exam 3 study guide bio 1107k
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during _ occurs as a means of regenerating _ from _.
fermentation; NAD+; NADH
considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how Many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?
four
the four stages of aerobic respiration of glucose
gate
phosphorylation reaction
glucose+ ATP r glucose-P+ADP
T or F: ATP stores energy for long periods of time
F
The photolysis of water occurs in conjunction with photosystem one
F
The stage of cellular respiration in which most of the ATP is produced is the citric acid cycle
F
chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy.
F
for each glucose molecule that begin cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle must turn once
F
in competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme to the allosteric site.
F
in photosynthesis, the oxygen atoms are released as O2 came from CO2
F
in the process of aerobic respiration, nitrate can function as the terminal electron except or in the electron transport chain
F
surrounding the grana is the thykloid lumen
F
the conversion of polysaccharides to monosaccharides is an example of AN ANABOLIC reaction
F
One important regulation point in the aerobic respiration of mammals occurs in glycolysis at the site of the enzyme phosphofructose, which is
Inhibited by high levels of ATP
which process does not match the location in a typical eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis-mitochondrion
A group of thykloid discs make up
granum
oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes directly from
h2o
ATP is formed when __________ the thylakoid lumen.
hydrogen ions leave
if one continues to increase the temperature in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the rate of the reaction
increases and then decreases rapidly
The life and death of cells are governed by
laws of thermodynamics
The reactions that occur in the thykloid membranes are
light dependent reaction
The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into two categories
light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions
An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a __________ atomic orbital to a __________ atomic orbital.
lower energy to higher energy
enzymes are important biological catalysts because they
lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction
I thought chloe membrane enclosed is a space called the
lumen
The sum of all chemical activities taking place an organism is
metabolism
if conditions are aerobic, pyruvate flows directly into the_______ where some of its Atoms are converted next to _______
mitochondria; acetyl coA
which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE?
most enzymes are RNA molecules
ATP is a type of
nucleotide
in photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are produced during
Light dependent phase
The reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the .....
Matrix of the mitochondrion
part of the enzyme molecule that interact with a substrate are called
active sites
an allosteric enzyme
allows a substance other than the substance to bind the enzyme, thereby activating or inactivating it.
pathways that have an overall energy requirements are referred to as
anabolic reactions
during fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they
are transferred to an organic molecule
organismal body heat is a
byproduct of exergonic reactions
which of the following is not associated with the thykloid membranes?
calvin cycle
anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in that anaerobic respiration
can utilize NO3- as the terminal electron acceptor.
Cellular respiration is most accurately described as a ______ process
catabolic
what is false about activation energy
catalyst raise a reaction's activation energy
When hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, they form a proton gradient. ATP is then formed by a process known
chemiosmosis
which of the following is common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration
chemiosmosis
The most important pigment for the process of photosynthesis is
chlorophyll a
Red and blue light support the highest rate of photosynthesis because
chlorophyll absorbs these wavelengths more than other wavelengths
A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of
citric acid cycle
in order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order, it must
constantly use energy
and eukaryotics, glycolysis occurs in the
cytosol
chlorophyll molecules are attached to thykloid membranes by
A long hydrocarbon tail
in glycolysis, glucose receives 2 phosphate groups from _________, thus forming fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
ATP
thykloid membranes are involved in ________ synthesis
ATP
which compound contains the most energy
ATP
which of the following is an end product of glycolysis?
ATP
an enzyme binds its substrate to the
Active site
which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?
All of the above - glucose - fatty acids -proteins - lipids
during chemiosmosis, _________ are transferred from NADH & FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules, and the energy released is used to create a ________ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
electrons; proton
The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an _________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of __________ down their concentration gradient
endergonic; protons
The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to _________ transfer
energy
which word is defined by the statement: A measure of this disorder, or randomness?
entropy
the reaction ATP+H2O r ADP+P¡ is classified as an
exergonic reaction
when the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products, such a reaction is referred to as
exergonic reaction
______ a process where energy (as electrons) is released, whereas _______ is a process where energy (as electrons) is accepted.
oxidation, reduction
NADH and FADH2 are the products of
oxidation-reduction reactions
which of the following statements is not correct about lactic acid fermentation
oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway
in glycolysis, a six carbon glucose molecule is converted to 2 three-carbon molecules of
pyruvate
aerobic respiration is classified as
redox process
during the aerobic respiration, oxygen is
reduced
in a chloroplast, there is an outer and an inner membrane. The innermembrane encloses a fluid filled region called the
stroma
A substance on which an enzyme acts is called the
substrate
The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer. This is because
the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP
A drowning death would be most directly due to
the lack of oxygen to accept hydrogen
chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the
thykloid membranes
The electron transport chain photosynthesis is located in the
thylakoid membrane
The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is
to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
for each acetyl COA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, how many CO2 molecules are produced?
two
during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, a constant supply of electrons is provided by
water
because enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed, they are referred to as
catalysts
an example of an anaerobic pathway
fermentation
what refers to the situation in which the binding of a substrate to the enzyme causes a change in the enzyme shape, facilitating an enzyme's function?
induced fit
The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration occurs as a result of
phosphorylation of ADP
The ________ of a chlorophyll molecule is responsible for absorbing light
porphyrin ring
The part of a chlorophyll molecule that absorbs light energy is the
porphyrin ring
The ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms is
sun
glycolysis yields a net energy profit of _______ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose
2
When one molecule of glucose is completely oxidized in aerobic respiration, the net amount of ATP produced is:
36-38
The downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex powers the production of....
ATP
in the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which
ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP
In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through:
ATP synthase
according to the second law of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed
F
an example of an anabolic reaction is the splitting of a polysaccharide into monosaccharide
F
in aerobic respiration, glucose is completely
Oxidized to carbon dioxide
in aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are ultimately transferred to
Oxygen in a series of steps
aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
Release free energy
The first step in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to
RuBP
an enzyme raises the activation energy of the reaction it catalyzes
T