions to mentally monitor one's degree of inclusion or exclusion in social groups is called the ________ model.

sociometer

Since people cannot usually change stress __________, they should aim to change ___________ instead.

sources; responses

Which of the following is not an example of disorganized behavior that can be seen in a person suffering from a schizophrenia spectrum disorder?

speaking in nonsense words or syllables

A group of people who share some common feature and suffer from social disapproval based on that characteristic is called a(n) ________ group.

stigmatized

Charlotte is forming a new medieval singing group on her college campus. There are 12 singers involved, and they are trying to determine how the group will exist. Right now there is a lot of disagreement and conflict among the singers, and they are trying to determine a solution that will make everyone happy. According to Tuckman's model, the group is in the ________ stage.

storming

When considering the ways that people develop and communicate their senses of identity which of the following activities may be the most powerful form of self-transformation that human beings have ever invented.

storytelling

Jess has suffered from schizophrenia for 3 years, and has recently been prescribed atypical antipsychotic medication to help reduce his symptoms. He is advised to be careful that he might develop a side effect called metabolic syndrome. Which of the following is not one of the symptoms associated with this condition?

sudden onset of epileptic seizures

Subjective well-being is influenced by which of the following factors?

temperament

When people reflect on the ways in which their past experiences have informed their sense of identity and wonder about how they might change in the future they are considering _________.

temporal continuity

When an individual reflects on her sense of self as an embodied actor whose social performances may be construed in terms of more or less consistent self, upon which aspect of the self is she reflecting?

the "social actor"

The double curse explanation provides a rationale for which of the following?

the Dunning-Kruger effect

Personality refers to ______.

the characteristic ways that people differ from one another

Jessica thinks the guy who cut her off on the freeway is a jerk. When she needs to exit she cuts off the driver next to her as she switches lanes. She does not believe that she, herself, is a jerk; instead, she thinks the situation led to her behavior. This is an example of __________.

the fundamental attribution error

According to the Discovering Psychology videos on Social Psychology, The central message of the Milgram obedience study, the Zimbardo prison study, and the Asch conformity study is that

the situational factors are a more significant influence on behavior than personality.

Johnny and his family are watching TV. One of Johnny's favorite shows comes on so he gets up and sits in front of the TV to be closer to the screen, not realizing he is blocking the screen for the rest of his family. From this example, what is Johnny most likely still developing?

theory of mind

In TED the video, "Kevin Allocca: Why videos go viral," Allocca explains that

there are three traits to videos that lead them to go viral.

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with psychoanalysis?

there is a lack of empirical support for its effectiveness

The HEXACO model proposes:

there is a sixth dimension to the Five-Factor model

In psychodynamic theory, what is the role of random thoughts?

they don't exist

Which term refers to the tendency to think that a "bad" thought is equal to a "bad" action?

thought-action fusion

Which part of the topographical model of the mind remains controversial?

unconcious

Neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography have provided evidence that problems in the __________ may contribute to the delusions experienced by those with schizophrenia.

ventral striatum

What standards do researchers measure life satisfaction by?

whatever standards the individual participant thinks are most important for a good life